Sonic Booms in Atmospheric Turbulence (Sonicbat): the Influence of Turbulence on Shaped Sonic Booms

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Sonic Booms in Atmospheric Turbulence (Sonicbat): the Influence of Turbulence on Shaped Sonic Booms NASA/CR–2020–220509 Sonic Booms in Atmospheric Turbulence (SonicBAT): The Influence of Turbulence on Shaped Sonic Booms Kevin A. Bradley, Christopher M. Hobbs, and Clifton B. Wilmer Wyle, Arlington, Virginia Victor W. Sparrow and Trevor A. Stout The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania John M. Morgenstern Lockheed Martin, Palmdale, California Kenneth H. Underwood Technical & Business Systems, Valencia, California Domenic J. Maglieri Eagle Aeronautics, Inc., Newport News, Virginia Robert A. Cowart and Matthew T. Collmar Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Savannah, Georgia Hao Shen The Boeing Company, St. Louis, Missouri Philippe Blanc-Benon Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics, France NASA STI Program ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. to the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA scientific and technical technical conferences, symposia, seminars, information (STI) program plays a key part in or other meetings sponsored or helping NASA maintain this important role. co-sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information technical, or historical information from Officer. It collects, organizes, provides for NASA programs, projects, and missions, archiving, and disseminates NASA’s STI. The often concerned with subjects having NASA STI program provides access to the NTRS substantial public interest. Registered and its public interface, the NASA Technical Reports Server, thus providing one of TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. the largest collections of aeronautical and space English-language translations of foreign science STI in the world. Results are published in scientific and technical material pertinent to both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA’s mission. NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services also include organizing and publishing research results, distributing TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of specialized research announcements and feeds, completed research or a major significant providing information desk and personal search phase of research that present the results of support, and enabling data exchange services. NASA Programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes compila- For more information about the NASA STI tions of significant scientific and technical program, see the following: data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA counter- Access the NASA STI program home page part of peer-reviewed formal professional at http://www.sti.nasa.gov papers but has less stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic E-mail your question to [email protected] presentations. Phone the NASA STI Information Desk at TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. 757-864-9658 Scientific and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, Write to: e.g., quick release reports, working NASA STI Information Desk papers, and bibliographies that contain Mail Stop 148 minimal annotation. Does not contain NASA Langley Research Center extensive analysis. Hampton, VA 23681-2199 CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and technical findings by NASA-sponsored contractors and grantees. NASA/CR–2020–220509 Sonic Booms in Atmospheric Turbulence (SonicBAT): The Influence of Turbulence on Shaped Sonic Booms Kevin A. Bradley, Christopher M. Hobbs, and Clifton B. Wilmer Wyle, Arlington, Virginia Victor W. Sparrow and Trevor A. Stout The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania John M. Morgenstern Lockheed Martin, Palmdale, California Kenneth H. Underwood Technical & Business Systems, Valencia, California Domenic J. Maglieri Eagle Aeronautics, Inc., Newport News, Virginia Robert A. Cowart and Matthew T. Collmar Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Savannah, Georgia Hao Shen The Boeing Company, St. Louis, Missouri Philippe Blanc-Benon Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics, France National Aeronautics and Space Administration Armstrong Flight Research Center Prepared for Armstrong Flight Research Center Edwards, California 93523-0273 under Contract NND15AA05C ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Project Team would like to acknowledge Ed Haering of NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, Dr. Alexandra Loubeau of NASA Langley Research Center, Dr. Victor Sparrow of Penn State University, and the late Dr. Kenneth Plotkin, former Wyle Chief Scientist, for laying the foundation of the SonicBAT project and we dedicate this project to Kenneth Plotkin. The Project Team acknowledges the excellent work of NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center for their support in planning the research flight tests and conducting the precision flight operations required for this project to be a success. We thank all of the collaborators on this project from The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the three participating NASA centers, Armstrong Flight Research Center, Langley Research Center, and Kennedy Space Center, many of whom supported this project with their own resources. Special thanks goes to John Graves and the other representatives of Kennedy Space Center who not only made the second SonicBAT experiment possible, but through their excellent support and unmatched hospitality helped to make this a great project and one to remember. This report is available in electronic form at https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... xix ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................................. xxii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Sonic Boom Propagation in the Atmosphere ............................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Atmospheric Distortion of N-Wave Sonic Boom ........................................................ 4 1.1.2 Statistical Variation............................................................................................................. 5 1.1.3 Motivation to Understand Turbulence Distortion of Shaped Sonic Boom.............. 5 1.2 Program Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.0 ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE OVERVIEW ............................................................................ 7 2.1 Atmospheric Turbulence Research and Modeling Background .............................................. 7 2.2 Atmospheric Layers and Properties ............................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Stratosphere ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Troposphere ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer .......................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Ground Measurement Height for Best Turbulence Measurements ......................... 11 2.3 Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ............................................................................ 12 2.3.1 Random Fourier Modes .................................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Modeling Turbulence Distribution ................................................................................ 13 3.0 NUMERICAL TURBULENCE MODELING ............................................................................... 16 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Propagation Model ....................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Atmospheric Turbulence Model ................................................................................................ 19 3.4 Numerical Algorithm ................................................................................................................... 22 3.4.1 Parallelism .......................................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 Algorithm Inputs and Outputs ...................................................................................... 24 3.5 Finite Impulse Pesponse (FIR) Filter Application................................................................... 25 3.5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.5.2 Algorithm Description .................................................................................................... 27 3.5.3 Mean and Standard Deviation FIR Filters ................................................................... 28 4.0 CLASSICAL TURBULENCE MODELING .................................................................................. 30 4.1 Classical Turbulence Modeling Background ...........................................................................
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