The Periglaciation of Great Britain Review by Christopher G. Kendall
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Surficial Geology Investigations in Wellesley Basin and Nisling Range, Southwest Yukon J.D
Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon J.D. Bond, P.S. Lipovsky and P. von Gaza Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon Jeffrey D. Bond1 and Panya S. Lipovsky2 Yukon Geological Survey Peter von Gaza3 Geomatics Yukon Bond, J.D., Lipovsky, P.S. and von Gaza, P., 2008. Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2007, D.S. Emond, L.R. Blackburn, R.P. Hill and L.H. Weston (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 125-138. ABSTRACT Results of surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and the Nisling Range can be summarized into four main highlights, which have implications for exploration, development and infrastructure in the region: 1) in contrast to previous glacial-limit mapping for the St. Elias Mountains lobe, no evidence for the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene pre-Reid glacial limits was found in the study area; 2) placer potential was identified along the Reid glacial limit where a significant drainage diversion occurred for Grayling Creek; 3) widespread permafrost was encountered in the study area including near-continuous veneers of sheet-wash; and 4) a monitoring program was initiated at a recently active landslide which has potential to develop into a catastrophic failure that could damage the White River bridge on the Alaska Highway. RÉSUMÉ Les résultats d’études géologiques des formations superficielles dans le bassin de Wellesley et la chaîne Nisling peuvent être résumés en quatre principaux faits saillants qui ont des répercussions pour l’exploration, la mise en valeur et l’infrastructure de la région. -
Quaternary Deposits and Landscape Evolution of the Central Blue Ridge of Virginia
Geomorphology 56 (2003) 139–154 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Quaternary deposits and landscape evolution of the central Blue Ridge of Virginia L. Scott Eatona,*, Benjamin A. Morganb, R. Craig Kochelc, Alan D. Howardd a Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA b U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA c Department of Geology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA d Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA Received 30 August 2002; received in revised form 15 December 2002; accepted 15 January 2003 Abstract A catastrophic storm that struck the central Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains in June 1995 delivered over 775 mm (30.5 in) of rain in 16 h. The deluge triggered more than 1000 slope failures; and stream channels and debris fans were deeply incised, exposing the stratigraphy of earlier mass movement and fluvial deposits. The synthesis of data obtained from detailed pollen studies and 39 radiometrically dated surficial deposits in the Rapidan basin gives new insights into Quaternary climatic change and landscape evolution of the central Blue Ridge Mountains. The oldest depositional landforms in the study area are fluvial terraces. Their deposits have weathering characteristics similar to both early Pleistocene and late Tertiary terrace surfaces located near the Fall Zone of Virginia. Terraces of similar ages are also present in nearby basins and suggest regional incision of streams in the area since early Pleistocene–late Tertiary time. The oldest debris-flow deposits in the study area are much older than Wisconsinan glaciation as indicated by 2.5YR colors, thick argillic horizons, and fully disintegrated granitic cobbles. -
The Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Soil Hydrologic9 Thermal, and Carbon
Ecosystems (2012) 15: 213-229 DO!: 10.1007/sl0021-0!l-9504-0 !ECOSYSTEMS\ © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) The Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Soil Hydrologic9 Thermal, and Carbon Dynan1ics in an Alaskan Peatland Jonathan A. O'Donnell,1 * M. Torre Jorgenson, 2 Jennifer W. Harden, 3 A. David McGuire,4 Mikhail Z. Kanevskiy, 5 and Kimberly P. Wickland1 1 U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St., Suite E-127, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA; 2 Alaska Ecoscience, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA; 3 U.S. Geological Survey, 325 Middlefield Rd, MS 962, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA; 4 U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA; 5/nstitute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA ABSTRACT Recent warming at high-latitudes has accelerated tion of thawed forest peat reduced deep OC stocks by permafrost thaw in northern peatlands, and thaw can nearly half during the first 100 years following thaw. have profound effects on local hydrology and eco Using a simple mass-balance model, we show that system carbon balance. To assess the impact of per accumulation rates at the bog surface were not suf mafrost thaw on soil organic carbon (OC) dynamics, ficient to balance deep OC losses, resulting in a net loss we measured soil hydrologic and thermal dynamics of OC from the entire peat column. An uncertainty and soil OC stocks across a collapse-scar bog chrono analysis also revealed that the magnitude and timing sequence in interior Alaska. -
East Siberian Arctic Inland Waters Emit Mostly Contemporary Carbon ✉ Joshua F
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15511-6 OPEN East Siberian Arctic inland waters emit mostly contemporary carbon ✉ Joshua F. Dean 1,2 , Ove H. Meisel1, Melanie Martyn Rosco1, Luca Belelli Marchesini 3,4, Mark H. Garnett 5, Henk Lenderink1, Richard van Logtestijn 6, Alberto V. Borges7, Steven Bouillon 8, Thibault Lambert7, Thomas Röckmann 9, Trofim Maximov10,11, Roman Petrov 10,11, Sergei Karsanaev10,11, Rien Aerts6, Jacobus van Huissteden1, Jorien E. Vonk1 & A. Johannes Dolman 1 1234567890():,; Inland waters (rivers, lakes and ponds) are important conduits for the emission of terrestrial carbon in Arctic permafrost landscapes. These emissions are driven by turnover of con- temporary terrestrial carbon and additional pre-aged (Holocene and late-Pleistocene) carbon released from thawing permafrost soils, but the magnitude of these source contributions to total inland water carbon fluxes remains unknown. Here we present unique simultaneous radiocarbon age measurements of inland water CO2,CH4 and dissolved and particulate organic carbon in northeast Siberia during summer. We show that >80% of total inland water carbon was contemporary in age, but pre-aged carbon contributed >50% at sites strongly affected by permafrost thaw. CO2 and CH4 were younger than dissolved and particulate organic carbon, suggesting emissions were primarily fuelled by contemporary carbon decomposition. Our findings reveal that inland water carbon emissions from permafrost landscapes may be more sensitive to changes in contemporary carbon turnover than the release of pre-aged carbon from thawing permafrost. 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. -
The Periglaciation of Great Britain Colin K
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-31016-1 - The Periglaciation of Great Britain Colin K. Ballantyne and Charles Harris Index More information Index Abbot's Salford, Worcestershire, 53 aufeis, see also icings, 70 bimodal flows, see ground-ice slumps Aberayron, Dyfed, Wales, 104 Australia, 179, 261 Binbrook, Lincolnshire, 157 Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales, 128, 206, 207 Austrian Alps, 225 Bingham flow, 231 Acheulian hand axes, see hand axes avalanche activity, 219-22; 226-30, 236, 244, Birling Gap, Sussex, 102, 108 Achnasheen, NW Scotland, 233 295, 297 Black Mountain, Dyfed, 231, 234 active layer, see also seasonal thawing, 5, 27, avalanche boulder tongues, 220, 226, 295 Black Rock, Brighton, Sussex, 125, 126 35,41,42,114-18, 140,175 avalanche cones, 220, 226 Black Top Creek, EUesmere Island, Canada, 144 detachment slides, 115, 118, 276 avalanche impact pits, 226 Black Tors, Dartmoor, 178 glides, 118 avalanche landforms, 7, 8 blockfields, 8, 164-9, 171, 173-6, 180, 183, processes, 85-102 avalanche tongues, 227, 228 185,187,188,193,194 thickness, 107-9,281-2 avalanche-modified talus, 226-30 allochthonous, 173 Adwick-Le-Street, Yorkshire, 45, 53 Avon, 132, 134, 138, 139 autochthonous, 174, 182 aeolian, processes, see also wind action, 141, Avon Valley, 138 blockslopes, 173-6, 187, 190 155-60,161,255-67,296 Axe Valley, Devon, 103, 147 blockstreams, 173 aeolian sediments, see also loess and Bodmin Moor, Cornwall, 124, 168 coversands, 55, 96, 146-7, 150, 168, Badwell Ash, Essex, 101 Bohemian Highlands, 181 169, 257-60 Baffin Island, 103, 143,219 -
Permafrost Soils and Carbon Cycling
SOIL, 1, 147–171, 2015 www.soil-journal.net/1/147/2015/ doi:10.5194/soil-1-147-2015 SOIL © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Permafrost soils and carbon cycling C. L. Ping1, J. D. Jastrow2, M. T. Jorgenson3, G. J. Michaelson1, and Y. L. Shur4 1Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Palmer Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1509 South Georgeson Road, Palmer, AK 99645, USA 2Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA 3Alaska Ecoscience, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA 4Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Correspondence to: C. L. Ping ([email protected]) Received: 4 October 2014 – Published in SOIL Discuss.: 30 October 2014 Revised: – – Accepted: 24 December 2014 – Published: 5 February 2015 Abstract. Knowledge of soils in the permafrost region has advanced immensely in recent decades, despite the remoteness and inaccessibility of most of the region and the sampling limitations posed by the severe environ- ment. These efforts significantly increased estimates of the amount of organic carbon stored in permafrost-region soils and improved understanding of how pedogenic processes unique to permafrost environments built enor- mous organic carbon stocks during the Quaternary. This knowledge has also called attention to the importance of permafrost-affected soils to the global carbon cycle and the potential vulnerability of the region’s soil or- ganic carbon (SOC) stocks to changing climatic conditions. In this review, we briefly introduce the permafrost characteristics, ice structures, and cryopedogenic processes that shape the development of permafrost-affected soils, and discuss their effects on soil structures and on organic matter distributions within the soil profile. -
Supplement of Observation-Based Modelling of Permafrost Carbon fluxes with Accounting for Deep Carbon Deposits and Thermokarst Activity
Supplement of Biogeosciences, 12, 3469–3488, 2015 http://www.biogeosciences.net/12/3469/2015/ doi:10.5194/bg-12-3469-2015-supplement © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Observation-based modelling of permafrost carbon fluxes with accounting for deep carbon deposits and thermokarst activity T. Schneider von Deimling et al. Correspondence to: T. Schneider von Deimling ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence. 1. Terminology and definitions Active layer: The layer of ground that is subject to annual thawing and freezing in areas underlain by permafrost (van Everdingen, 2005) Differentiation between Mineral Soils and Organic Soils: Mineral soils: Including mineral soil material (less than 2.0 mm in diameter) and contain less than 20 percent (by weight) organic carbon (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Here including Orthels and Turbels (see definition below). Organic soils: Soils including a large amount of organic carbon (more than 20 percent by weight, Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Here including Histels (see definition below). Gelisols: Soil order in the Soil taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Gelisols include soils of very cold climates, containing permafrost within the first 2m below surface. Gelisols are divided into 3 suborders: Histels: Including large amounts of organic carbon that commonly accumulate under anaerobic conditions (>80 vol % organic carbon from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm) (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Turbels: Gelisols that have one or more horizons with evidence of cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). -
The Nature of Last Glacial Periglaciation in the Channel Islands
Note of a paper read at the Annual Conference of the Ussher Society, January 1998 THE NATURE OF LAST GLACIAL PERIGLACIATION IN THE CHANNEL ISLANDS S. D. GURNEY, H. C. L. JAMES AND P. WORSLEY Gurney, S. D., James, H. C. L. and Worsley, P. The nature of last glacial periglaciation in the Channel Islands. Geoscience in south-west England, 9, 241-249. S.D. Gurney, Department of Geography, H.C.L. James, Department of Science and Technology Education, P. Worsley, Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 227, Reading, RG6 6AB. INTRODUCTION If permafrost extent is a good indicator of the intensity of cold climates, then the ice wedge casts and sand and gravel wedges found in Following the recognition of periglacially induced macro-scale northern France, particularly in Brittany, demonstrate former sedimentary structures and fabrics of deposits of Last Glacial age on Pleistocene cold environmental conditions having extended into that Alderney, a search for analogous features on Guernsey and Jersey has region (van Vliet-Lanë, 1996; van Vliet-Lanoë et al ., 1997). The been undertaken. It has long been known that cold climate related chronology for such periglacial conditions in Brittany, however, mass wasting deposits (head) and aeolian deposits (loess) are common suggests a rather earlier date than for southwest England and the throughout the Channel Islands. Structures specifically related to Channel Islands. For example, Loyer et al . (1995) indicate that during frozen ground, however, either seasonal or perennial, have not Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 6, permafrost extension was rather previously been documented outside Alderney. -
The Potential Significance of Permafrost to the Behaviour of a Deep Radioactive Waste Repository
SKI Technical Report 91:8 The Potential Significance of Permafrost to the Behaviour of a Deep Radioactive Waste Repository Tim McEwen Ghislain de Marsily SKI TR 91:8 Intera, Melton Mowbray, UK and Université de Paris VI February 1991 SKi STATENS KÄRNKRAFTINSPEKTION SWEDISH NUCLEAR POWER INSPECTORATE THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PERMAFROST TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF A DEEP RADIOACTIVE WASTE REPOSITORY Tim McEwen Ghislain de Marsily SKI TR 91:8 , Intera, Melton Mowbray, UK and Université de Paris VI February 1991 This report concerns a study which has been conducted for the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI). The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily coincide with those of the SKI. The results will subsequently be used in the formulation of the Inspectorate's Policy, but the views in this report will not necessarily represent this policy. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Distribution of permafrost 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Properties of frozen ground 5 3 The hydrogeology of permafrost areas 6 3.1 Introduction 6 3.2 Position of uaquifersr relative to permafrost 6 3.2.1 Introduction 6 3.2.2 Suprapermafrost Aquifers 9 3.2.3 Intrapermafrost Aquifers 10 3.2.4 Subpermafrost Aquifers 11 4 Groundwater movement 12 .1 Infiltration and recharge 12 i- I Lateral movement 13 ^.3 Discharge 14 4.3.1 Introduction 14 4.3.2 Springs 15 4.3.3 Baseflow 15 4.3.4 Icings (Naledi or Aufeis) 15 i> Geochemistry 16 5.1 Effects of low temperatures 16 5.2 Groundwater geochemistry 16 5.3 Chemistry of Icings 18 5-4 -
A Differential Frost Heave Model: Cryoturbation-Vegetation Interactions
A Differential Frost Heave Model: Cryoturbation-Vegetation Interactions R. A. Peterson, D. A. Walker, V. E. Romanovsky, J. A. Knudson, M. K. Raynolds University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA W. B. Krantz University of Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA ABSTRACT: We used field observations of frost-boil distribution, soils, and vegetation to attempt to vali- date the predictions of a Differential Frost Heave (DFH) model along the temperature gradient in northern Alaska. The model successfully predicts order of magnitude heave and spacing of frost boils, and can account for the circular motion of soils within frost boils. Modification of the model is needed to account for the ob- served variation in frost boil systems along the climate gradient that appear to be the result of complex inter- actions between frost heave and vegetation. 1 INTRODUCTION anced by degrading geological processes such as soil creep. Washburn listed 19 possible mechanisms re- This paper discusses a model for the development sponsible for the formation of patterned ground of frost boils due to differential frost heave. The in- (Washburn 1956). The model presented here ex- teractions between the physical processes of frost plains the formation of patterned ground by differen- heave and vegetation characteristics are explored as tial frost heave. DFH is also responsible, at least in a possible controlling mechanism for the occurrence part, for the formation of sorted stone circles in of frost boils on the Alaskan Arctic Slope. Spitsbergen (Hallet et al 1988). A recent model due to Kessler et al (2001) for the genesis and mainte- Frost boils are a type of nonsorted circle, “a pat- nance of stone circles integrates DFH with soil con- terned ground form that is equidimensional in sev- solidation, creep, and illuviation. -
Cryogenic Soil Processes in a Changing Climate
Cryogenic soil processes in a changing climate Marina Becher Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå, 2015 This work is protected by the Swedish Copyright Legislation (Act 1960:729) © Marina Becher 2015 ISBN: 978-91-7601-361-8 Cover: Non-sorted circles at Mount Suorooaivi, photo by Marina Becher Printed by: KBC Service center Umeå, Sweden 2015 ”Conclusions regarding origin are that: (1) the origin of most forms of patterned ground is uncertain: (2)…” From Abstract in Washburn, A. L., 1956. "Classification of patterned ground and review of suggested origins." Geological Society of America Bulletin 67(7): 823-866. Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of papers iii Author contributions iv Abstract v Introduction 1 Background 1 Cryoturbation and its impact on the carbon balance 1 Cryogenic disturbances and their effect on plants 2 Cryoturbation within non-sorted circles 2 Objective of the thesis 4 Study site 4 Methods 6 Results and Discussion 7 Over what timescale does cryoturbation occur in non-sorted circles? 7 What effect does cryogenic disturbance have on vegetation? 8 What is the effect of cryogenic disturbances on carbon fluxes? 10 Conclusion 11 Acknowledgements 11 References 12 TACK! 17 i ii List of papers This thesis is a summary of the following four studies, which will be referred to by their roman numerals. I. Becher, M., C. Olid and J. Klaminder 2012. Buried soil organic inclusions in non-sorted circles fields in northern Sweden: Age and Paleoclimatic context. Journal of geophysical research: Biogeosciences 118:104-111 II. Becher, M., N. Börlin and J. Klaminder. -
Cryogenic Fracturing of Calcite Flowstone in Caves: Theoretical Considerations and Field Observations in Kents Cavern, Devon, UK
International Journal of Speleology 41(2) 307-316 Tampa, FL (USA) July 2012 Available online at scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs/ & www.ijs.speleo.it International Journal of Speleology Official Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie Cryogenic fracturing of calcite flowstone in caves: theoretical considerations and field observations in Kents Cavern, Devon, UK. Joyce Lundberg1 and Donald A. McFarlane2 Abstract: Lundberg J. and McFarlane D. 2012. Cryogenic fracturing of calcite flowstone in caves: theoretical considerations and field observations in Kents Cavern, Devon, UK. International Journal of Speleology, 41(2), 307-316. Tampa, FL (USA). ISSN 0392-6672. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.41.2.16 Several caves in Devon, England, have been noted for extensive cracking of substantial flowstone floors. Conjectural explanations have included earthquake damage, local shock damage from collapsing cave passages, hydraulic pressure, and cryogenic processes. Here we present a theoretical model to demonstrate that frost-heaving and fracture of flowstone floors that overlie wet sediments is both a feasible and likely consequence of unidirectional air flow or cold-air ponding in caves, and argue that this is the most likely mechanism for flowstone cracking in caves located in Pleistocene periglacial environments outside of tectonically active regions. Modeled parameters for a main passage in Kents Cavern, Devon, demonstrate that 1 to 6 months of -10 to -15° C air flow at very modest velocities will result in freezing of 1 to 3 m of saturated sediment fill. The resultant frost heave increases with passage width and depth of frozen sediments. In the most conservative estimate, freezing over one winter season of 2 m of sediment in a 6-m wide passage could fracture flowstone floors up to ~13 cm thick, rising to ~23 cm in a 12-m wide passage.