Examining Explanations for the Strange Phenomena Encountered by U.S
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Lecture-29 (PDF)
Life in the Universe Orin Harris and Greg Anderson Department of Physics & Astronomy Northeastern Illinois University Spring 2021 c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 1 / 95 Overview Dating Rocks Life on Earth How Did Life Arise? Life in the Solar System Life Around Other Stars Interstellar Travel SETI Review c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 2 / 95 Dating Rocks Zircon Dating Sedimentary Grand Canyon Life on Earth How Did Life Arise? Life in the Solar System Life Around Dating Rocks Other Stars Interstellar Travel SETI Review c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 3 / 95 Zircon Dating Zircon, (ZrSiO4), minerals incorporate trace amounts of uranium but reject lead. Naturally occuring uranium: • U-238: 99.27% • U-235: 0.72% Decay chains: • 238U −→ 206Pb, τ =4.47 Gyrs. • 235U −→ 207Pb, τ = 704 Myrs. 1956, Clair Camron Patterson dated the Canyon Diablo meteorite: τ =4.55 Gyrs. c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 4 / 95 Dating Sedimentary Rocks • Relative ages: Deeper layers were deposited earlier • Absolute ages: Decay of radioactive isotopes old (deposited last) oldest (depositedolder first) c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 5 / 95 Grand Canyon: Earth History from 200 million - 2 billion yrs ago. Dating Rocks Life on Earth Earth History Timeline Late Heavy Bombardment Hadean Shark Bay Stromatolites Cyanobacteria Q: Earliest Fossils? Life on Earth O2 History Q: Life on Earth How Did Life Arise? Life in the Solar System Life Around Other Stars Interstellar Travel SETI Review c 2012-2021 G. -
Concorde Is a Museum Piece, but the Allure of Speed Could Spell Success
CIVIL SUPERSONIC Concorde is a museum piece, but the allure Aerion continues to be the most enduring player, of speed could spell success for one or more and the company’s AS2 design now has three of these projects. engines (originally two), the involvement of Air- bus and an agreement (loose and non-exclusive, by Nigel Moll but signed) with GE Aviation to explore the supply Fourteen years have passed since British Airways of those engines. Spike Aerospace expects to fly a and Air France retired their 13 Concordes, and for subsonic scale model of the design for the S-512 the first time in the history of human flight, air trav- Mach 1.5 business jet this summer, to explore low- elers have had to settle for flying more slowly than speed handling, followed by a manned two-thirds- they used to. But now, more so than at any time scale supersonic demonstrator “one-and-a-half to since Concorde’s thunderous Olympus afterburn- two years from now.” Boom Technology is working ing turbojets fell silent, there are multiple indi- on a 55-seat Mach 2.2 airliner that it plans also to cations of a supersonic revival, and the activity offer as a private SSBJ. NASA and Lockheed Martin appears to be more advanced in the field of busi- are encouraged by their research into reducing the ness jets than in the airliner sector. severity of sonic booms on the surface of the planet. www.ainonline.com © 2017 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to Shaping the boom create what is called an N-wave sonic boom: if The sonic boom produced by a supersonic air- you plot the pressure distribution that you mea- craft has long shaped regulations that prohibit sure on the ground, it looks like the letter N. -
Materials Challenges for the Starshot Lightsail
PERSPECTIVE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0075-8 Materials challenges for the Starshot lightsail Harry A. Atwater 1*, Artur R. Davoyan1, Ognjen Ilic1, Deep Jariwala1, Michelle C. Sherrott 1, Cora M. Went2, William S. Whitney2 and Joeson Wong 1 The Starshot Breakthrough Initiative established in 2016 sets an audacious goal of sending a spacecraft beyond our Solar System to a neighbouring star within the next half-century. Its vision for an ultralight spacecraft that can be accelerated by laser radiation pressure from an Earth-based source to ~20% of the speed of light demands the use of materials with extreme properties. Here we examine stringent criteria for the lightsail design and discuss fundamental materials challenges. We pre- dict that major research advances in photonic design and materials science will enable us to define the pathways needed to realize laser-driven lightsails. he Starshot Breakthrough Initiative has challenged a broad nanocraft, we reveal a balance between the high reflectivity of the and interdisciplinary community of scientists and engineers sail, required for efficient photon momentum transfer; large band- Tto design an ultralight spacecraft or ‘nanocraft’ that can reach width, accounting for the Doppler shift; and the low mass necessary Proxima Centauri b — an exoplanet within the habitable zone of for the spacecraft to accelerate to near-relativistic speeds. We show Proxima Centauri and 4.2 light years away from Earth — in approxi- that nanophotonic structures may be well-suited to meeting such mately -
Ovrhyp, Scramjet Test Aircraft STATE UNIVERSITY Student Authors: J
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910000728 2020-03-19T20:21:21+00:00Z /z7 H OVRhyp, Scramjet Test Aircraft STATE UNIVERSITY Student Authors: J. Asian, T. Bisard, S. Dallinga, K. Draper, G. Hufford, W. Peters, and J. Rogers Supervisor: Dr. G. M. Gregorek Assistant: R. L. Reuss Department of Aeronautical & Astronautical Engineering Universities Space Research Association Houston, Texas 77058 Subcontract Dated November 17, 1989 Final Report May 1990 03/0_ OVRhyp, Scramjet Test Aircraft UNIVERSITY Student Authors: J. Asian, T. Bisard, S. Dallinga, K. Draper, G. Hufford, W. Peters, and J. Rogers Supervisor: Dr. G. M. Gregorek Assistant: R. L. Reuss Department of Aeronautical & Astronautical Engineering Universities Space Research Association Houston, Texas 77058 Subcontract Dated November 17, 1989 Final Report RF Project 767919/722941 May 1990 ABSTRACT (Gary Huff0rd} A preliminary design for an unmanned hypersonic research vehicle to test scramjet engines is presented. The aircraft will be launched from a carrier aircraft at an altitude of 4Q,0QQ feet at Mach 0.8. The vehicle will then accelerate to Mach 6 at an altitude of 100,000 feet. At this stage the prototype scramjet will be employed to accelerate the vehicle to Mach 10 and maintain Mach IQ flight for 2 minutes. The aircraft will then decelerate and safely land, presumably at NASA Dryden F[i_ht Test Center. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ......................... v INTRODUCTION .......................... vi CONFIGURATION .......................... WEIGHTS ANALYSIS ........................ 12 PURPOSE ............................. 12 METHOD ........................... 12 SYSTEMS .......................... 14 AERODYNAMIC SURFACES .................... 14 BODY STRUCTURE ....................... 15 THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM ................. 15 LAUNCH AND LANDING SYSTEM ................ -
Flight International – July 2021.Pdf
FlightGlobal.com July 2021 RISE of the open rotor Airbus, Boeing cool subsidies feud p12 Home US Air Force studies advantage resupply rockets p28 MC-21 leads Russian renaissance p44 9 770015 371327 £4.99 Sonic gloom Ton up Investors A400M gets pull plug a lift with on Aerion 100th delivery 07 p30 p26 Comment All together now Green shoots Irina Lavrishcheva/Shutterstock While CFM International has set out its plan to deliver a 20% fuel saving from its next engine, only the entire aviation ecosystem working in concert can speed up decarbonisation ohn Slattery, the GE Aviation restrictions, the RISE launch event governments have a key role to chief executive, has many un- was the first time that Slattery and play here through incentivising the doubted skills, but perhaps his Safran counterpart, Olivier An- production and use of SAF; avia- the least heralded is his abil- dries, had met face to face since tion must influence policy, he said. Jity to speak in soundbites while they took up their new positions. It He also noted that the engine simultaneously sounding natural. was also just a week before what manufacturers cannot do it alone: It is a talent that politicians yearn would have been the first day of airframers must also drive through for, but which few can master; the Paris air show – the likely launch aerodynamic and efficiency im- frequently the individual simply venue for the RISE programme. provements for their next-genera- sounds stilted, as though they were However, out of the havoc tion products. reading from an autocue. -
Breakthrough Propulsion Study Assessing Interstellar Flight Challenges and Prospects
Breakthrough Propulsion Study Assessing Interstellar Flight Challenges and Prospects NASA Grant No. NNX17AE81G First Year Report Prepared by: Marc G. Millis, Jeff Greason, Rhonda Stevenson Tau Zero Foundation Business Office: 1053 East Third Avenue Broomfield, CO 80020 Prepared for: NASA Headquarters, Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) and NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Washington, DC 20546 June 2018 Millis 2018 Grant NNX17AE81G_for_CR.docx pg 1 of 69 ABSTRACT Progress toward developing an evaluation process for interstellar propulsion and power options is described. The goal is to contrast the challenges, mission choices, and emerging prospects for propulsion and power, to identify which prospects might be more advantageous and under what circumstances, and to identify which technology details might have greater impacts. Unlike prior studies, the infrastructure expenses and prospects for breakthrough advances are included. This first year's focus is on determining the key questions to enable the analysis. Accordingly, a work breakdown structure to organize the information and associated list of variables is offered. A flow diagram of the basic analysis is presented, as well as more detailed methods to convert the performance measures of disparate propulsion methods into common measures of energy, mass, time, and power. Other methods for equitable comparisons include evaluating the prospects under the same assumptions of payload, mission trajectory, and available energy. Missions are divided into three eras of readiness (precursors, era of infrastructure, and era of breakthroughs) as a first step before proceeding to include comparisons of technology advancement rates. Final evaluation "figures of merit" are offered. Preliminary lists of mission architectures and propulsion prospects are provided. -
Getting Shipshape
AER October 2020 OSPACE DOES AEROSPACE HAVE A RACE PROBLEM? SECRETS FROM THE FALKLANDS AIR WAR POWERING UP ELECTRIC FLIGHT www.aerosociety.com October 2020 GETTING SHIPSHAPE Volume 47 Number 10 Volume UK F-35B FORCE GETS READY FOR FIRST OPERATIONAL CARRIER DEPLOYMENT Royal AeronauticaSociety OCTOBER 2020 AEROSPACE COVER FINAL.indd 1 18/09/2020 14:59 RAeS 2020 Virtual Conference Programme Join us from wherever you are in the world to experience high quality, informative content. Book early for our special introductory offer rates. STRUCTURES & MATERIALS UAS / ROTORCRAFT / AIR TRANSPORT GREENER BY DESIGN 7th Aircraft Structural Urban Air Mobility RAeS Climate Change Design Conference Conference 2020 Conference 2020 DATE NEW DATE DATE 8 October 22 - 23 October 3 - 4 November TIME TIME TIME 14:00 - 17:00 13:00 - 18:00 13:00 - 18:00 SCAN USING SCAN USING SCAN USING YOUR PHONE YOUR PHONE YOUR PHONE FOR MORE INFO FOR MORE INFO FOR MORE INFO Embark on your virtual learning journey with the RAeS Connect and interact with our speakers and ask questions live Engage and network with other professionals from across the world Meet our sponsors at our virtual exhibitor booths Access content post-event to continue your professional development For the full virtual conference programme and further details on what to expect visit aerosociety.com/VCP Volume 47 Number 10 October 2020 EDITORIAL Contents When global rules unravel Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission What price global standards, rules and regulations? Pre-pandemic there were The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and social media feedback. -
Ufos, Aliens and Crop Circles
Wilbert B Smith - from Sceptic to Contactee 7. Wilbert B Smith - from Sceptic to Contactee This chapter is adapted from an article written in July 2013, which was itself based on a presentation I compiled in 2003, from research completed by Grant Cameron and others. “The human race in the form of man extends throughout the universe and is incredibly ancient.” These were the words of a certain Canadian radio engineer in a speech he recorded on March 31, 1958 at his home in Ottawa Ontario Canada. I discovered these words, sometime in 2003, thanks to the wonderful website of the extremely knowledgeable Grant Cameron. That website is www.presidentialufo.com (now “moved” to an archive area223) – and it contains a great deal of useful and compelling information and evidence pertaining to the US Government’s and US Presidential knowledge of the UFO/ET issue. Cameron, who became interested in this subject following his personal UFO/ET related-experiences in the 1970s, had been collecting information on Wilbert Smith for about 25 years and he had posted a small selection of it on his website. Other researchers, such as Arthur Bray have also collected and preserved Smith materials and prevented their untimely removal by government employees. Back in 2003, I obtained a CD copy of Grant Cameron’s collection of Smith related files. When I “opened” this treasure trove of information, it became clear to me that a lot more was known about UFO’s/Flying Saucers in the 1950s than I ever realised – at least, things were known by those who chose to seriously investigate the available evidence… Wilbert Brockhouse Smith is not a name which normally comes to mind for most people when they are discussing the evidence pertaining to UFO’s and extra-terrestrial intelligence. -
Biosignatures Search in Habitable Planets
galaxies Review Biosignatures Search in Habitable Planets Riccardo Claudi 1,* and Eleonora Alei 1,2 1 INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio, 5, 35122 Padova, Italy 2 Physics and Astronomy Department, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 August 2019; Accepted: 25 September 2019; Published: 29 September 2019 Abstract: The search for life has had a new enthusiastic restart in the last two decades thanks to the large number of new worlds discovered. The about 4100 exoplanets found so far, show a large diversity of planets, from hot giants to rocky planets orbiting small and cold stars. Most of them are very different from those of the Solar System and one of the striking case is that of the super-Earths, rocky planets with masses ranging between 1 and 10 M⊕ with dimensions up to twice those of Earth. In the right environment, these planets could be the cradle of alien life that could modify the chemical composition of their atmospheres. So, the search for life signatures requires as the first step the knowledge of planet atmospheres, the main objective of future exoplanetary space explorations. Indeed, the quest for the determination of the chemical composition of those planetary atmospheres rises also more general interest than that given by the mere directory of the atmospheric compounds. It opens out to the more general speculation on what such detection might tell us about the presence of life on those planets. As, for now, we have only one example of life in the universe, we are bound to study terrestrial organisms to assess possibilities of life on other planets and guide our search for possible extinct or extant life on other planetary bodies. -
Optimizing a Solar Sailing Polar Mission to the Sun
Optimizing a Solar Sailing Polar Mission to the Sun Development and Application of a New Ant Colony Optimizer Giacomo Acciarini Optimizing a Solar Sailing Polar Mission to the Sun Development and Application of a New Ant Colony Optimizer by Giacomo Acciarini to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Friday November 1, 2019 at 1:30 PM. Student number: 4754883 Project duration: January 4, 2019 – November 1, 2019 Thesis committee: Prof. Dr. P. Visser, TU Delft, chair Dr. ir. E. Mooij, TU Delft, supervisor Dr. F. Oliviero, TU Delft Dr. D. Izzo, European Space Agency This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until December 31, 2020. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Cover image credit: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/11/ spacewatch-lightsail-deploys-solar-sail, date of access: August 2019. ii Preface After months of hard work, I am proud to present to you my thesis to obtain the Master of Science degree at the faculty of Aerospace Engineering, at the Delft University of Technology. It has been an amazing experience that allowed me to come in contact with many researchers from all over the world who share my same love and interest in space exploration. I have always felt privileged and honored to be able to study such a marvelous and challenging subject. First of all, I would thus like to thank my parents, Andrea and Manuela, and my sister, Chiara, without your help and support I would have never been able to reach this point. -
Some Supersonic Aerodynamics
Some Supersonic Aerodynamics W.H. Mason Configuration Aerodynamics Class Grumman Tribody Concept – from 1978 Company Calendar The Key Topics • Brief history of serious supersonic airplanes – There aren’t many! • The Challenge – L/D, CD0 trends, the sonic boom • Linear theory as a starting point: – Volumetric Drag – Drag Due to Lift • The ac shift and cg control • The Oblique Wing • Aero/Propulsion integration • Some nonlinear aero considerations • The SST development work • Brief review of computational methods • Possible future developments Are “Supersonic Fighters” Really Supersonic? • If your car’s speedometer goes to 120 mph, do you actually go that fast? • The official F-14A supersonic missions (max Mach 2.4) – CAP (Combat Air Patrol) • 150 miles subsonic cruise to station • Loiter • Accel, M = 0.7 to 1.35, then dash 25nm – 4 ½ minutes and 50nm total • Then, head home or to a tanker – DLI (Deck Launch Intercept) • Energy climb to 35K ft., M = 1.5 (4 minutes) • 6 minutes at 1.5 (out 125-130nm) • 2 minutes combat (slows down fast) After 12 minutes, must head home or to a tanker Very few real supersonic airplanes • 1956: the B-58 (L/Dmax = 4.5) – In 1962: Mach 2 for 30 minutes • 1962: the A-12 (SR-71 in ’64) (L/Dmax = 6.6) – 1st supersonic flight, May 4, 1962 – 1st flight to exceed Mach 3, July 20, 1963 • 1964: the XB-70 (L/Dmax = 7.2) – In 1966: flew Mach 3 for 33 minutes • 1968: the TU-144 – 1st flight: Dec. 31, 1968 • 1969: the Concorde (L/Dmax = 7.4) – 1st flight, March 2, 1969 • 1990: the YF-22 and YF-23 (supercruisers) – YF-22: 1st flt. -
Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Zavedení a Provoz Supersonického Business Jetu
VYSOKÉ UÈENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA STROJNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ LETECKÝ ÚSTAV FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING ZAVEDENÍ A PROVOZ SUPERSONICKÉHO BUSINESS JETU LAUNCHING AND OPERATING ISSUES OF SUPERSONIC BUSINESS JET DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE MASTER'S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE Bc. DANIELA KINCOVÁ AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE Ing. RÓBERT ©O©OVIÈKA, Ph.D. SUPERVISOR BRNO 2015 Abstrakt Tato práce se zabývá problematikou zavedení a provozu nadzvukových business jetù. V dnešní době se v civilní letecké pøepravě, po ukončení provozu Concordu, žádná nadzvuková letadla nevyskytují. V dnešní době existuje mnoho projektù a organizací, které se zabý- vají znovuzavedením nadzvukových letounù do civilního letectví a soustředí se pøevážně na business jety. Hlavní otázkou je, zda je vùbec vhodné, èi rozumné se k tomu typu dopravy znovu vracet. Existuje hodně problémù, které toto komplikují. Tyto letouny způsobují příliš velký hluk, mají obrovskou spotøebu paliva a musí øe¹it nadměrné emise, létají ve vysokých výškách ve kterých mùže docházet k problémùm s pøetlakováním kabiny, navi- gací, radioaktivním zářením apod. Navíc zákaz supersonických letù nad pevninou letové cesty omezuje a prodlužuje. Současně vznikající projekty navíc nedosahují tak velkého doletu jako klasické moderní bussjety, což zpùsobuje, že se nadzvukové business jety se na delších tratích stávají neefektivní. I pøes tyto problémy, je víceméně jisté, že k zavedení nadzvukových business jetù dojde během následujících 10 - 15 let, i kdyby to měla být jen otázka jisté prestiže velmi bohatých lidí. Summary This thesis is dealing with problematic about launching and operating supersonic business jets. Nowadays, after Concorde retirement, there are no more any supersonic aircrafts in civil transport system.