Feminismus in Russland in Postkolonialer Perspektive

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Feminismus in Russland in Postkolonialer Perspektive Дissertation von Katharina Kühn Über Grenzen – Feminismus in Russland in postkolonialer Perspektive Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie des Fachbereiches Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften, Osteuropäische Geschichte, der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Vorgelegt von Katharina Kühn, Dipl. Kulturwirtin International Graduate Centre for the Study of Culture, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen 2020 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter von Möllendorff 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Bohn, Lehrstuhl für Osteuropäische Geschichte, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Stefan Rohdewald, Lehrstuhl für Ost- und Südosteuropäische Geschichte, Universität Leipzig Meinen Eltern und Jonas Au milieu de l’hiver, j’ai découvert en moi un invincible été. Albert Camus Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Zur Vermessung des Forschungsfeldes .................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Unde venis, feminizm? Historische Verflechtungen von Ost und West .......................................... 5 1.2. Über die Vermessung der feminiZtischen Landkarte – Quellenlage und Methode ...................... 12 1.3. Vermessungslinien – Aufbau der Arbeit und Forschungsstand .................................................... 15 1.3.1. ‚Do we need feminism anymore?‘ – Kapitel 2 ...................................................................... 16 1.3.2. Von Transgression und Dissidenz – Kapitel 3 ....................................................................... 18 1.3.3. „Это мы задаем вопросы.“ – Kapitel 4 ............................................................................... 19 1.3.4. Ja sama! – Kapitel 5, Fazit und Ausblick .............................................................................. 21 1.4. Über Grenzen – ein Nachwort zum Vorwort................................................................................. 22 2. „Trans-!“ Feminismen und Frauenbewegung über historische und kulturelle Grenzen hinweg .......... 24 2.1. Warum feministisch denken und den Feminismus bedenken Zukunft hat .................................... 27 2.2. Theoretisch(e) Grenzen überwinden – eine postkoloniale Relektüre von Feminismus in und mit dem östlichen Europa ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.3. Die Landkarte des (westlichen) feministischen Sprechens – Fragilität und Vielfalt ..................... 40 2.4. Grenzziehungen: Das Spiel mit den Zugehörigkeiten von Feminismus und feminizm ................. 47 2.4.1. Von West nach Ost – wenn (von) Feminismus nicht die Sprache ist..................................... 48 2.4.2. Von Ost nach West – feminizm ungleich Feminismus ........................................................... 50 2.5. Feministische ‚Eruptionen‘, diskursive Bruchstellen – feministische Meilensteine in und aus Russland ............................................................................................................................................... 55 2.6. Emanzipation ohne Frauen? Die ‚neue Frau‘ im Sozialismus und die Grenzen eines männlichen Marxismus ............................................................................................................................................ 70 3. Feminizm im Dazwischen, weibliche Transgression als Wagnis ......................................................... 81 3.1. Dissidenten, Andersdenkende, Nonkonformisten – die spätsowjetische Gesellschaft zwischen Utopie und Ernüchterung ..................................................................................................................... 87 3.1.1. Subaltern Counterpublics – zur Entstehung alternativer Öffentlichkeiten in den Zentren der Macht ................................................................................................................................................ 89 3.1.2. Vielstimmig, vielschichtig, verwoben – samizdat als transnationale Textkultur der Dissidenz .......................................................................................................................................................... 97 3.1.3. Samizdat gleich Opposition? Zu Widerstand und Dissidenz im spätsowjetischen Raum .... 101 3.2. Die Widerständigen – feministischer samizdat als Transgression der Dissidenz ........................ 105 3.2.1. Inoffizielle Bande – Leningrads feministische subaltern counterpublic.............................. 110 3.2.2. Ženščina i Rossija [Die Frau und Russland] – Feminismus als Dissidenz ........................... 114 3.2.3. Al’manach Ženščinam o ženščinach [Der Almanach den Frauen über die Frauen] ............. 119 3.2.4. Feministischer tamizdat – Ženščina i Rossija und Marija als ‚Dissidenz der Dissidenz‘ .... 125 3.3. Von Perestrojka zu Novostrojka? Feminismus zwischen Aktivismus und Institutionalisierung . 137 3.3.1. Fremd, eigen, anders? – die Rezeption des Feminismus im Kontext von Perestrojka und postsozialistischer Lebenswelt ....................................................................................................... 142 4. Turbulente Zeiten – feministische Protestkunst im postsowjetischen Raum ..................................... 148 4.1. Brüste als Waffen – FEMEN als ‚neuer‘ Feminismus? .............................................................. 152 4.1.1. Specnaz feminizma! Über das Selbstbild der Gruppe ........................................................... 154 4.1.2. Alles nur sluts? FEMENs Aktivismus im Kontext aktueller Bewegungen der feministischen Protestkunst .................................................................................................................................... 156 4.1.3. Wenn Feministinnen über Feministinnen reden – Reaktionen auf FEMENs Aktivismus aus feministischen Kreisen im westlichen Europa ............................................................................... 162 4.1.4. Postkoloniale Kritik an FEMENs (post)feministischer Internationalen ............................... 166 4.1.5. Nackte Tatsachen – FEMENs Feminismus postkolonial ‚neu‘ lesen................................... 168 4.2. Pussy Riot, Feminismus und Kunst-Aktivismus (art aktivizm) ................................................... 175 4.2.1. Von Pisja Riot zu Pussy Riot – über das Selbstverständnis der Gruppe .............................. 177 4.2.2. Punk, Performance, Pussy Riot ............................................................................................ 181 4.2.3. Die Sprache des feministischen Protests – konzeptionelle Aktionskunst als feministische Interventionsform ........................................................................................................................... 184 4.2.4. Pussy Riots punk-moleben ................................................................................................... 188 4.2.5. Pussy Riots Aktionskunst im Kontext der Tradition von Dissidenz und Opposition .......... 191 4.3. Pussy Riot, FEMEN und die Zukunft des feministischen Protests .............................................. 202 5. Feminismus aus Russland als transkulturelle Verflechtungsgeschichte ............................................. 206 5.1. Perspektivverschiebungen: Die Stimmen der Peripherien schwingen nach ................................ 207 5.2. Kulturelle Übersetzung in und mit dem östlichen Europa und Russland .................................... 209 5.3. Perspektiven für eine transkulturelle, postkoloniale Forschung mit dem östlichen Europa ........ 215 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................................. 219 Anhang 1: Übersetzungen von russischen Zitaten in Überlänge ............................................................ 242 Erklärung ................................................................................................................................................ 248 Могла ли Биче, словно Дант, творить, Или Лаура жар любви восславить? Я научила женщин говорить... Но, Боже, как их замолчать заставить! Anna Achmatova, „Epigramma“1 The happiest women, like the happiest nations, have no history. George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss2 1. Zur Vermessung des Forschungsfeldes Die Wanderausstellung des deutsch-russischen Gemeinschaftsprojekts „Leningrad Feminism 1979“3, die am Leibniz-Institut für Geschichte und Kultur des östlichen Europa (GWZO) in Leipzig angesiedelt ist, widmet sich der Leningrader Frauenbewegung der spätsowjetischen Zeit. Die Ausstellung wird u.a. von der Kulturwerkstatt Zhaba [Die Kröte] sowie einem internationalen Netzwerk aus Wissenschaftler*innen, Autor*innen und Betroffenen getragen und stellt nach 40 Jahren erneut den Themenkomplex Frauenrechte und Frauenbewegung in der Sowjetunion nun in einem transnationalen Kontext in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Arbeit. Die Initiator*innen erheben den Anspruch, den Blick auf Verbindungslinien zwischen Ländern und Nationen und über kulturelle Grenzen hinweg zu legen, denn gemeinsames europäisches Erinnern stehe im Mittelpunkt des Gemeinschaftsprojekts.4 Und so wie die Initiator*innen festgestellt haben, sei es höchste Zeit an die Erfahrungen und Strategien vorangegangener Frauenbewegungen in heutigen Zeiten anzuknüpfen. Denn die Debatten in den Gesellschaften des Westen wie des Ostens5 um Frauenquoten, eine Anti-LGBTQI-Bewegung, Abtreibungsdebatten und den Vorwurf der ‚Genderideologie‘, die zum Teil als harscher
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