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4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 What is Java? Java is a programming language released by Sun Microsystems in 1995, which has been acquired by Oracle in 2009. Java is intended to allow developer to create programs that are able to run across any platform that support Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Java has several Java platforms that could be used to create different type of application, such as a computer program, enterprise application, and web application. 2.2 What is Java EE? Java Enterprise Edition (EE) is a Java platform that provides an Application Programming Interface (API) and runtime environment for developing and running large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network applications. Java EE uses Model-View-Controller (MVC) model, with ‘Beans’ as model, Java Server Page (JSP) as view, and ‘Servlet’ as controller. 2.3 Why Java? Java is one of the most popular programming language. This popularity is supported by the advantages of Java. Java is a free and open sourced programming language. It is fast, secure, reliable and also has been tested, refined, extended, and proven by a dedicated community of Java developers, architects and enthusiasts. Java is designed to enable development of portable, high-performance applications for the widest range of computing platforms possible. This allows developers to create an application that is available across heterogeneous environments and provide more services, which would boost end-user productivity, communication, 5 and collaboration, and dramatically reduce the cost of ownership of both enterprise and consumer applications. In Java EE, the application of the multi-service capabilities of Java is applied in a what is called Enterprise Java Beans (EJB). EJBs act as the model in MVC architecture of Java EE which has methods to operate with data in the database. This Beans would be used to create a web application, and reused for the development of mobile applications. In summary, the main advantages of Java are: • Write software on one platform and run it on virtually any other platform • Create programs that can run within a web browser and access available web services • Develop server-side applications for online forums, stores, polls, HTML forms processing, and more • Combine applications or services using the Java language to create highly customized applications or services • Write powerful and efficient applications for mobile phones, remote processors, microcontrollers, wireless modules, sensors, gateways, consumer products, and practically any other electronic device 2.4 What is Frameworks? In developing any application, developers tend to use frameworks to help them in developing. Framework provides generic functionality for developers that can extended based on needs by developer, thus providing application specific software. 6 Framework is a collection of software libraries/components providing a defined API. However, it contains key distinguishing features that separate them from normal libraries: • inversion of control - In a framework, unlike in libraries or normal user applications, the overall program's flow of control is not dictated by the caller, but by the framework. default behavior • A framework has a default behavior. This default behavior must actually be some useful behavior and not a series of no-ops. • extensibility - A framework can be extended by the user usually by selective overriding or specialized by user code providing specific functionality. • non-modifiable framework code - The framework code, in general, is not allowed to be modified. Users can extend the framework, but not modify its code. 2.5 What framework is available? There are a lot of frameworks exists for many programming languages, and there are also many frameworks for Java. Several of them are Spring, Grails, Play, Google Web Toolkit, JBoss, ZK, and Vaadin. 2.5.1 Spring Framework Spring framework is an open source framework for Java which can be used by any Java application. Although the framework does not impose any specific programming model, it has become popular in the Java community as an alternative to, replacement for, or even addition to the EJB. 7 2.5.2 Grails Framework Grails is an open source web application framework that uses the Groovy programming language, which is a programming language based on Java platform. It is intended to be a high-productivity framework by following the "coding by convention" paradigm, providing a stand-alone development environment and hiding much of the configuration detail from the developer. (The Grails Framework, 2015) 2.5.3 Play Framework Play is an open source web application framework, written in Scala and Java, which follows the MVC architecture. It aims to optimize developer productivity by using convention over configuration, hot code reloading and display of errors in the browser. (Play Framework, 2015) 2.5.4 Google Web Toolkit Google Web Toolkit (GWT) is an open source set of tools that allows web developers to create and maintain complex JavaScript front-end applications in Java. Other than a few native libraries, everything is Java source that can be built on any supported platform. (GWT, 2016) 2.5.5 JBoss The JBoss Enterprise Application Platform (JBoss EAP) is a subscription- based/open-source Java EE-based application server runtime platform used for building, deploying, and hosting highly-transactional Java applications and services. The JBoss Enterprise Application Platform is part of the JBoss Enterprise Middleware portfolio of software. Because it is Java-based, the 8 JBoss application server operates cross-platform: usable on any operating system that supports Java. 2.5.6 ZK Framework ZK is a Java based open-source Web application framework, that enables creation of graphical user interfaces for Web applications with little required programming knowledge. With ZK, the end users get the similar interactivity and responsiveness as a desktop application, while developer have similar simplicity to that of web applications in developing. (Leading Enterprise Java Web Framework | ZK, 2015) 2.5.7 Vaadin Vaadin is an open source Web application framework for rich Internet applications. In contrast to JavaScript libraries and browser-plugin based solutions, it features a server-side architecture, which means that the majority of the logic runs on the servers. Ajax technology is used at the browser-side to ensure a rich and interactive user experience. On the client-side Vaadin is built on top of and can be extended with Google Web Toolkit. (Vaadin – User Interfae Components for business apps, 2015) 2.6 Why Maven? Apache Maven is a software project management and comprehension tool, with the primary goal to to allow a developer to comprehend the complete state of a development effort in the Shortest period of time. Maven is based on the concept of a project object model (POM) and can manage a project's build, reporting and documentation from a central piece of information. In order to attain its goal, Maven attempts to deal with several areas of concern. 9 ▪ Making the build process easy Maven eliminates the need to know details of underlying mechanism of Java EE. ▪ Providing a uniform build system Maven allows a project to build using its project object model (POM) and a set of plugins that are shared by all projects using Maven, providing a uniform build system. This helps developers to understand the build process of any projects once they understand one, which could save a lot of time navigating many projects. ▪ Providing quality project information Maven provides plenty of useful project information that is in part taken from your POM and in part generated from your project’s sources. For example, Maven can provide things like change log document created directly from source control, cross referenced sources, and dependency list. As Maven improves the information set provided will improve, all of which will be transparent to users of Maven. ▪ Providing guidelines for best practices development Maven aims to gather current principles for best practices development, and make it easy to guide a project in that direction. For example, specification, execution, and reporting of unit tests are part of the normal build cycle using Maven. Maven also aims to assist in project workflow such as release management and issue tracking and suggests some guidelines on how to layout a project’s directory structure .
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