Investigating the Types and Causes of Slips of the Tongue of One of the Indonesian Female Singers

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Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers

Anggun Harastasya, Dadang Sudana, Ruswan Dallyono

English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A slip of the tongue is one of the speech errors that often encounter in everyday life. Many people may have experienced this phenomenon either consciously or not. However, it would be different when a public figure made slips of the tongue. One of the Indonesian female singers has been viral on social media because of slips of the tongue that she made. She frequently made slips of the tongue when speaking in front of people. Thus, the study is conducted to investigate the phenomenon of slips of the tongue of this singer by revealing the mistakes found in the process of the articulatory program of her utterances, the dominant types of slips of the tongue used by her, and the causes of slips of the tongue. Furthermore, the study is based on a qualitative case study. The data were obtained by downloading three YouTube videos that contained the compilation video of slips of the tongue by the singer and her interview video with Sarah Sechan Talk Show as well as Narasi Entertainment’s Podcast. The transcriptions of the three videos became the source of the data. The study uses the theory from Garrett (1975) about the process of the articulatory program and Clark and Clark (1977) about types of slips of the tongue and factors of speech error. This study also uses the theory from Carroll (1986) about other types of slips of the tongue which are addition and deletion to analyze the data. This study has revealed that this Indonesian female singer mostly made mistakes in the process of phonetic segments as many as 33 times. It was also found that substitution is the dominant type of slips of the tongue that used in the video, as many as 22 times. Moreover, the causes of slips of the tongue were cognitive difficulty and social factors.

Keywords: Speech error; slips of the tongue; one of the Indonesian female singers.

Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers

INTRODUCTION deleting of units). As an example, when someone says irregural verb instead of In delivering ideas, the human mind has irregular verb. Based on that example, a vital role in arranging the words to it can be seen that the speaker made a produce a meaningful utterance. The mistake in uttering the phoneme /l/. The speaker needs to convey the message as phonemes /r/ and /l/ almost have the clear as possible to avoid same sounds so that the speaker could misunderstanding among not pronounce irregular verb correctly. communicators. In the process of communication, a hearer also needs to If the public figures experience understand and comprehend the content tongue slips, they will become the spoken by the speaker. Simultaneously, public spotlight because people will the hearer should cultivate the words in pay attention to them. In Indonesia, mind to identify the acoustic signals in some public figures may have hearing (Subyakto, 1988). experienced slips of the tongue in public. One of them is a female singer Language activities cannot be and songwriter who is favored by separated from mental processes and millennials. Slips of the tongue that she operations. Thus, linguistic studies did when caught on camera while doing need to be complemented by some interviews were made a public interdisciplinary studies between scene. As an example, she once said linguistics and psychology which are benul instead of betul in one of the called psycholinguistics. interviews. For some people, a slip of Psycholinguistics is a study that can the tongue experienced by her is connect language and the human mind. considered to be a new issue. It can be Kempen (1978) explains that humans seen from the video compilation of slips and language are the main objects of the of the tongue by her that has reached study. There are many cases found 350,000 viewers on YouTube. Wadah where the speaker is having some Konten published this video on problems related to the mind so that Augustus 14, 2018. Based on that they could not pronounce some words video, she often slipped her tongue well. This phenomenon can be called unintentionally. Moreover, she speech errors. experienced tongue slips in the same Speech error may occur in any few words over and over again. Thus, situation, whether formal or informal, this study aims to explore the in the processing of speech. The speech phenomenon of slips of the tongue errors are not random and experienced by one of the Indonesian unpredictable. Even somebody could female singers by identifying the not predict the time the error will occur dominant types of used by her and the or what the errors would be. Speech factors behind it. errors can be classified based on the language units involved, such as the phoneme, morpheme, syllable, word, phrase, or the error related process (combining, replacing, adding, or

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Entertainment. It is a YouTube channel initiated by one of the well-known METHODOLOGY journalists in Indonesia, Najwa Shihab. Data At that time, the singer became a guest star to surprise some teenage classical The data sources are the transcription of music singers who already interviewed two YouTube videos that contains one on the podcast. of the Indonesian female singers that made slips of the tongue. The first video Data Collection and Data Analysis contains the compilation video of her Before analyzing the data, several steps while she made slips of the tongue in were taken to collect the data. First, the public. There were approximately eight researcher watched the source videos programs attended by her that compiled on YouTube to understand the whole in that video. The length of the video is idea of the singer. Then, the researcher 3:14 (three minutes and fourteen transcribed all the utterances of one of seconds). This video was produced by the Indonesian female singers in the Wadah Konten on August 14, 2018. videos. Third, the researcher This video has been chosen because the highlighted the utterances that indicated compilation of slips of the tongue made tongue slips on the video compilation by one of the Indonesian female singers and highlighted the utterances of the in this video tends to be more nearly singer in Sarah Sechan talk show that complete than other YouTube videos. discussed the factors of speech error There were 34 words that indicated that triggered her made slips of the slips of the tongue. tongue. The second video contains one After all of the data were collected, of the Indonesian female singers being they were analyzed to address the interviewed by Sarah Sechan in the talk research question that pointed out in show. As the same as the host’s name, chapter one. There were several steps to the talk show named Sarah Sechan. The analyze the data, as follows: interview was uploaded on YouTube 1. Identified the mistakes in the and divided into several parts. The articulatory process that researcher has chosen part three triggered one of the Indonesian because it contains the reasons of the female singers made slips of the singer made slips of the tongue tongue by using the process of unconsciously. The length of the video the articulatory program theory is 8:13 (eight minutes and thirteen by Garrett (1975) seconds). Meanwhile, the researcher 2. Identified and classified the only took the part which was the singer utterances that indicated slips of explained those reasons. The tongue based on the Clark and explanation was at the minute of 1:53 Clark’s (1977) and Carroll’s until 4:05. (1986) theory about nine types In the third video, the singer of slips of the tongue was also being interviewed about her 3. Quantified the total number and slips of the tongue by Narasi percentage of each type

Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers

occurrence to know the 4 Anticipation 2 4.77% dominant types of tongue slips 5 Addition 1 2.38% that were used 6 Blending 1 2.38% 4. Identified and analyzed the factors affecting the singer 7 Haplologies 1 2.38% made slips of the tongue based 8 Misderivation 1 2.38% on Clark and Clark’s (1977) 9 Perseveration 0 0% theory about the factors of Tot 42 100% speech error. al 5. Interpreted the findings After analyzing 34 slips words in the 6. Drew conclusion transcription, it was found that the

singer used all types of slips of the FINDINGS tongue that have been mentioned The Types of the Slips of the Tongue above. Dominantly, she used Found in the Compilation Video of substitution as much as 22 times. The One of the Indonesian Female second-most used type was deletion (11 Singers times). Then, reversal (3 times), Slips of the tongue can be divided into anticipation (2 times). The least-used seven types, as follows: Anticipation, types were addition, blending, perseveration, reversal, blending, haplologies, and misderivation that haplologies, misderivation, and were applied once for each type. substitution (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. Perseveration was the type that was not 274). However, Carroll (1986) adds the used at all in the video. In total, 42 slip other types of slips of the tongue which words were identified based their types are addition and deletion. of slips of the tongue. The table below shows the In the percentages, types of the slips frequency of each type of slips of the of the tongue found in the transcription tongue made by one of the Indonesian can be illustrated, as follows: (1) female singers in the compilation video. Substitution (52.38%), (2) Deletion (26.19%), (3) Reversal (7.14%), (4) Table 4.1 The Frequency of Each Type Anticipation (4.77%), (5) Addition of Slips of the Tongue Made by One of (2.38%), (6) Blending (2.38%), (7) the Indonesian Female Singer in the Haplologies (2.38%), (8) Misderivation Compilation Video. (2.38%), (9) Perseveration (0%). NO Types of Slips Fre Percent Substitution of the Tongue que age ncy (%) Deletion 1 Substitution 22 52.38 The second-most used type of slips of % the tongue found in the compilation 2 Deletion 11 26.19 video of the singer was deletion. This % type was found 11 times in the video. 3 Reversal 3 7.14% According to Carroll (1986), deletion happens when the speaker leaves out

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the unit in the utterance. Some instead Fatz and Kodor (Clark & Clark, linguistic materials that can be deleted 1977, p. 274). by the speaker included phoneme, morpheme, article, conjunction, whole After analyzing the words, or even phrases in the transcription of the video, she mostly utterances. For instance, the speaker reversed the phonetic of the intended intended to say he loves me but said word. As an example, she said “beneng instead he love me. dor” instead of “bener dong”. After analyzing the transcription, one of the Indonesian The Singer : “Tapi hari ini female singers applied this type of slips aku ngeluarin single baru.” by deleting some phonetic in a word. As The Interviewer : “Yang bener?” an example, she said “betu” instead of The Singer : “Ya bene.. Eh, “betul”. The example can be seen in the ya beneng dor...” dialogues below.

She reversed [r] and [ŋ] in the The Interviewer : “Pasti lebih words “bener” and “dong” so that she banyak aplikasi-aplikasi musik di produced the word “beneng dor”. handphone…..”

The Singer : “Benu… Eh, betu.. yahhhhh” Anticipation Anticipation was used 2 times in the compilation video. According to Clark Based on the analysis, she and Clark (1977), anticipation occurred deleted [l] in a word “betul” so that she in the right place and earlier in the produced “betu”. Before saying utterance. For instance, the speaker “betu”, she also applied deletion by intended to say take my bike but said saying “benu”. Both errors happened instead bake my bike (Clark & Clark, due to the deletion of [l]. 1977, p. 274). The speaker is "anticipating" the b at the beginning of bike in his pronunciation of take. Based Reversal on that example, the position of take is Reversal was adopted 3 times in the the target word while bake is compilation video. Clark and Clark positioning as the origin of the error. (1977, p. 274) stated that this type happened when two segments are In the compilation video of slips interchanged. Thus, the origin of one of the tongue, the singer said “beneng error was the target for the other. This engga” instead of “bener engga”. kind of error also known as spoonerism The Singer : “Eh, patah hati which was introduced by William A. itu belum tentu ama cowo. Beneng Spooner. As an example, the speaker engga? Be… be… benul benul betul intended to say Katz and Fodor but said gak?”

Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers

She changed [r] in the word Blending “bener” to [ŋ] which was came from As the same as the perseveration, this the word “engga”. Thus, the word type also found only one time in the “engga” was greatly affected the singer compilation video. This type of error to make slips of the tongue. happened when more than one word was being considered and the two intended items “fused” or “blended” Addition into a single item. For instance, the This type of slips of the tongue was speaker intended to say grizzly and applied one time in the compilation ghastly but said instead grastly (Clark video. According to Carroll (1986), this & Clark, 1977, p. 274). The speaker type happens when the speaker adds mixed those two words by taking half some additional linguistic materials of the first word and the half of second into the utterances. Some linguistic word, so that, the speaker generated materials that can be added by the new words from the combination of the speaker included phoneme, morpheme, two words or more (Clark & Clark, article, conjunction, whole words, or 1977, p. 274). even phrases. For example, the speaker In the video compilation of slips says he is very handsomes instead of he of the tongue of one of the Indonesian is very handsome. female singers, blending can be found The example of this type in the in the dialogues below. compilation video of slips of the tongue can be seen in the dialogue below. The Singer’s Partner : “Kadonya kita nyanyi…” The Singer : “… engga suka The Singer : tapi gaada yang ngalahin Indonesia. “…..Angng… anganku anganmu” Waktu itu kemaren juga sekolah di Singapore sempet di London juga sekolah tapi tetep kangen masaksakan Indonesia.” It showed that the singer said “angng” instead of “anganku anganmu”. She intended to shorten the utterances but she mixed the words by She said “masaksakan” instead only saying “angng” which was the of “masakan”. If the word “masakan” sound of the two intended words. is separated based on its syllable, it will Probably, it happened because she become ma-sak-an. Whereas, at that hurriedly wanted to overtake the time she uttered “masaksakan” which conversation. meant there was an additional syllable - sak in it. Haplologies Haplologies also applied one time in the singer’s compilation video of slips of the tongue. This type occurred when the

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speaker left a brief stretch of speech result, the meaning of the sentence also (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. 274). Different changed. from blending, haplologies happened if the speaker removed the middle part of In the compilation video, the words or phrases. For instance, the misderivation can be found in the speaker intended to say post toasties but dialogue below. it became posties when it was spoken (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. 274). From that example, it can be seen that -toas The Singer : “Hmmm… was removed by the speaker. In the hanya ini yang dapat kami berikan di compilation video, this type was hari ulang tahun mu semoga setiap exemplified in the dialogues below. kalimat yang kau baca nanti akan dikalbukan…dikalbukanlah.. dikabulkan oleh Tuhan. Aamiin.” The Interviewer : “Terus lagunya masuk kemana? Single lepas doang?” By looking at the transcription The Singer : “Ke afbum… above, she added the wrong suffix -lah Eh, afbum? Album Afgan jadi afbum.” to the word “dikalbukan”. In Bahasa Indonesia, the suffix -lah should be paired with a verb but the word She wanted to say “album “kalbukan” was not a verb. Afgan” but she reversed the word to “Afgan album” so that she produced Perseveration “afbum”. Unconsciously, she removed The use of this type cannot be found in the middle parts of “Afgan Album” the singer’s compilation video of slips which were -gan and -al. of the tongue. This type used when an earlier segment replaced a later item it came after the origin. For example, the Misderivation speaker intended to say pulled a tantrum but said instead pulled a Misderivation was applied one time in pantrum (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. 274). the compilation video of slips of the Based on that example, the position of tongue by one of the Indonesian female [t] has been replaced by [p] due to the singers. According to Clark and Clark influence of [p] in the previous word (1977), this type occurred when the which was pulled. speaker somehow attached the wrong suffix or prefix to the word. As an example, the speaker intended to say an The Factors of Speech Error that intervening node but said instead an Affected One of the Indonesian intervenient node (Clark & Clark, 1977, Female Singers Made Slips of the p. 274). Based on the example, the error Tongue has lied on the position of suffix -ing The slip of the tongue is part of the that changed into suffix -ient. As a speech error (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. 263). Therefore, the factors that

Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers influenced the speaker to make speech mentioned above. In the third scene of error is mostly the same as slips of the the compilation video, that singer tongue. Three factors that affect the mispronounced “betul”. She said speaker to make slip of the tongue are “benu” then made a filled pause -eh cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and said “betu” instead of correcting and social factors (Clark & Clark, 1977, the slip word. p. 271). The Interviewer : “Pasti lebih Based on the singer’s banyak aplikasi-aplikasi musik di compilation video of slips of the tongue handphone…..” and her interview video in Sarah Sechan talk show, cognitive difficulty The Singer : “Benu… Eh, and social factors were the dominant betu.. yahhhhh” factors that affected the singer made slips of the tongue on several interviews and events that have been compiled into She made a filled pause not only one video. once but many times in the rest of the scene. It can be assumed that she made Cognitive difficulty much hesitation pauses because she As demonstrated above, the cognitive was thinking about the intended word difficulty can be a factor that affects a that must be uttered by her to correct the speaker to make slips of the tongue. wrong word. Furthermore, Clark and Clark (1977) Moreover, she explained that stated that there were some the possible reason for her to make slips characteristics to identify cognitive of the tongue was because of her difficulty, as follows: cognitive limitation. That reason is 1. If the speaker has difficulty in revealed at Sarah Sechan Talk Show pronouncing the first word when when she was the guest star of the show. starting a sentence from an abstract The dialogue below shows the singer word rather than a concrete word (Clark acknowledged that she had a problem & Clark, 1977, p. 271). cognitively. 2. If the speaker was asked to describe some objects and explain the reasons The Interviewer : “Apasih salah for it, speakers tend to be easier to ngomong kebolak balik gitu?” describe the object rather than explain the object (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. The Singer : “Heeh.. 271). mungkin antara yang dipikirkan sama yang diucapkan yang di pikiran kita 3. If the speaker makes much hesitation udah terlalu kecepetan gitu loh..” pauses in speaking (Clark & Clark, 1977, p. 272). Generally, one of the Based on the analysis of the Indonesian female singers did some sentences above, the cognitive characteristics that have been difficulty that is meant in this context is

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not about the singer’s intelligence but rather to her ability to construct the sentence in mind correctly before she From the social perspective, executes the sentence. language shift that is often experienced by the singer are the cause of slips of Social Factors the tongue. Moreover, in that interview, Clark and Clark (1977) explains that the singer also acknowledged that she is social factors can trigger someone to an introvert so that she cannot easily make slip of the tongue. Apparently, express what she thinks into words. one of the causes of slips of the tongue The Singer : “Karena aku made by the singer is her social introvert banget dan secara verbal background. Based on the interview on lemah banget. Aku waktu kecil lebih Narasi Entertainment YouTube parah dari ini. Aku engga bisa channel, she explained that she made ngomong sama orang.” slips of the tongue because she lived abroad since childhood. She once lived Based on the analysis of the in Belgium since she was a baby until dialogue above, the social background she entered elementary school. As she and personality of the singer are other lived there, she required to speak causes of slips of the tongue made by Dutch. When she returned to Indonesia, her in some interviews and events that she required to learn Bahasa Indonesia related to social factors. from scratch. Other than that, she said that she also had lived in Singapore to continue her study so that she required Situational Anxiety to learn Singlish and English at the Based on the singer’s compilation same time. The dialogues below show videos of slips of the tongue, she did not the singer explained the reasons of slips seem to have situational anxiety when of the tongue in the interview. she made slips of the tongue. Physically, there was not any sign indicating she was worried at that time. The Singer : “Baru Clark and Clark (1977, p. 272) stated berangkat, masih kecil langsung ke that the speaker tends to experience Belgia terus disuruh sekolah pakai situational anxiety when they look bahasa Belanda. Masih kecil belum nervous when discussing a particular terlalu bisa bahasa Indonesia makanya topic. In that situation, the speaker can ‘spoonerism’ sekarang.” make a silent pause and other types of The Singer : “Berangkat speech errors because the brain cannot lagi ke Singapore, English-Singlish. work well. However, she did not show Dua macem English. Banyak banget any characteristics that indicated she adaptasi di hidup aku makanya was anxious. mungkin jadinya agak belibet kadang kalua ngomong, makanya verbal aku enggak terlalu baik.”

Anggun Harastasya Investigating the types and causes of slips of the tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers

DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS have been compiled into one video. the findings revealed that she mostly The present study has found that applied substitution as the type of slips substitution was the type that of the tongue. The substitution was dominantly used by the singer. The applied 22 times. The second-most used same result was found in the previous type was deletion (11 times). Then study done by Widyawati in 2013. The followed by reversal (3 times) and study examined the types of slips of the anticipation (2 times). The least-used tongue in the news anchor’s utterances types were addition, blending, on Indonesian private TV station. It was haplologies, and misderivation that found that the news anchor was used were applied once for each type. seven times and it was found in several forms of substitution included noun, Concerning the second research adverb, and preposition. In contrast to questions, this study revealed that the Widyawati (2013), this study has found slips of the tongue was caused by the that the singer used substitution in the cognitive difficulty and social factors. form of phonetics and words. Asyura In line with Clark & Clark (1977), (2017) also revealed that mostly slips of speech error can occur because of social the tongue occurred in the form of factors, situational anxiety, or cognitive phonetics, syllables, and words. difficulty. Since the slip of the tongue is the part of the speech error, the factor that triggered both of them are the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT same. Clark and Clark (1977) stated I would like to express my gratitude to that cognitive difficulty, situational my supervisors Pak Dadang Sudana, anxiety, and social factors are the M.A., Ph.D. and Pak Dr. Ruswan factors that triggered the speaker to Dallyono, S.Sos., M.Pd. for their make slips of the tongue. In this present priceless guidance, help, and study, it was found that the singer made suggestions during the writing process slips of the tongue because of the of this paper. My sincere gratitude also cognitive difficulty and social factors. goes to my academic counsellor, Ibu Different from the present study, Nia Nafisah, S.S., M.Pd. Widyawati (2013) examined the factors of slips of the tongue by using the theory from Saksomo (2010) that REFERENCES categorized the factors into external and internal to examine the slips of the Altiparmak, A. & Kuruoglu, G. (2014). tongue in the news anchor’s utterances. Slips of the tongue: A psycholinguistic study in CONCLUSIONS Turkish language. Humanities The present study examines the and Social Sciences Review, 3(2), phenomenon of slips of the tongue 241-254. made by one of the Indonesian female singers in several TV programs that

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