STABLE ISOTOPE LABELED STANDARDS
1017 W 9th Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406 | www.IsoSciences.com How To Order: Phone: (610) 337-3762 | Fax: (610) 337-3782 | Email: [email protected] COMPARISON OF DEUTERIUM, 13C AND 15N ISOTOPIC LABELS IN MASS SPEC INTERNAL STANDARDS Scott W. Landvatter and Rich Tyburski
INTRODUCTION Clinical applications of LC-MS/MS have risen steadily over the Figure 1 last ten years. MS-based methods to quantify key biological components have been based on the improved sensitivity, specificity and throughput of the LC-MS/MS. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards are important features of these assays, helping to optimize the accuracy of the method, providing accurate results.
However, the first generation of stable isotope labeled internal standards had the drawback of relying on deuterated compounds, which were readily available and relatively inexpensive. Procedures 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[26,26,26,27,27,27-D ] 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[6,19,19-D ] 25-hydroxyvitamin d3-[26,26,26,27,27,27-d6 ] 25-hydroxyvitamin d3-[6,19,19-d3 ] and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were established and 6 3 clinical assays were performed with these first generation More recently, two 13C labeled forms of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 have deuterated standards. become available.
A second generation of labeled internal standards is readily available, characterized by 13C and 15N labeling or, in a few cases where there is no viable alternative, deuterium placed into stable, non-exchangeable positions.
The Vitamin D assay shows the progress made in the synthesis of Figure 2 labeled internal standards. This assay was among the first to switch from RIA (radioimmunoassay) to LC-MS/MS and is now among the most widely performed LC-MS assay.1 The first available internal standard was 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[26,26,26,27,27,27-d6]. (see figure 1)
25-hydroxyvitamin d3-[23,24,25,26,27-1313C ] 25-hydroxyvitamin d3-[25,26,27-1313C ] 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[23,24,25,26,27- C3]5 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[25,26,27-- C3] 3
In light of the availability of a second generation labeled internal standards, the question arises as to which is “the best” internal standard for LC-MS/MS assays1
1017 W 9th Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406 | www.IsoSciences.com 1 How To Order: Phone: (610) 337-3762 | Fax: (610) 337-3782 | Email: [email protected] ISOTOPE LABEL CHOICE CASE STUDY IN SOLUTION Deuterium Label STABILITY – ALDOSTERONE The use of deuterium labels can lead to challenges during Background analysis. First and foremost is the possibility of deuterium loss from the internal standard due to exchange with hydrogen (protons). Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone that plays This can occur when the deuterated compounds is in solution or a key role in the regulation of blood pressure. Aldosterone tends in the mass spectrometer and will be detailed in a case study with to promote sodium and water retention and lower potassium aldosterone. concentration in plasma. Regulation of aldosterone is a key feature in several antihypertensive medications, such as Lisinopril. Loss of deuterium compromises the accuracy of results obtained with the labeled internal standard and has two scenarios. First, the Primary aldosteronism (hyperaldosteronism) is a result of an deuterated internal standard may lose all of its deuterium, thus increased level of aldosterone that exacerbates retention of sodium giving rise to a “false positive” where the internal standard appears and loss of potassium. Hyperaldosteronism increases water to be the unlabeled analyte. However, this should be obvious to the retention and blood volume, resulting in an increase of blood analyst since the internal standard signal would not be detected. pressure. The opposite condition, hypoalderonism, can also exist and is characterized by decreased levels of aldosterone. Second, and far more consequential, is in instances when the internal standard loses 15-20% of deuterium over the course of the Measurement of aldosterone in blood is therefore of prime assay. The internal standard is used to standardize the concentration importance when managing hypertension. The concentration of the analyte and if this internal standard signal is not reproducible of aldosterone can now be analyzed by LC-MS/MS.5 This method sample to sample, its instability will lead to reporting of erroneously avoids the drawbacks of the more traditional measurements of high analyte concentrations. Unlike scenario one, this is more steroids by immunoassay, such as a lack of specificity that can difficult to detect. result in overestimation of the serum concentration of the steroid analyte, aldosterone. A further complication in the use of deuterated compounds is HPLC co-elution problems. Deuterium is less lipophilic that hydrogen, and this can result in the deuterated standard not co-eluting with The Chemistry the unlabeled compound 2,3,4 Deuterated aldosterone, available since 2004, exists in solution in equilibrium between two forms in roughly 60:40 ratio. Carbon-13 Label Figure 3 Labeling with 13C has none of the disadvantages of deuterium labeling. Carbon-13 can be obtained in high isotopic purity (99.5%) for introduction into the labeled standard, while specifications for deuterium are typically 98%. Carbon-13 is chemically stable; there can be no loss of 13C via exchange with 12C. This gives a very clean, sharp molecular ion in the final labeled standard. Furthermore, there are no co-elution problems in HPLC between the labeled and unlabeled versions of the same compound.
The only disadvantage is that more elaborate syntheses are usually required to introduce 13C, and as a result, the compound may be more expensive. For new assays, the higher cost of the internal standard is frequently offset by the reduced time spent on initial method development and qualifications. The mass spectra of the unlabeled and labeled standards are Other Labels shown in Figures 4a and 4b. The top spectrum shows unlabeled aldosterone with the M+H molecular ion seen at m/z 343.16. Nitrogen-15 (15N) offers the same advantages as13 C. Its use is more The lower spectrum shows the deuterated aldosterone internal limited since there are fewer options in positioning the nitrogen. standard. This exhibits an M+H molecular ion at m/z 351.22, which corresponds to a d8 isotopomer (60.7%). However, as is typical Though oxygen-18 (18O) is also available, and offers a molecular for a deuterium labeled compound, several other isotopomers are weight gain on +2 amu per atom, it, unfortunately, is also easily present. There is a significant amount of M+7 (m/z 350.19, 32.6%) exchangeable. The 18O in accessible functional groups (acids, esters and M+6 (m/z 349.14, 5.5%). The actual incorporation of deuterium or ketones) is readily exchangeable, so 18O is rarely used. in this standard is 7.5 d/molecule with M+8 being the major isotopomer. Additionally, the intensity of the M+8 molecular ion peak is significantly less than the unlabeled molecular ion peak even at identical concentrations in solution.
1017 W 9th Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406 | www.IsoSciences.com 2 How To Order: Phone: (610) 337-3762 | Fax: (610) 337-3782 | Email: [email protected] Figure 4a and 4b THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION Mass spectra of aldosterone (top) and aldosterone-d (bottom). When used as an LC-MS/MS internal standard, the possibility of deu- terium loss mandates the analyst verify the integrity of the internal standard. Is the deuterium retained or lost once it is in the final me- dium for analysis? Is the deuterium stable over the length of time for which it is intended to be used? These two critical questions often go unanswered and can lead to the reporting of erroneous results.
There are two approaches to avoid this problem. One is using a 13C labeled form of aldosterone and the other is to place the deuterium is non-exchangeable positions. The preferred approach is to use 13C, since there is no chance of 13C loss and hence, no need for a validation study on the integrity of the label. The challenge of this approach is the difficulty in synthesizing13 C-labeled aldosterone.
Instead, a second generation deuterated aldosterone internal stan- dard that places the deuterium in completely non-exchangeable positions has been developed (Figure 6).
Figure 6 As is typical with steroids of this type, the deuterium labels are in base-sensitive active positions. Exposure of the deuterated The mass spectrum of aldosterone-d4 is shown in Figure 7. The aldosterone to basic conditions in solution leads to the exchange molecular ion of the aldosterone-d4 is much cleaner than aldoste- of deuterium to the surrounding protic solvent. The result is a rone-d7 and consists of 96.9% d4 and 3.1% d3. This indicates the ion reduction in the intensity of the M+8 molecular ion peak. Loss of selected for monitoring in the LC-MS/MS will be 96.9% as intense as deuterium can be rapid or slow; the rate of exchange is dependent the unlabeled aldosterone molecular ion. This is a vast improvement upon the molecule in question and the pH of the solvent over the isotopic distribution seen in the aldosterone-d7 internal standard. (see Figure 5).
Figure 5 Figure 7
1017 W 9th Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406 | www.IsoSciences.com 3 How To Order: Phone: (610) 337-3762 | Fax: (610) 337-3782 | Email: [email protected] The significantly improved mass spec performance of the d4 Validation of Deuterium Solution Stability standard is clearly seen when the molecular ions of aldosterone, aldosterone-d4, and aldosterone-d7 are superimposed (see Figure The Aldosterone Case Study reinforces the need to validate any 8). Two ions are shown for the d7 standard since both d7 and d8 ion deuterated standard for use in an LC-MS/MS clinical assay, with could be chosen. Clearly the d4 standard is the internal standard of particular attention paid to the following questions: choice. • Is the deuterated standard stable in the final matrix (Plasma, Buffer, Figure 8 Aqueous Solution, Organic Solution) for the length of time and 3 in 1 Aldosterone Solution Mix under the conditions required for use? • Is the deuterated standard stable in the HPLC mobile phase? • Has a time course stability validation been carried out? (Stability at t=0 does not mean stability at t=60min or…)
The answers are dependent upon the actual conditions and techniques used. Deuterium containing standards can be used successfully in many instances when validation takes these potential issues into consideration. By analyzing the full range of m/z between analyte and internal standard, an analyst would be able to detect any loss of isotope. However, by relying on just Blank + Internal Standard, the issue would not be detected unless all of the isotope is exchanged giving the appearance of analyte.
The Stable Isotope team at IsoSciences is ready to assist with internal standard selection.
Contact us at: [email protected]
REFERENCES: 1. Stefan Grebe and Ravinder J. Singh, Biochem Rev., 32(1), 5-31 (2011) 2. Nabil El Tayara et al.,International Journal of Pharmaceutics,19(3), 271 (1984) 3. R. Bawejaa, Journal of Liquid Chromatography, 9(12), 2609 (1986) 4. F. Masters et al., Analytical Chemistry, 60(19), 2131 (1988) 5. Michael Jarvis, AB Sciex, Concord Ontario, Canada, Ultra-Sensitive Analysis of Aldosterone in Serum Using the AB Sciex TripleQuad™ 6500 LC/MS/MS System. www.absciex.com/documents/downloads/literature/6500_aldosterone.pdf
1017 W 9th Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406 | www.IsoSciences.com 4 How To Order: Phone: (610) 337-3762 | Fax: (610) 337-3782 | Email: [email protected] Improved Internal Standards If currently using a deuterated internal standard listed below, consider switching to an improved internal standard. Contact IsoSciences for promotional pricing. Deuterated Internal Standards Improved Internal Standards Corresponding Part Number 11-Deoxycorticosterone-d8 11-Deoxycorticosterone-[13C3] 14467 11-Deoxycortisol-d2 11-Deoxycortisol-[13C3] 14464 11-Deoxycortisol-d5 11-Deoxycortisol-[13C3] 14464 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone-d3 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone-[13C2, d2] 11187 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone-d8 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone-[13C3] 10333 17β-Estradiol-d2 17β-Estradiol-[13C3] 9124 17β-Estradiol-d3 17β-Estradiol-[13C3] 9124 17β-Estradiol-d5 17β-Estradiol-[13C3] 9124 17β-Estradiol-d5 17β-Estradiol-[13C3] 9124 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2-d3 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2-[13C3] 10038 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-d3 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[13C5] 13125 3-Epi-25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-d3 3-Epi-25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-[13C5] 14041 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid-d5 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid-[13C6] 15215 Aldosterone-d7 Aldosterone-d4 S11214 Androstenedione-d7 Androstenedione-[13C3] 9044 Biotin-d2 Biotin-d4 15046 Cholesterol-d6 Cholesterol-[13C3] 10409 Corticosterone-d8 Corticosterone-d4 13035 Cortisol-d2 Cortisol-[13C3] S14465 Cortisone-d10 Cortisone-[13C3] S14466 Cortisone-d2 Cortisone-[13C3] S14466 Cortisone-d7 Cortisone-[13C3] S14466 Cortisone-d9 Cortisone-[13C3] S14466 DHEA-d2 Dehydroepiandrosterone-[13C3] 14317 DHEA-d2 Sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone-d6 Sulfate 9180 Dihydrotestosterone-d4 Dihydrotestosterone-[13C3] 6065 Estrone-d2 Estrone-[13C3] 9125 Estrone-d4 Estrone-[13C3] 9125 Folic Acid-d4 Folic Acid-[13C5] 14139 Indoxyl Sulfate-d4 Indoxyl Sulfate-[13C6] 14222 Nicotinic Acid-d3 (Niacin-d3) Nicotinic Acid-[13C3, 15N] 13257 Pregnenolone-d4 Pregnenolone-[13C2, d2] 10402 Pregnenolone-d4 Sulfate Pregnenolone-[13C2, d2] Sulfate 10403
1017 W 9th Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406 | www.IsoSciences.com 5 How To Order: Phone: (610) 337-3762 | Fax: (610) 337-3782 | Email: [email protected] Improved Internal Standards If currently using a deuterated internal standard listed below, consider switching to an improved internal standard. Contact IsoSciences for promotional pricing. Product Description Cat. No. 13 13 Metalaxyl-(Deuteratedphenyl Internal- C6) Standards Improved Internal Standards99 atom % C Corresponding 750905
15 15 β-N-Methyl-d3-amino-DL-alanine- N2 98 atom % N Part Number 759139 98 atom % D
Progesterone-d913 Progesterone-[13C3] 13 10314 Metobromuron-(phenyl- C6) 99 atom % C 777447 Pyridoxine-d2 Pyridoxine-d3 P2007098 4-n-Nonylphenol-2,3,5,6-d4, OD 98 atom % D 747491
13 13 4-tert-Octylphenol-(Riboflavin-d6phenyl- C6) Riboflavin-[13C4,99 atom15N2] % C 7072 776416 Oxamyl-1-Testosterone-d313C Testosterone-[13C3]99 atom % 13C 6066 746266 Penconazol-(Testosterone-d5propyl-d7) Testosterone-[13C3]98 atom % D 6066 774634 13 13 Phloretin-(hydroxyphenyl- C6) 99 atom % C 790370
Thiamine-d313 Thiamine-[13C4] 13 9209 Probucol-propanyl- C3 99 atom % C 705802
15 15 Pyrazine-dVitamin3-carboxamide- B5-[13C, d2]N Vitamin B5-[13C3,98 atom15N] % N 5065 793469 Calcium Pantothenate-[13C,d2] (Calcium Pantothenate-[13C3,98 atom % D 15N]) Resorun-dVitamin6 D3-d3 Vitamin D3-[13C3]98 atom % D S12334 705128 Resveratrol-(4-hydroxyphenyl-13C ) 99 atom % 13C 711004 Vitamin D3-d3 6 Vitamin D3-[13C5] S13036 Ricinine-(methyl-d3) 98 atom % D 751073
Spermidine-(butyl-d8) trihydrochloride 98 atom % D 709891
13 13 Spermidine-(butyl- C4) trihydrochloride Page 1 of 3 99 atom % C 740780
Spermine-(butyl-d8) tetrahydrochloride 98 atom % D Page 2 of 3 705330
Analytical Data
13 Certificate of Analysis2 13 -[ H5] 1. HPLC/ELSD Stachydrine-(dimethyl- C2) monohydrate 99 atom % C 755524 Tetrahydrocortisone Instrument: Waters Acquity ELSD 2 OH -[ H5] Tetrahydrocortisone O 13 15 Column: Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 13 Compound: OH cis-Tamoxifen- C , N solution, 1 mg/mL in methanol O 99 atom2.1 x 75mm, 1.7µm % C 603252 2 14469 Mobile Phase: 2 A: 0.1% Formic Acid in Catalog Number: H A1 Water 15 SJ4-2014-300 2H 98 atomB: 0.1% Formic Acid %in N Lot Number: Acetontrile , 2015 February 27 OH Gradient: 2H H 5% - 95%B over 8 2 2 mins., Date of Analysis: H H hold 95%B 1 min. 3. 36 months from Date of Receipt Flow Rate: Ma Page 15 13 0.6 mL/min 13 ss Spectrometry 3 of 3 cis-Tamoxifen- N-(N,N-dimethyl- C ) (Proper Storage and Handling Molecular Weight =369.45 Acquisition99 atom % C a. 608653 2 Certificate Expiration: Molecular Formula =C21H32O5 February 27, 2015 Identity Required). Date:
The compound should be 15 , in the dark, in stored at ≤ 20 °C 98 atom % N container. Long-Term Storage: a tightly sealed Peak Ret. Time Area (LSU # (min.) ) Height Area % Product Result (LSU 1 2.48 ) Product Specification 227.49 13 99.26% 13 8045 Instrument: 2 2.93 0.44 Tamoxifen-(N,N-dimethyl- C ) ≥ 98% 99 atom % C 51105.03 605913 2 Analysis Method 1870466 Waters Acquity TQD PASS 3 3.04 99.26 Conforms to Structure 154.57 Column: Chemical Purity by HPLC/ELSD 8179 0.30 1 PASS H NMR to Structure 2. 1 Acquity UPLC BEH C18 Identity by Conforms 2 H NMR Mobile 2.1 x 75mm, 1.7µm 99.86% H /Molecule 13 15 2 13 Phase: Identity by Mass Spectrometry 98 % H A: 0.1% Formic Acid in Water Tamoxifen-(N,N-dimethyl- C )- N Instrument:99 atom % C 608645 Gradient: B: 0.1% Formic Acid in Acetontrile 2 Varian Mercury 300 MHz Isotope Incorporation by Mass Spectrometry Solvent: Methanol 5% -d4 - 95% 15 Flow Rate: 95%B for 1B min.over 8 mins. 99 atom % N b. , hold Intended Use Isotope Incorporation Ionization 0.6 mL/min : This material is intended only foruse. laboratory use in analytical and R+D applications. It not suitable for human/animal Acquisition Electrospray positive
consumption or for household Date: All Percent February 27 13 the use of this product. 13 , 2015 prior to Vinblastine- C ,d 99 atom % C M+0 Isotope 746274 2 3 Hazards and understand any potential hazard(s) Enhancement Read Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 0.00% M+1 chemicals should be considered potentially hazardous in nature and should only be handled by qualified personnel 0.00 using established good laboratory practices. 98 atom % D 0.00% M+2 0.00 0.00% M+3 0.00 13 13 0.00 ______% M+4 Yohimbine-(methyl- C,d3 ester) Date 99 atom % C 0.00 731242 0.70% ______M+5 0.03 Peter Greenbacker, IsoSciences LLC 99.30% Total: 99 atom % D 100.00% 4.97 % D/Molecule: 4.99
99.86 Ziprasidone-(piperazine-d8) 97 atom % D % 778400
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