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Investigating the Types and Causes of Slips of the Tongue of One of the Indonesian Female Singers

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Investigating the Types and Causes of Slips of the Tongue of One of the Indonesian Female Singers Passage2020, 8(2), 40-51 Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers Anggun Harastasya, Dadang Sudana, Ruswan Dallyono English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT A slip of the tongue is one of the speech errors that often encounter in everyday life. Many people may have experienced this phenomenon either consciously or not. However, it would be different when a public figure made slips of the tongue. One of the Indonesian female singers has been viral on social media because of slips of the tongue that she made. She frequently made slips of the tongue when speaking in front of people. Thus, the study is conducted to investigate the phenomenon of slips of the tongue of this singer by revealing the mistakes found in the process of the articulatory program of her utterances, the dominant types of slips of the tongue used by her, and the causes of slips of the tongue. Furthermore, the study is based on a qualitative case study. The data were obtained by downloading three YouTube videos that contained the compilation video of slips of the tongue by the singer and her interview video with Sarah Sechan Talk Show as well as Narasi Entertainment’s Podcast. The transcriptions of the three videos became the source of the data. The study uses the theory from Garrett (1975) about the process of the articulatory program and Clark and Clark (1977) about types of slips of the tongue and factors of speech error. This study also uses the theory from Carroll (1986) about other types of slips of the tongue which are addition and deletion to analyze the data. This study has revealed that this Indonesian female singer mostly made mistakes in the process of phonetic segments as many as 33 times. It was also found that substitution is the dominant type of slips of the tongue that used in the video, as many as 22 times. Moreover, the causes of slips of the tongue were cognitive difficulty and social factors. Keywords: Speech error; slips of the tongue; one of the Indonesian female singers. 40 Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers INTRODUCTION deleting of units). As an example, when someone says irregural verb instead of In delivering ideas, the human mind has irregular verb. Based on that example, a vital role in arranging the words to it can be seen that the speaker made a produce a meaningful utterance. The mistake in uttering the phoneme /l/. The speaker needs to convey the message as phonemes /r/ and /l/ almost have the clear as possible to avoid same sounds so that the speaker could misunderstanding among not pronounce irregular verb correctly. communicators. In the process of communication, a hearer also needs to If the public figures experience understand and comprehend the content tongue slips, they will become the spoken by the speaker. Simultaneously, public spotlight because people will the hearer should cultivate the words in pay attention to them. In Indonesia, mind to identify the acoustic signals in some public figures may have hearing (Subyakto, 1988). experienced slips of the tongue in public. One of them is a female singer Language activities cannot be and songwriter who is favored by separated from mental processes and millennials. Slips of the tongue that she operations. Thus, linguistic studies did when caught on camera while doing need to be complemented by some interviews were made a public interdisciplinary studies between scene. As an example, she once said linguistics and psychology which are benul instead of betul in one of the called psycholinguistics. interviews. For some people, a slip of Psycholinguistics is a study that can the tongue experienced by her is connect language and the human mind. considered to be a new issue. It can be Kempen (1978) explains that humans seen from the video compilation of slips and language are the main objects of the of the tongue by her that has reached study. There are many cases found 350,000 viewers on YouTube. Wadah where the speaker is having some Konten published this video on problems related to the mind so that Augustus 14, 2018. Based on that they could not pronounce some words video, she often slipped her tongue well. This phenomenon can be called unintentionally. Moreover, she speech errors. experienced tongue slips in the same Speech error may occur in any few words over and over again. Thus, situation, whether formal or informal, this study aims to explore the in the processing of speech. The speech phenomenon of slips of the tongue errors are not random and experienced by one of the Indonesian unpredictable. Even somebody could female singers by identifying the not predict the time the error will occur dominant types of used by her and the or what the errors would be. Speech factors behind it. errors can be classified based on the language units involved, such as the phoneme, morpheme, syllable, word, phrase, or the error related process (combining, replacing, adding, or 41 Passage2020, 8(2), 40-51 Entertainment. It is a YouTube channel initiated by one of the well-known METHODOLOGY journalists in Indonesia, Najwa Shihab. Data At that time, the singer became a guest star to surprise some teenage classical The data sources are the transcription of music singers who already interviewed two YouTube videos that contains one on the podcast. of the Indonesian female singers that made slips of the tongue. The first video Data Collection and Data Analysis contains the compilation video of her Before analyzing the data, several steps while she made slips of the tongue in were taken to collect the data. First, the public. There were approximately eight researcher watched the source videos programs attended by her that compiled on YouTube to understand the whole in that video. The length of the video is idea of the singer. Then, the researcher 3:14 (three minutes and fourteen transcribed all the utterances of one of seconds). This video was produced by the Indonesian female singers in the Wadah Konten on August 14, 2018. videos. Third, the researcher This video has been chosen because the highlighted the utterances that indicated compilation of slips of the tongue made tongue slips on the video compilation by one of the Indonesian female singers and highlighted the utterances of the in this video tends to be more nearly singer in Sarah Sechan talk show that complete than other YouTube videos. discussed the factors of speech error There were 34 words that indicated that triggered her made slips of the slips of the tongue. tongue. The second video contains one After all of the data were collected, of the Indonesian female singers being they were analyzed to address the interviewed by Sarah Sechan in the talk research question that pointed out in show. As the same as the host’s name, chapter one. There were several steps to the talk show named Sarah Sechan. The analyze the data, as follows: interview was uploaded on YouTube 1. Identified the mistakes in the and divided into several parts. The articulatory process that researcher has chosen part three triggered one of the Indonesian because it contains the reasons of the female singers made slips of the singer made slips of the tongue tongue by using the process of unconsciously. The length of the video the articulatory program theory is 8:13 (eight minutes and thirteen by Garrett (1975) seconds). Meanwhile, the researcher 2. Identified and classified the only took the part which was the singer utterances that indicated slips of explained those reasons. The tongue based on the Clark and explanation was at the minute of 1:53 Clark’s (1977) and Carroll’s until 4:05. (1986) theory about nine types In the third video, the singer of slips of the tongue was also being interviewed about her 3. Quantified the total number and slips of the tongue by Narasi percentage of each type 42 Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers occurrence to know the 4 Anticipation 2 4.77% dominant types of tongue slips 5 Addition 1 2.38% that were used 6 Blending 1 2.38% 4. Identified and analyzed the factors affecting the singer 7 Haplologies 1 2.38% made slips of the tongue based 8 Misderivation 1 2.38% on Clark and Clark’s (1977) 9 Perseveration 0 0% theory about the factors of Tot 42 100% speech error. al 5. Interpreted the findings After analyzing 34 slips words in the 6. Drew conclusion transcription, it was found that the singer used all types of slips of the FINDINGS tongue that have been mentioned The Types of the Slips of the Tongue above. Dominantly, she used Found in the Compilation Video of substitution as much as 22 times. The One of the Indonesian Female second-most used type was deletion (11 Singers times). Then, reversal (3 times), Slips of the tongue can be divided into anticipation (2 times). The least-used seven types, as follows: Anticipation, types were addition, blending, perseveration, reversal, blending, haplologies, and misderivation that haplologies, misderivation, and were applied once for each type. substitution (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. Perseveration was the type that was not 274). However, Carroll (1986) adds the used at all in the video. In total, 42 slip other types of slips of the tongue which words were identified based their types are addition and deletion.
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