Supporting Information

Hayashi et al. 10.1073/pnas.1116273108 SI Materials and Methods AGTGCAATCTCGTC-3′, reverse: 5′-GTATGCGGTGAACC- Reagents. Cathepsin B (from bovine spleen) was purchased from GTCTTT-3′), and MDA5 primers (forward: 5′-TGTCTTGGA- Merck, and N-(p-Tosyl)-GPK-pNA (p-nitroanilide) and soy bean CACTTGCTTCG-3′, reverse: 5′-GGCCTCTGTCTCCAGACT- trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) were from Sigma. TG-3′) were used for real-time PCR.

Primers Used for Real-time PCR. Mouse β-actin primers (forward: Primers Used for ChIP Assay. Mouse trypsinogen5 promoter-speciﬁc 5′-TGGAATCCTGTGGCATCCATGAAAC-3′, reverse: 5′-TA- primers (forward: 5′-CCGGGGGAAACAATGATGTGGAA- AAACGCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCCG-3′), trypsinogen5 primers AC-3′, reverse: 5′-AGCAGCTCCCAGAAAAGTGA-3′) and ′ ′ ′ (forward: 5 -ATTGAAGTCACCTGCCATCC-3 ,reverse:5-AG- Angiotensinogen (Agt) exon2-speciﬁc primers (forward: 5′-CAC- ′ ′ GACAGGAGCTTCCAGACA-3 ), TLR3 primers (forward: 5 - CCCTGCTACAGTCCATT-3′, reverse: 5′-CAGACATGACT- TTGTCTTCTGCACGAACCTG-3′, reverse: 5′-CCCGTTCCC- GGGGGAGGT-3′) were used for the ChIP assay. AACTTTGTAGA-3′), RIG-I primers (forward: 5′-TTGCTG-

AB25000

20000

15000

10000 Amylase (IU) Amylase

5000

0 Irf-2-/- Control Control Cerulein Cerulein

WT Irf2-/-

C CCK-AR CCK-BR -Acn

WT Irf2-/- WT Irf2-/- WT Irf2-/-

Fig. S1. Resistance of Irf2−/− mice to cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Wild-type or Irf2−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μg/kg cerulein six times at hourly intervals. One hour after the last injection, the pancreas was subjected to electron microscopic analysis (A) and serum amylase levels were also measured − − (B). (Scale bars, 5 μm.) (C) The pancreatic mRNAs of WT and Irf2 / mice were prepared by the acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction method after treatment with RNAlater Solution (Ambion) overnight at −80 °C, and the expression of two kinds of cholecystokinin receptors (CCK-AR and CCK- BR) was analyzed by Northern blotting with radiolabeled speciﬁc probes. β-Actin expression is shown as a control.

Hayashi et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1116273108 1of5 Mouse Chromosome 6

Trbv1 Human Chromosome 7 T4: 1810009J06Rik(Trypsinogen5) T5: LOC100040208, Gm2663(Trypsinogen4) T7: 2210010C04Rik(Trypsinogen7) TRBV28 TRBV29 Trbv2 Trbv3 PRSS1(Trypsin1, Caonic trypsinogen)

Trbv29 Trbv30 T8: Try4(Trypsin4)

PRSS2(Trypsin2, Anionic trypsinogen) T9: 1810049H19Rik, Try5(Trypsin5) T10: Try10(Trypsinogen10) TRBD1 TRBJ1-1 T11: Prss3(Mesotrypsin, Trypsin3, Trypsinogen15) TRBJ1-2 T12: EG436523, Gm5771(Trypsinogen12)

T14: EG386551, Gm5409(Try10-likeTrypsinogen)

T15: LOC100040233, Gm10334(Mesotrypsin-like) Human Chromosome 9 T16: Prss1(Trypsin1)

T20: Prss2(Trypsin2) Trbd1-1 PRSS3(Mesotrypsinogen, Trypsinogen4) Trbj1-1 Trbj1-2

Fig. S2. Schematic structures of human and mouse trypsinogen genes in the T-cell receptor β-chain (TRB) locus. Three trypsinogen genes (shown as ﬁlled thick arrows) are found in humans, although PRSS3 encodes three transcriptional trypsinogen isoforms. Twenty trypsinogen genes (T1-T20) are found in mouse, but only 12 of them are thought to be expressed, as indicated by the ﬁlled arrows. The human TRB V, D, and J and mouse Trb v, d, and j genes are shown as open arrows.

A 1000 B 10.0

100 8.0 * 10 Pancreas -Acn 6.0 Spleen 1 Skin 4.0 0.1 * Liver 2.0 * 0.01 Lung (Fireﬂy Luc/Renilla Luc) Luc/Renilla (Fireﬂy Relave expression of expression Relave trypsinogen5 / 0.001 acvity Luciferase Relave 0.0 - IRF7 0.0001 IRF1 IRF2 IRF3 IRF5 MyD88 WT Irf2-/- Irf2-/- -/- MyD88+IRF1 MyD88+IRF3 MyD88+IRF5 Irnar1 MyD88+IRF2 MyD88+IRF7

C 30 D 1.2 IRF1+MyD88 25 1.0 IRF7+MyD88

20 0.8 - 15 IRF1+MyD88 0.6 * IRF7+MyD88 10 0.4 *

(fold-increase) * 0.2 5 Relave luciferase acvity * Relave luciferase acvies luciferase Relave * 0 0.0 0204060 -1,063 -833 -579 -386 -216 Amount of IRF2 (ng)

Fig. S3. (A) Trypsinogen5 mRNA expression levels in the indicated tissues were normalized to β-actin expression and are shown on a log scale. It was expressed at low but accurately measurable levels in wild-type pancreas and skin, compared with spleen, liver, and lung. Trypsinogen5 mRNA expression in pancreas and − − spleen was up-regulated about 1,000-fold in Irf2 / mice compared with wild type. However, the up-regulation was not affected by further abolishing IFNα/β receptor 1 (Ifnar1). (B) The promoter activity of trypsinogen5 was examined by placing the 1.1-kb trypsinogen5 promoter region before the firefly luciferase gene as reporter in 293T cells. The expression vectors for IRF1, -2, -3, -5, and -7 were cotransfected with the reporter in the presence or absence of MyD88. Luciferase activity was determined with a dual luciferase assay system. IRF1, -5, and -7 significantly enhanced (*P < 0.02) the trypsinogen5 promoter in the presence of MyD88. (C) The promoter activities of deletion mutants of trypsinogen5 promoter were measured in the absence or presence of both MyD88 and IRF1 or IRF7 in 293T cells. (D) Dose-dependent effects of IRF2 expression on IRF1- and IRF7-dependent trypsinogen5 promoter activation in the presence of MyD88. *P < 0.02 versus the absence of IRF2.

Hayashi et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1116273108 2of5 Fig. S4. The amino acid sequences of major human trypsinogens (PRSS1, -2, and -3) and mouse Prss1, -2, and -3 and trypsinogen5 are aligned. The signal peptidase, enteropeptidase, and chymotrypsin C cleavage sites are indicated with arrows, and the trypsin autolytic cleavage site is indicated with an arrow- head. Active trypsin is generated from pretrypsinogen by cleavage at the signal peptide in the endoplasmic reticulum and at the activation peptide in the duodenum. Because mouse trypsinogen5 contains the triad (H-D-S) of amino acids essential for trypsin activity (each amino acid is indicated with an asterisk), a signal peptide, and an activation peptide in the N-terminal region, this trypsinogen5 is predicted to have enzymatic activity. The inhibitor binding site D198 is unique in trypsinogen5, and may confer resistance to trypsin inhibitors, similar to the human PRSS3, R198. Conserved amino acids are boxed.

A mTrypsinogen5 B mPrss1 0.4 0.4 - - 0.3 0.3 EP EP 0.2 0.2 EP+2ug/ml EP+2ug/ml 0.1 SBTI 0.1 SBTI

Absorbance at 405 at Absorbance nm EP+1ug/ml

Absorbance at at 405 Absorbance nm EP+1ug/ml 0.0 SBTI 0.0 SBTI 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (h) Time (h)

C 0.25 Vector

Tryp5 0.15 Vector + CB

Tryp5 + CB Absorbance at at 405nm Absorbance 0.05 0136918 Time (h)

Fig. S5. Trypsin activity was monitored by the amount of released pNA from a speciﬁc substrate, measuring spectrophotometric units at 405 nm (Trypsin Activity Assay Kit; BioVision). The activities were dependent on the addition of enteropeptidase (EP), and increased in proportion to the amounts of lysates added to the reaction. Addition of 1 and 2 μg/mL SBTI had no effect on the mouse trypsinogen5 activities observed (A). In contrast, mouse Prss1 activities were inhibited with SBTI in a dose- dependent fashion (B). (C) Activation of trypsinogen5 with cathepsin B. The same amounts of 293FT cell lysates transfected with mouse trypsinogen5 (Tryp5) or vector only (Vector) were pretreated with 0.008 U of cathepsin B (CB) in 50 mM acetic acid buffer (pH 5.0) for 2 h at 37 °C, and then subjected to trypsin assay using N-(p-Tosyl)-GPK- pNA as substrate in 100 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.0) at 30 °C for the indicated periods. The amount of pNA released from the speciﬁc substrate was measured as trypsin activity.

Hayashi et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1116273108 3of5 0.0568 hPRSS1 (Trypsinogen1, Caonic trypsinogen) 0.0108 hPRSS2 (Trypsinogen2, Anionic trypsinogen) 0.0686 0.0568 hPRSS3 (Trypsinogen3, Mesotrypsinogen) 0.0676

0.0082 0.0052 T16: mPrss1 (Trypsin1, Trypsinogen16) T12: mTrypsinogen12 (Gm5771) 0.0098 0.0212 0.0082 0.0061 T15: mMesotrypsin-like (Gm10334, LOC1000404233) 0.0218 0.0073 0.0061 T11: mPrss3 (Trypsin3, Mesotrypsin, Trypsinogen15) 0.0103 T8: mTrypsin4 (0910001B19Rik) 0.0058 0.0594 0.0243 T9: mTrypsin5 (1810045H19Rik) 0.0103 0.0300 T14: mTrypsin10-like trypsinogen(Gm5409) 0.0740 0.0264 T10: mTrypsinogen10 (Trypsin10) 0.0300 T20: mPrss2 (Trypsin2, Trypsinogen20) 0.0622 T7: mTrypsinogen7 (2210010C04Rik ) 0.1460 0.0040 T5: mTrypsinogen4 (Gm2663) 0.2014 T4: mTrypsinogen5 (1810009J06Rik) 0.0040

Fig. S6. The evolutionary pedigree of 3 human trypsinogens and 12 mouse trypsinogens. Human PRSS1, -2, and -3, mouse Prss1, -2, and 3, and trypsinogen5 are boxed. The pedigree was made using the unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean method. The associated number calculated by this method indicates the evolutionary distance such that smaller values are more homologous and evolutionarily closer to each other whereas larger values are less homologous and evolutionarily more distant.

− − Table S1. Signiﬁcantly up- and down-regulated genes in Irf2 / mice − − − − Gene transcripts WT (−) WT (pIC) Irf2 / (−) Irf2 / (pIC)

Trypsinogen5 (1810009J06Rik) 80 69 14,345 15,470 Fetuin β (Fetub) 14 15 926 1,623 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA 23 240 1,375 777 synthase 2 (Hmgcs2, HMG-CoA synthase) Annexin A10 (Anxa10) 11 11 647 427 Ep1 (epithelial progenitor 1) 10 12 303 111 Lectin, galactose-binding, soluble 9 (Lgals9) 90 625 1,369 1,629 α-2-HS-glycoprotein (Ahsg, Fetuin-A) 10 12 157 591 Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 4 (Tm4sf4) 58 64 783 349 Guanylate-binding protein 2 (Gbp2) 22 1,064 258 1,230 Regenerating islet-derived 3γ (Reg3g) 268 4,511 2,756 2,758 Macrophage activation 2-like 17 177 174 349 (Gbp6, guanylate-binding protein 6) Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) 28 146 283 217 Group-speciﬁc component (Gc, Vitamin 30 21 186 577 D-binding protein) S100 calcium-binding protein G (S100-G) 58 19 114 252 Ig κ chain variable 8 (Igk-V8) 25 455 24 7 Carbonic anhydrase 3 (Car3) 152 1,301 103 49 Complement factor D (adipsin) 157 707 56 38 Ig joining chain (Igj) 30 168 25 11 Galanin (Gal) 879 1,057 213 71 Cxcl13 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13] 82 806 29 60 Ig λ variable 1 (Iklv1) 18 147 25 14 Solute carrier family 38, member 5 (Slc38a5) 1,533 1,683 143 196

The levels of gene expression in the pancreas are shown in Affymetrix units. The upper 14 annotated genes were up-regulated more − − than 10-fold in Irf2 / mice. The up-regulation of trypsinogen5 with another probe (Point 2 in Fig. 2) by >100-fold by inactivating Irf2 gene was noteworthy, because trypsinogens are reported to play important roles in developing pancreatitis. Anxa10, Ahsg, and S100- GareCa2+-binding proteins. The lower eight genes were down-regulated >10-fold in Irf2−/− mice. Galanin is reported to mediate cerulein-induced pancreatitis (1). pIC, poly(I:C).

1. Bhandari M, et al. (2010) Galanin mediates the pathogenesis of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in the mouse. Pancreas 39:182e187.

Hayashi et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1116273108 4of5 Table S2. Expression of IFN-signaling molecules Gene transcripts WT (−) WT (pIC) Irf2−/− (−) Irf2−/− (pIC)

irf1 35 286 ↑ 44 361 ↑ irf3 97 113 136 114 irf4 19 16 10 15 irf5 34 47 36 46 irf6 114 148 197 171 irf7 26 375 ↑ 107 224 ↑ irf8 32 81 43 54 irf9 44 191 88 237 IPS-1 109 113 121 123 trif 53 55 51 53 Myd88 31 311 ↑ 77 297 ↑ tirap 23 46 36 47 mda5 35 921 ↑ 76 733 ↑ rig-I 47 538 ↑ 93 458 ↑ tlr1 9 9 10 6 tlr2 55 151 55 133 tlr3 13 98 ↑ 24 118 ↑ tlr4 20 26 26 27 tlr6 15 18 14 12 tlr7 6 21 16 12 tlr8 8 9 10 9 tlr9 42 80 40 36

The levels of gene expression in the pancreas are shown in Affymetrix units. The DNA microarray analysis indicated that IRF1, IRF7, MyD88, MDA5, RIG-I, and TLR3 were signiﬁcantly up-regulated with poly(I:C) in the pancreas − − of WT and Irf2 / mice.

Table S3. Relationship among relevant gene expression, cell death, and pancreatitis − − − − − − − − − − WT Irf2 / Irf2 / Ifnar1 / Irf2 / Trif /

− Poly(I:C) − Poly(I:C) − Poly(I:C) − Poly(I:C)

Granule retention ——+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Trypsinogen5 ——+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ TLR3/TRIF + +++ + +++ + + —— MDA5/RIG-I/IPS-1 + +++ + +++ + + + +++ Cell death — + — + ——— + “Enhancing loop”— — — +++ ——— + Pancreatitis —— —+++ ——— + Serum amylase —— —+++ ——— +

− − IRF2 / caused abnormal granule retention (+++) and conspicuous expression of trypsinogen5 (+++), and the characteristics were not rescued by further destroying IFNAR1 or TRIF. There were at least two cell death pathways: TLR3/TRIF and MDA5/RIG- I/IPS-1, and high expression of TLR3/TRIF or MDA5/RIG-I/IPS-1 (+++) caused cell death. In addition, high expression of spink3- resistant trypsinogen5 (+++) required for the “enhancing loop” of cell death led to pancreatitis with elevated serum amylase (+++). −, none; +, low; +++, high.

Hayashi et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1116273108 5of5