Schoenberg, Pappenheim, and the Expression of Solitude in Erwartung,Op.17

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Schoenberg, Pappenheim, and the Expression of Solitude in Erwartung,Op.17 Nation:ll Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 01 Canada du Canada Acguisitions ant:l Direction des acquisitions ct Bibhor,raphic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 WclmglOO Sircel 3f15, lue Wcll:; ~lon onawa. Ontano Ollawa (Ontario) K1AOW K1AON4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavi!y dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Sorne pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un phc~ocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Canada • Schoenberg, Pappenheim, and the Expression of Solitude in Erwartung,op.17 Melanie Feilotter Department of Music McGiII University • A Thesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fultillment ofthe requirements ofthe degree of Master of Arts. Melanie Feilotter ••• 1995 National Library Bibliothèque nationale .+. of Canada du Canada Acguisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Ser<ices Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Sireel 395, rue Wellinglon Ollawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A ON4 K1A ON4 The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou hisjher thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in hisjher thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou hisjher permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-612-12024-4 Canada • Preface 1wou Id like to express my sincerest thanh to my advisor, Professor Brian Cherney, for his extremely helpful ideas and suggestions, and for his patience while having to communicate with me long-distance. Many thanks 10 Susan McClary for her thoughts on the project in its early stages, and also to Carolyn Abbate, my employer in Berlin during the 1994-95 year, for her helpfulness with 10gistical malters. 1am also grateful to Rui Magone (Berlin) for his helpful language skills, and to Simon Morrison for his continued support and encouragement. • • • 2 Schoenberg, Pappenheim, and the Expression of Solitude in Erwurlnnl'. op.!7 Abslract Schoenberg's monodrama Erwanung, op.l? (1909), appeared al the dawn ofearly Expn:ssionism, a movement which profoundly affected the composer's early works. This movement dealt in part with the alienation and isolation ofthe self in what many artists considered a corrupt and degenemte society. The fll'st part of this thesis examines the possible influences of the Expressionist and Symbolist traditions on Erwartuog's text and, to a lesser extent. the early history ofpsychoanalysis, ofwhich librellist Marie Pappenheim was certainly aware. Thc impact of the changes made by Schoenberg to Pappenheim's originaltext, as weil as sorne of his e1usivc stage directions are given consideration. The composer and librellist created a text which effectively obscures the boundaries between the protagonist's conscious and unconscious thoughts, hence confusing the audience's perception ofreality and illusion. Schoenberg parallels this dramatic disjunction in his music, as is discussed in the second part of the paper. Certain representational moments (for example, pitch cells and ostinali) arc presented; the musical context of these moments is radically changed in subsequent appearanccs, preventing them l'rom being audibly recognizable, and l'rom retaining a stable meaning. This • discussion refutes earlier analyses ofErwanung which stress so-called motivic and thematic connections. Severa! ilIustrative moments in Scene IV are highlighted. Although on a locallevcl, certain musical connections exist, what remains most disturbing and thus most effective in Erwanung is how the separateness of these 'climactic' moments gives the work its disjunct and temporally unpredictable quality. • • 3 Schoenberg, Pappcnheim, et l'Expression de la Solitude dans Erwartung, op.l7 Ré5umé Le monodrame Erwartun!: de Schoenberg, op.17 (1909), a été composé à l'aube d'Expressionisme. Deux thèmes-clés de ce mouvement artistique - qui a eu un effet profond sur les premières oeuvres de Schoenberg - étaient l'aliénation et l'isolation de l'individu dans une société considerée par be:.ucoup d'artistes comme corromtue et dégénérée. La première partie de la thèse examine, d'une part, l'influence que les traditions de l'Expressionisme et du Symbolisme ont probablement eu sur le libretto d'Erwartun!: et, d'autre part, la relation entre les débuts historiques de la psychanalyse et Marie Pappenheim, la librettiste d'Erwartllng. L'effet des modifications faites par Schoenberg sur le texte original de Pappenheim y est aussi traité et evalué. Puis on rend compte des indications de Schoenberg, malheureusement assez elliptiques, pour la mise en scène de son monodrame. Le compositeur et la librettiste, au coeur même de cette première partie, ont crée un texte qui réussit à obscurcir les confins entre la pensée consciente et inconsciente du protagoniste d'Erwartung. Il en résulte pour les spectateurs une perception qui, faute de critères précis, confond sans cesse le réel et l'imaginaire. La deuxième partie de la thèse se concentre sur la question de savoir si la disjonction clairement voulue par le libretto se reflète aussi dans la musique d'Erwartllng. Certains moments de la partition (comme par exemple les ostinati) sont mis en avant afin de montrer que le contexte • musical dont ils font respectivement partie subit des changements radicaux chaque fois que ces moments y sont mis en présence. Ainsi, ces moments de la partition ne peuvent plus, du point de Ylie de l'auditeur, être identifiés comme tels dès l'instant qu'ils s'insérent dans un contexte précis; ils n~ peuvent garder une signification stable au long de la pièce. Les conclusions de cette analyse réfutent les argumentations selon lesquelles il y aurait dans Erwartung des relations cohérentes d'ordre motivique et thématique. Cette deuxième partie s'achève par une analyse de quelques moments iIIustratifs tirés de la quatrième scène d'Erwartllng. Il y a bien sûr, de manière ponctuelle, des relations musicales qui semblent motivées, mais ce qui rend Erwartllng vraiment mquiétant et efficace du point de vue dramatique n'est rien d'autre que la façon drastique dont ces moments culminants sont separés un a l'autres. C'est précisement cet écart qui évoques les qualités principales d'Erwartllng: la disjonction syntactique et l'imprévision temporelles. • • 4 Schoenberg, Pappenheim, and the Expression of Solitude in Erwurlllnl: Op.l7 Chapter 1 Introduction 'rile Expressionist movement in its early stages was centered primarily in Germany and Allstria. Despite extreme variations in style and approach, Expressionist artists sharcd to SOIllC estent a sirnilar agenda, embodying a set ofideas and attitides which were as mllch a conullentary on society and the selfas on art itself. Common to their goal was a seareh for a new and radical means of self-expression, achieved by the rejection ofmaterialism and a tum to the inner self. • This essential subjectivism resuIted in a complete lack of concern for things external and mmerial, and also for society itself: as Sokel notes, the ExpressionislS displayed a "basic indiffercncc to the world in its twofold aspect as model and as audience."l Threatened by the rapid scientific and technical advances occuning already since the 1860's, some artists held to the notion thm thc individual was alone in a hostile, somewhat chaotic world. They considered all proccsses of logical thought contrived and irrelevant to this inner truth which they sought to expose. Thc philosphical views ofFriedrich Nietzsche gave voice to the l'cars of Exprcssionists thm thc modem world defined by science was in a state ofdecline.2 His belief thalthe creative individual lWalter Sokel, The Wri1er in Extremis: Expressjoojsm in Gennan Litemture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959), p.20. 2por a detailed discussion ofNietzsehe's influence on the Expressionists, see Donald Gordon, • Expressionism" Art and Idea (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987). 5 • could tmnsfonn this destruction of society by tuming to instinct or innemess was appropriated by Expressionistthollght. As Nietzsche wrote in the preface to The Will [0 Power; Attempt al a RcvaluatÎon of Ali values (1901): Genius resides in instinct; goodness likewise. One acts perfectly only when one acts instinctively. Even from the viewpoint of momlity, ail conscious thinking is merely tentative, usually the reverse of morality...It could be prol'ed that ail conscious thinking would wso show a far lower standard of morality than the thinking of the same man when it is directed by his instincts.
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