Adaptación Del Sistema De Clasificación Apg Iv En El Herbario Chep De La Espoch, Riobamba Ecuador

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Adaptación Del Sistema De Clasificación Apg Iv En El Herbario Chep De La Espoch, Riobamba Ecuador ADAPTACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN APG IV EN EL HERBARIO CHEP DE LA ESPOCH, RIOBAMBA ECUADOR Jorge Caranqui Aldaz Herbario Politécnico CHEP Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador [email protected] RESUMEN El presente trabajo trata sobre la aplicación del sistema de clasificación APG IV (Angiosperm phylogenetic group) en la colección del Herbario CHEP. El cambio más evidente es a nivel de clases, de Monocotiledónea y Dicotiledónea pasó actualmente a tres, ya que Dicotiledónea es un grupo parafilético, estas tres clases son: Monocotiledónea, Magnoliidae y Eudocotiledonea; dentro de cada clase las Familias están arregladas alfabéticamente acompañado de un número según APG IV, igual sucede en el caso de los géneros. También mencionamos los cambios más importantes a nivel de familia, y géneros que ahora son familias. Si bien estos cambios al principio son molestosos, es necesario estar siempre a la vanguardia del conocimiento taxonómico. En total se cuenta con 180 Familias de las 416 a nivel mundial que están registrado en APG IV a nivel mundial están en el Herbario CHEP. En el listado también se encuentran familias introducidas como Platanaceae, Aizoaceae, Linaceae que han sido colectadas y otras que se aspira colectar como Hamamelidaceae, entre otras. Hay 18 familias adicionales que se encuentran en el Ecuador pero no hay registros en el Herbario CHEP, principalmente porque son Familias exclusivas de Galápagos, bosque seco tropical o del sur del Ecuador. Palabras claves: Eudocotiledónea, Magnolliidae, Taxonomía, Familias, INTRODUCCIÓN El Herbario CHEP de la Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo cuenta con 16806 muestras de Herbario de las cuales 3987 muestras de Herbario son de la provincia de Chimborazo. En total contamos actualmente con 4500 especies de las 17748 especies a nivel nacional (Neill, 2012). Según Gonzalez, (1999), la sistemática de las angiospermas, es el grupo de plantas más diverso y dominante en la tierra, está basada en el reconocimiento de dos grandes grupos, las monocotiledóneas (clase Liliopsida) y las dicotiledóneas (clase Magnoliopsida), Desde el punto de vista práctico, las características diferenciales entre estos taxones son fáciles de observar y parecen ser mutuamente excluyentes, generando un sistema de dos clases opuestas entre sí y de igual rango taxonómico. Esta división ha prevalecido durante más de dos siglos y ha sido el eje central de los sistemas de clasificación más aceptados durante el siglo XX, entre otros los de Cronquist (1981,1988), Dahlgren (1983), Hutchinson (1959), Takhtajan (1980, 1997) Y Thorne (1992). Sin embargo, las relaciones filogenéticas y la diversificación inicial de las mono y las dicotiledóneas continúan siendo ambiguas. El estudio de nuevos caracteres, la reevaluación de caracteres ya conocidos y el empleo de otros métodos en sistemática, muestran que la clasificación de las angiospermas no es tan simple y que la delimitación entre mono y dicotiledóneas es bastante discutible. Los datos morfológicos, paleobotánicos y moleculares disponibles en la actualidad indican que la diversificación de las monocotiledóneas ocurrió durante periodos muy tempranos en la evolución de las angiospermas (Cronquist, 1988; Taylor & Taylor, 1993). El presente trabajo presenta la nueva distribución de la colección del Herbario CHEP según la clasificación APG IV (2016). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS El herbario posee una importante colección de muestras especialmente de bosques húmedos tropicales de la Amazonía central, bosques montanos y páramos de la Sierra especialmente de la zona central del País. En la colección del Herbario se procedió a cambiar el sistema de clasificación de Cronquist en el cual se tenía un orden que iba de helechos, gimnospermas, monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas al sistema APG que están detallados en Freire (2004) ; (Judd et-al ,1999); (APG IV, 2016). RESULTADOS Según estudios filogenéticos la clase dicotiledónea es parafilética es decir tiene mas de un ancestro común, el problema radica en el grupo de las Magnoliides ya que este grupo comparte ciertas características de los Monocotiledóneas como son las estructuras florales trímeras o multiples de tres. Por lo que, en el nuevo sistema hay tres clases definidas: Monocotiledóneas, Magnoliides y Eudocotiledoneas, estos grupos son monofiléticos y por lo tanto confiables (Fig. 1). Otros clados que están en la misma jerarquía que los mencionados anteriormente a excepción de Chloranthacea no están presentes en la colección del herbario (Fig.1). Por facilidades Chloranthaceae está dentro de Magnoliidae ordenado alfabéticamente dentro de las familias. Tomado de Simpson (2010) Cuadro 1. Disposición de las Familias en los respectivos anaqueles de la colección. MONOCOTILEDONEAS MAGNOLIIDES 268 Capparaceae 30 Alismataceae 18 Annonaceae 409 Caprifoliaceae 55 Alstroemeriaceae 12 Aristolochiaceae 389 Cardiopteridaceae 73 Amaryllidaceae 23 Hernandiaceae 257 Caricaceae 28 Araceae 25 Lauraceae 187 Caryocaraceae 76 Arecaceae 14 Magnoliaceae 295 Caryophyllaceae 74 Asparagaceae 24 Monimiaceae 156 Casuarinaceae 64 Asteliaceae 13 Myristicaceae 168 Celastraceae 91 Bromeliaceae 11 Piperaceae 26 Chloranthaceae 86 Cannaceae 20 Siparunaceae 197 Chrysobalanaceae 78 Commelinaceae 26 Chloranthaceae 269 Cleomaceae 88 Costaceae EUDOCOTILEDONEAS 343 Clethraceae 49 Cyclanthaceae 377 Acanthaceae 183 Clusiaceae 98 Cyperaceae 199 Achariaceae 405 Columelliaceae 45 Dioscoreaceae 296 Achatocarpaceae 214 Combretaceae 94 Eriocaulaceae 342 Actinidaceae 170 Connariaceae 81 Haemodoraceae 408 Adoxaceae 359 Convolvulaceae 84 Heliconiaceae 304 Aizoaceae 162 Coriariaceae 32 Hidrocharitaceae 297 Amaranthaceae 324 Cornaceae 70 Iridaceae 239 Anacardiaceae 130 Crassulaceae 97 Juncaceae 416 Apiaceae 163 Cucurbitaceae 60 Liliaceae 356 Apocynaceae 172 Cunoniaceae 87 Marantaceae 392 Aquifoliaceae 195 Dichapetalaceae 85 Musaceae 414 Araliaceae 120 Dilleniaceae 61 Orchidaceae 403 Asteraceae 284 Droseraceae 50 Pandanaceae 275 Balanophoraceae 334 Ebenaceae 103 Poaceae 325 Balsaminaceae 173 Elaeocarpaceae 80 Pontederiaceae 312 Basellaceae 345 Ericaceae 38 Potamogetonaceae 166 Begoniaceae 180 Erythroxylaceae 92 Rapateaceae 110 Berberidaceae 404 Escalloniaceae 59 Smilacaceae 158 Betulaceae 207 Euphorbiaceae 93 Xyridaceae 378 Bignoniaceae 140 Fabaceae 89 Zingiberaceae 250 Bixaceae 153 Fagaceae 357 Boraginaceae 353 Gentianaceae 270 Brassicaceae 212 Geraniaceae 175 Brunelliaceae 369 Gesneriaceae 238 Burseraceae 401 Goodeniaceae 117 Buxaceae 128 Grossulariaceae 317 Cactaceae 119 Gunneraceae 368 Calceolariaceae 134 Haloragaceae 184 Calophyllaceae 124 Hamamelidaceae 394 Campanulaceae 198 Humiriaceae 149 Cannabaceae 320 Hydrangeaceae 186 Hypericaceae 114 Platanaceae 348 Icacinaceae 282 Plumbaginaceae 155 Juglandaceae 329 Polemoniaceae 203 Lacistemataceae 142 Polygalaceae 383 Lamiaceae 283 Polygonaceae 330 Lecythidaceae 315 Portulacaceae 379 Lentibulariaceae 335 Primulaceae 208 Linaceae 115 Proteaceae 373 Linderniaceae 111 Ranunculaceae 321 Loasaceae 147 Rhamnaceae 354 Loganiaceae 179 Rhizophoraceae 279 Loranthaceae 143 Rosaceae 215 Lythraceae 352 Rubiaceae 192 Malpighiaceae 241 Rutaceae 247 Malvaceae 112 Sabiaceae 326 Marcgraviaceae 204 Salicaceae 219 Melastomataceae 276 Santalaceae 243 Meliaceae 240 Sapindaceae 109 Menispermaceae 333 Sapotaceae 349 Metteniusaceae 129 Saxifragaceae 150 Moraceae 278 Schoepfiaceae 245 Muntingiaceae 371 Scrophulariaceae 154 Myricaceae 242 Simaroubaceae 218 Myrtaceae 360 Solanaceae 308 Nyctaginaceae 226 Staphyleaceae 181 Ochnaceae 388 Stemonuraceae 273 Olacaceae 339 Styracaceae 366 Oleaceae 337 Symplocaceae 216 Onagraceae 233 Tapisciaceae 274 Opiliaceae 336 Theaceae 387 Orobanchaceae 249 Thymelaeaceae 171 Oxalidaceae 264 Tovariaceae 106 Papaveraceae 255 Tropaeolaceae 202 Passifloraceae 148 Ulmaceae 376 Pedaliaceae 151 Urticaceae 332 Pentaphylacaceae 382 Verbenaceae 306 Petiveriaceae 200 Violaceae 385 Phrymaceae 136 Vitaceae 211 Phyllanthaceae 217 Vochysiaceae 305 Phytolaccaceae 138 Zygophyllaceae 230 Picramniaceae 413 Pittosporaceae 370 Plantaginaceae El orden está establecido primero por el clado y en este alfabéticamente las familias, el número que acompaña a cada familia pertenece al # asignado en APG IV. En Eudocotiledonea que es el grupo más grande hay muchas novedades comparando los sistemas anteriores de clasificación. Una familia representativa en la colección como Scrophulariaceae ha sido seccionada, solo los géneros Alonsoa y Verbascum permanecen en esta familia, y se ha incorporado el género Buddleja El resto de géneros de Scrophulariaceae en su mayoría han sido incorporados a la familia Oronbachaceae como Bartsia, Castilleja, entre otros. El género Calceolaria ahora es familia Calceolariaceae. Otros géneros como Anthirrinum, Bacopa, etc, ahora pertenecen a Plantaginaceae. Otro caso ocurre en Malvaceae, los géneros correspondientes a Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae y Bombacaceae actualmente son subfamilias de la familia Malvaceae. La Familia Flacourtiaceae ya no existe y la mayoría de géneros han sido absorbidos por Achariaceae. Los géneros Phyllanthus, Hyeronima forman su propia Familia “Phyllanthaceae”. Phoradendron, Dendrophtera, Aetanthus fueron transferidos de Viscaceae a Santalaceae. Freziera y Ternstroemia están considerado dentro de Pentaphylaceae, ya no como Theaceae. Familias no tan conocidas que los géneros fueron transferidos a éstas como: Schoepfiliaceae (Schoepfia), Stemonuraceae (Discophora), Phrymaceae (Leucocarpus), Tapisciaceae (Huertea). En Monocotiledóneas, el género Allium fue absorbido por Amarillidaceae;
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