41*

APPENDIX 111.

NEO-LATIN NAMES FOR “ ARTICHOKE.” By H.I.H. PRINCEL.-L. BONAPARTE. THE following list of Neo-Latin names for the Artichoke, similar to those which have already appeared in the “Philo- logical Transactions” on the names of the Vine, Reptiles, and Juniper (1882-3-4, pp. 251, 312, and App. I.), originally appeared in the Academy for 15 Maroh, 1884, but has been subsequently revised, corrected and augment.ed. The Italian carciqfo, pronounced (kkartchbfo) and the French artichaut (artishd) may be considered, with very few exceptions,2 as the two representatives of all the Neo-Latin names of the present list. Carciflo, as is generally admitted, is derived from the Arabic harshaf; while the Spanish alcachofa (alkachdfa) and other words analogous to it are derived from al-harshaf, or the same Arabic word preceded by the article. Artichaut, on the contrary, is derived from the Neo-Latin articoctus ; while another Arabic synonym, ardishauki, is quite analogous to a second Low-Latin form, articoccus, to the Venetian articioco (artichdko), the Milanese articiorh (artichhk), the Frioulan ardichocc (ardiphhk), and the Lower Engadine Romanese artischoc (artish6k). I have said ‘‘ Yenetian ” and not “ Italian ” articioco, because this word or articiocco (arttichbko, arttich6kko), like arciocco (artchdkko), or Florio’s arciciocco and arciciofo (artchichbkko, artchichbffo), certainly does not belong to the Italian language, which only admits, contrary to the assertions of some lexicographers, curciofo, or the rural carciqfano (kkartch 6fano). The Venetian articioco and all the words in which the first c (k) in articocctcs is changed either into (ah) or (ch) must have come from France to Italy, and not vice eersa, as the

The notes 1, 2, 3, 4, being referred to in several places, are put together at the end. Phil. Trans. 1882-3-4. APP. E 42’ NAMES FOR “ ARTICHOKE.”--PRINCE B OKAPARI’E.

Latin (k) would not have been changed, but must have remained under the forms (artikciko, artikbk) in genuine Venetian and Milanese words, as happens in ca (ka) ‘ house,’ cossa (kcisa? ‘thing,’ from the Latin ciisa ‘cottage,’ causa ‘ cause.’ (Artichciko), on the contrary, follows the French changes of chez (she) ‘ in ’ or ‘to the house of,’ and chose (shaz) ‘thing,’ also from the Latin cdsa and causa. The second c (k), however, in articioco, etc., is derived directly from the Low-Latin cc in articoccus; while the French, Niqard, and Mentonese second t in artichaut and arcicotaro is derived from the ct of the previous articoctus, and this, as I think, from a still older articactus, three forms to be found in Du Cange as Low-Latin words, together with articoccalus, their synonym. Now, (1) although cindra is the usual Latin word for ‘artichoke,’ yet the term cactus or cactos is also used by Pliny either in the sense of ‘artichoke’ or ‘cardoon,’ just the same as the Greek IC~KTO?of Theocritus, etc. ; and (2) Zpn, when prefixed, very often means ‘newly, just now, lately, new, recent,’ etc., as in Lpr&yla ‘recent union,’ from Z~TLand ~&yuvps ‘to couple,’ &pp.ri

LISTOF NAMES. I. ITALIAN,carciofo (kkartchbfo) 2, 'carciofano (kkartch6- fano) 2 ; Roman, carciofolo (kkartch6folo) 2 ; Sassarese, iscar- zoffa (iXXartt,sbffa)3; Nmpolitan, carcioffola (kkartchbffdla) 2 ; Abrrizzese Ulteriore Primo, carciofono (kkartchbfana) 2 ; Abruzzese Citeriore, scarciofona (skartcho fdna) 3 ; Tarantino, scarcioppola (skartchopp61) 3 ; Sicilian, cacocciula3 (kkak6- tchula) 1; Venetian, articioco (artichbkoj 1; Veronese, arzi- cioco (artsich6ko) 1 ; Bellunese, articioch (artichdk) 1, arzi- cioch (artsich6k:) 1 ; LPngua Franca of Algiers, carchouf (karshGf) 2. 11. SARDINIAN: Logtrdorese, iscarzofh (iskarttsdffa) 3 ; Cagliaritan, canciofa (kkantch6fa) 2. 111. SPANISH,alcachofa (alkachdfa) 3, *alcarchofa (alkar- chdfa) 3 ; Nur~ian,~alcaucil (alkauthil), 'alcauci (alkauthi), "alcacil (alkathil), *alcaci (alkathi) ; Andalzlsian,2 alcarcil (alkarthil). IQ. PORTUGUESE,alcachofra ('alkesh6fra) 3, 'alcachofa ('alkash6fa) 3, *alcachofre ('alkash6fra) 3. V. GENOESE,lzrticiocca (artichbkka) 1 ; Xenfonese, arcico- taro (archikdtarn) 1. TI. GALLO-ITALIC,generally, articioch (artich6k) 1 ; Pied- m.ontese of Piazza Armerina in Sicily, caccociula3 (kkakk6- chula) 1 ; Bresciano, *artigioch (artij6k) 1 ; Boloynese, carciofel (karchhfel) 2 ; Xodenese, carciofen (karch6fen) 2, "scarciof (skarch6f) 3 ; Reggiuno,' carcioffen (karchdffen) 2, articioch (artich6k) 1; RomagnuoJo Faentino, carciof (kar- ch6f) 2, carcioful (karch6ful) 2 ; Romagnuolo Imolese, scar- ciofel (skarchbfel) 3 ; Parmesan, articioch (artich6k) 1. 44* NAMES FOR “ ARTICIIO1ZE.”-PRINCE BONAPARTE.

VII. FRIOuLAN, ardiphocc (ardiph6k) 1, artiphocc (arti- qh6k) 1. VIIL ROMANESE: OberZand, artitschoc (artich6k) 1 ; Lower Engadine, artischoc (artish6k) 1. Ix. OCCITANIAN, ? X. CATALONIAN,carxofa (karsh6fa) 2, +carchofa (karch6fa) 2, escarxofa (askarsh6fa) 3 ; Vdenciatz, carchofa (karch6fa) 2 ; Zujo)*eun,carxofa (karshbfa) 2, XI. MODERNOCCITANIAN : Proeenqal,4 artichaou (artichbu, artitsbu) 1, arquichaou (arkichbu) 1, cachoffo (kach6flo) 2, cachofle (kachbfle) 2, cachofe (kachbfe) 2, carchofo (karchbfo) 2, carchofe (karchbfe) 2, carchocle (karch6kle) 2 ; Nicard, arci- coto (archikbto) 1 ; Langwedocienp carchoflo (karchbffo) 2, carchofle (karch6fle) 2, archichaou (archichh) 1, escarchofo (eskarch6fo) 3, escarchoflo (eskarchbflo)3, escarjofo (cskarzhbfo) 3, *escarjoso (eskarzhbso) 3 ; Ga.scon, artichaou (artishiu) 1 ; liouergois, orchichaou (orchichbu) 1, ortichaou (ortichbu) 1, richichaou (richich6u) 1 ; Limousin, artijaou (artijau) 1. XII. FRANCO-OCCITANIAN: artichaut (artishb, artich6, artitsb) 1. XIII. ANCIENTFRENCH, ? XIV. FRENCH,artichaut (artishb) 1 ; Walloon, articho (Xrtish6) 1 ; Roueha, artissiau (artisid) 1. XV. WALLACHIAN,~anghinarg (artginbra). Two divisions of the above list of words are derived from the Arabic. It would appear, as I remarked in the Academy of 23 Februai*y,1884, that antimony may also be derived from an Arabic source. The Arabic name for the sulphuret of antimony is, with the article, al-ithmid. If we suppose a metathesis of the vowel, it would become al-thitrzid, and thus be readily confused with another old Spanish alchemical word alcimod, also meaning antimony,’ pronounced (althi- mbd) with voiceless (th). The change of d into 12, both alveolar sounds, particularly in such an un-Spanish termina- tion as -od, is not surprising. The th might remain in (althimbd) and become a t in antimonio, just as the th of another Arabic word thagi-i remains in Spanish zegri, pro- nounced (thkgri), and becomes t in Spanish tagorino, meaning NAMES FOR “ ARTICHOKE.”-PRIKCE BONAPARTE. 45*

“ a Moor who 1i.ved among Christians, and by speaking their language well could scarcely be recognized.” E,ven the COII- fusion of the last i iri al-ithmid with 6 has an analogue in the Spanish almohada pillow,’ from the Arabic al-mikhadda. The unfamiliar initial aZfi- would readily give place to the familiar anti, arid this might have assieted the nasalization of d into n. Another Spanish -synonym for antimony is alcohol, Arabic al-kohl, either the same mineral, or sulphuret of lead (Dozy), and never meaning rectified spirit of wine.’ Antiquated Spanish forms of this word are nkofol (in Cata- lonian alcqfoll), cohol, coholZ. This change of h into f is noteworthy in reference to the modern Spanish change of f into h, as hijo, hierro, fromjflius, ferrum.

1 Words between brackets are written phonetically according to the following conventional symbols, andonly words so written are to be taken into considera- tion in all I have said about their changes, derivations, etc. SYMBOLS: 1, a=a