Learning in Wind Turbine Development a Comparison Between the Netherlands and Denmark
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Learning in wind turbine development A comparison between the Netherlands and Denmark Learning in wind turbine development A comparison between the Netherlands and Denmark Leren in de ontwikkeling van windturbines Een vergelijking tussen Nederland en Denemarken (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. W.H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 25 november 2002 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Linda Manon Kamp geboren op 31 maart 1973 te Groningen Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. C.D. Andriesse, Universiteit Utrecht Prof. dr. ir. R.E.H.M. Smits, Universiteit Utrecht CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Kamp, Linda M. Learning in wind turbine development – A comparison between the Netherlands and Denmark / Linda M. Kamp – Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen. Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht – Met lit. opg. – Met samenvatting in het Nederlands ISBN 90-393-3174-X Trefw.: ontwikkeling van windturbines, windenergiebeleid, leren, innovatiesysteem / wind turbine development, wind energy policy, learning, innovation system Ventos et varium caeli praediscere morem Cura sit ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum (Let it be our concern to learn first about the prevailing winds and the varying nature of the climate And about the local cultivation and the natural features of the area) Publius Vergilius Maro, Georgica I, 51-52 To my parents Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research question 2 1.2 Methodology 4 1.3 Technical background 6 1.4 Outline of the thesis 10 2 Theoretical framework 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Theoretical approaches in innovation studies 11 2.2.1 Evolutionary economics 12 2.2.2 Quasi-evolutionary economics 13 2.2.3 The technical system approach 14 2.2.4 Network theories 15 2.2.5 The social construction of technology (SCOT) approach 17 2.3 The innovation system approach 18 2.3.1 Definitions of the innovation system 18 2.3.2 Broad guidelines 19 2.3.3 The boundaries of the system 20 2.3.4 Organisations and institutions 21 2.4 Learning 25 2.4.1 What is learning? 26 2.4.2 Kinds of knowledge and learning 28 2.4.3 Learning by searching 30 2.4.4 Learning by doing 33 2.4.5 Learning by using 34 2.4.6 Learning by interacting 35 2.5 Conclusion 39 3 Wind energy in the Netherlands 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 1975-1976 43 3.2.1 The LSEO interim report and the NOW 1 programme 43 3.2.2 The Dutch wind turbine innovation system 44 i Learning in wind turbine development Part A The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem 45 3.3 1976-1980 45 3.3.1 The role of wind energy in the Dutch energy supply 47 3.3.2 Building wind turbines 49 3.3.3 The VAT turbine prototype 50 3.3.4 The HAT turbine prototype 51 3.3.5 The tipvane project 54 3.3.6 Conclusion 55 3.4 1981-1985 56 3.4.1 The NOW 1 evaluation report 56 3.4.2 The NOW 2 proposal 57 3.4.3 Competition from other energy sources 60 3.4.4 Building wind turbines: the second VAT turbine prototype 61 3.4.5 The HAT turbine prototype 62 3.4.6 The tipvane research 64 3.4.7 The Newecs-25 HAT turbines 65 3.4.8 The pilot wind power station 68 3.4.9 The Newecs-45 HAT turbine 72 3.4.10 The Grohat 74 3.4.11 The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1981-1985 76 3.4.12 Conclusion 77 3.5 1986-1991 78 3.5.1 Competition from other energy sources 78 3.5.2 The IPW programme 79 3.5.3 The Newecs-25 turbines 80 3.5.4 The Newecs-45 81 3.5.5 The Grohat 82 3.5.6 The Sexbierum wind power station 83 3.5.7 The HAT-25 85 3.5.8 Research by Delft University of Technology 86 3.5.9 The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1986-1991 87 3.5.10 Conclusion 88 Part B The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem 90 3.6 1976-1980 90 3.6.1 Building small wind turbines 90 3.6.2 The start of the ECN wind turbine testfield 91 3.6.3 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1976-1980 92 3.6.4 Conclusion 92 3.7 1981-1985 93 3.7.1 The NOW 2 programme 93 ii Contents 3.7.2 The decentralised wind energy pilot projects 94 3.7.3 The wind turbine testfield 95 3.7.4 Cumulative installed capacity 99 3.7.5 Buy-back tariffs 100 3.7.6 Financial problems 101 3.7.7 Export 101 3.7.8 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1981-1985 101 3.7.9 Conclusion 102 3.8 1986-1992 104 3.8.1 The IPW programme 104 3.8.2 The Dutch home market 107 3.8.3 Technology development: striving for large generator capacities 108 3.8.4 Technology development: building advanced wind turbines 110 3.8.5 Another approach: Lagerwey 111 3.8.6 Financial difficulties 113 3.8.7 Buy back tariffs 113 3.8.8 Windplan 114 3.8.9 Siting problems 115 3.8.10 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1986-1991 117 3.8.11 Conclusion 118 3.9 1992-2000 120 3.9.1 The TWIN programme 120 3.9.2 Providing a scientific basis for industrial development 120 3.9.3 Cumulative installed capacity 120 3.9.4 Siting problems 121 3.9.5 Developing even wind larger turbines 122 3.9.6 WindMaster and NedWind 124 3.9.7 Wind energy policy 125 3.9.8 Wind turbines at sea 125 3.9.9 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1992-2000 126 3.9.10 Conclusion 127 4 Wind energy in Denmark 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.1.1 Poul la Cour and F.L. Smidth 129 4.1.2 Johannes Juul 130 4.1.3 The oil crisis 131 Part A The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem 132 4.2 1975-1976 132 4.3 1977-1980 132 iii Learning in wind turbine development 4.3.1 The Wind Power Programme 132 4.3.2 The Nibe wind turbines 134 4.3.3 The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1977-1980 135 4.3.4 Conclusion 136 4.4 1981-1985 136 4.4.1 Danish Wind Technology 136 4.4.2 The Nibe turbines 137 4.4.3 Other wind turbines 137 4.4.4 The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1981-1985 138 4.4.5 Conclusion 138 4.5 1986-1991 139 4.5.1 The Masnedø turbines 139 4.5.2 The Tjæreborg turbine 140 4.5.3 Other wind turbines 141 4.5.4 The end of the Wind Power Programme 141 4.5.5 The large-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1986-1990 141 4.5.6 Conclusion 143 Part B The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem 144 4.6 1975-1980 144 4.6.1 Riisager 144 4.6.2 The Tvind turbine 144 4.6.3 The role of the wind turbine users 145 4.6.4 The first small wind turbine companies 146 4.6.5 The Risø Test and Research Centre 147 4.6.6 Financial support for wind turbine buyers 148 4.6.7 The approval criteria 148 4.6.8 The turbine market 149 4.6.9 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1975-1980 150 4.6.10 Conclusion 151 4.7 1981-1985 152 4.7.1 Energiplan 1981 152 4.7.2 The role of the Risø Test and Research Centre 153 4.7.3 Technology development 154 4.7.4 The Danish home market 154 4.7.5 Wind turbine exports 155 4.7.6 A speed-up in technology development 156 4.7.7 Technical problems 157 4.7.8 Growth in the Danish market as from 1984 158 4.7.9 The first 100-MW agreement 159 4.7.10 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1981-1985 160 iv Contents 4.7.11 Conclusion 161 4.8 1986-1992 162 4.8.1 Problems for the Danish turbine manufacturers 162 4.8.2 A new start 163 4.8.3 A new approval system 164 4.8.4 Fast technology development once again 165 4.8.5 Turbine demand from utilities 166 4.8.6 Good prospects for the turbine manufacturers 166 4.8.7 Siting problems 169 4.8.8 Offshore wind energy 170 4.8.9 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1986-1991 170 4.8.10 Conclusion 172 4.9 1992-2000 172 4.9.1 Continuing stimulation measures from the government 172 4.9.2 Turbine demand from the utilities 174 4.9.3 A changing role for the Test and Research Centre 175 4.9.4 Offshore wind energy 176 4.9.5 Technology development 176 4.9.6 The small-scale wind turbine innovation subsystem in 1992-2000 178 4.9.7 Conclusion 179 5 Conclusion 181 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 1975-1980 183 5.2.1 Learning in the Netherlands 183 5.2.2 Learning in Denmark 185 5.3 1981-1985 187 5.3.1 Learning in the Netherlands 187 5.3.2 Learning in Denmark 190 5.4 1986-1991 192 5.4.1 Learning in the Netherlands 192 5.4.2 Learning in Denmark 196 5.5 1992-2000 198 5.5.1 Learning in the Netherlands 198 5.5.2 Learning in Denmark 199 5.6 Conclusions concerning the types of learning 199 5.6.1 Learning by searching 199 5.6.2 Learning by doing 200 5.6.3 Learning by using 201 5.6.4 Learning by interacting 202 5.7 In conclusion 206 v Learning in wind turbine development References 209 Summary 225 Samenvatting 233 Curriculum vitae 241 Nawoord 243 vi 1 Introduction A question that is central to the study of technology development1 is to what extent factors causing the success or failure of the development of a new technical object can be identified and influenced.