European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 19/2013
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19/2013 EurJIC 1st July Issue European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry Cover Picture Emmanuel Terazzi, Claude Piguet et al. Single-Stranded Dinuclear Lanthanide Helicates A Journal of www.eurjic.org EJICFK (19) 3271–3440 (2013) · ISSN 1099-0682 · No. 19/2013 CONTENTS Hungary Italy Germany Greece EurJIC is a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe, a union of 16 European chemical societies formed for the pur- pose of publishing high-quality Czech Republic France science. All owners merged their national journals to form two leading chemistry journals, the European Journal of Inorganic Sweden Belgium Chemistry and the European Journal of Organic Chemistry. Austria Portugal Poland Spain Netherlands Other ChemPubSoc Europe journals are Chemistry – A European Journal, ChemBioChem, ChemPhysChem, ChemMedChem, ChemSusChem, ChemCatChem, ChemPlusChem and ChemistryOpen. COVER PICTURE The cover picture shows how single-stranded di- nuclear lanthanide helicates (green) survive immer- sion into a drop of less polar solvent (e.g. CH2Cl2) and their eventual self-organization into a liquid- crystalline material. For alternative triple- stranded lanthanide helicates (red), drastic solvation effects lead to complete dissociation. Details are discussed in the article by E. Terazzi, C. Piguet et al. on p. 3323ff. For more on the story behind the cover research, see the Cover Profile. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 3273 3273 © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim FULL PAPER DOI:10.1002/ejic.201300176 Implementing Liquid-Crystalline Properties in Single- Stranded Dinuclear Lanthanide Helicates Emmanuel Terazzi,*[a] Amir Zaïm,[a] Bernard Bocquet,[a] Johan Varin,[a] Laure Guénée,[b] Thibault Dutronc,[a] Jean-François Lemonnier,[a] Sébastien Floquet,[c] Emmanuel Cadot,[c] Benoît Heinrich,[d] Bertrand Donnio,[d] and Claude Piguet*[a] COVER PICTURE Keywords: Liquid crystals / Metallomesogens / Polynuclear complexes / Amphiphiles / Helical structures / Lanthanides The connection of flexible protodendritic wedges to the bis- fluoro-2,4-pentanedione) to give neutral single-stranded tridentate rigid polyaromatic ligand L1 provides amphiphilic [Ln2(Lk)(hfac)6] complexes with no trace of higher-order receptors L5 and L6; their reduced affinities for complexing helicates. Whereas ligands L1 and L5 are not liquid crystals, trivalent lanthanides (Ln = La, Y, Lu) in organic solvent (by L6 can be melted above room temperature (41 °C) to give a fifteen orders of magnitude!) prevent the formation of the ex- nematic mesophase, and its associated dinuclear helical com- 6+ pected dinuclear triple-stranded helicates [Ln2(Lk)3] . This plex [Y2(L6)(hfac)6] self-organises at the same temperature limitation could be turned into an advantage because L1 or into a fluidic smectic mesophase. L6 can be treated with [Ln(hfac)3] (Hhfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexa- Introduction metallic cations with [Xe]4fn configurations.[8] Roughly speaking, most thermotropic liquid crystals (i.e., liquid For a long time, lanthanide supramolecular chemistry fo- crystals that self-organise with temperature) are produced cused on the design and on the thermodynamic rationalis- by connecting long and flexible aliphatic chains to various ation of discrete sophisticated polynuclear molecular archi- rigid polarisable aromatic cores.[9] Optimisation of the inter- tectures such as helicates,[1] cages,[2] clusters[3] and grids.[4] molecular interactions in the crystalline state results in a Owing to the remarkable magnetic and optical properties microsegregation process, in which the rigid cores are associated with the 4f-centred open-shell electronic configu- packed together, whereas the less polarisable flexible alkyl rations, these compounds were approached for overcoming chains fill the residual voids of the structure.[10] Upon heat- modern technological limitations, but the exploitation of ing, the decorrelation between the flexible alkyl chains pro- their intrinsic properties for lighting, sensing and switching duces a molten continuum (assigned to the melting pro- further requires specific patterns gained by the self-organis- cess), with the residual interactions between aromatics en- ation of amphiphilic receptors connected to the inorganic suring the stability of the liquid-crystalline phase. At higher cores.[5,6] When the organic coating induces liquid-crystal- temperature, the interactions between the aromatic units be- line properties, the resulting metal-containing liquid crys- come smaller than the thermal energy and a classical liquid tals are referred to as metallomesogens,[7] or more specifi- is obtained (assigned to the isotropisation process). This cally, as lanthanidomesogens for those that incorporate standard two-step melting model satisfyingly predicts the [a] Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University thermal behaviour of low-molecular-weight amphiphilic or- of Geneva, ganic molecules that possess considerable anisometric 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland shapes.[10,11] In metallomesogens, the isotropic three-dimen- E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] sional expansion brought by the coordination spheres of Homepage: http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiam/piguet/ the metals usually disrupts the microsegregation and desta- Welcome.html bilises the liquid-crystalline phase. Except for complexes [b] Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland with linear or square-planar arrangements that are reminis- [c] Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, cent of the molecular shapes found in purely organic liquid University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, [7,12] 45 av. des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France crystals, common coordination geometries are difficult [d] Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg to combine with the structural anisotropy required for in- (IPCMS), UMR 7504 (CNRS – Université de Strasbourg), ducing mesomorphism and liquid-crystalline phases are not 23 rue du Loes, BP43, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France Supporting information for this article is available on the formed. In this context, only a few metallomesogens con- WWW under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201300176. tain a tetrahedral[13] or an octahedral metal centre,[14] and Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 3323–3333 3323 © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.eurjic.org FULL PAPER those with coordination number (CN) 7–12, typical of large The conditions required for the preparation of stable di- lanthanide cations, have remained challenging for some nuclear lanthanidomesogens are explored together with time.[5,15] Pioneering work dedicated to fullerodendri- their liquid-crystalline properties. mers[16] established that mesomorphism could be induced when the bulky spherical cores were coated with divergent polarised dendritic architectures, a strategy that led to the Results and Discussion preparation of a unique discotic dinuclear lanthanidomeso- Synthesis of Ligands Lk (k = 5, 6) and Formation of the gen.[15d] To the best of our knowledge, there is no other Triple-Stranded Complexes [Ln (Lk) (CF SO ) ] (Ln = La, report of multinuclear mesomorphic analogues despite a 2 3 3 3 6 Y, Lu; k = 5, 6) in Solution rich catalogue of polynuclear linear triple-stranded helicates 6+ 9+ 12+ such as [Ln2(L1)3] , [Ln3(L2)3] and [Ln4(L3)3] , the cy- Alkylation of intermediate 11 with 15 gave the target li- lindrical rigid cores of which make them ideal for the design gand L5, whereas esterification with 16[15i] yielded L6 of calamitic metallomesogens.[1] (Scheme 1 and Appendix 1 in the Supporting Information). However, by following this strategy, lipophilic dinuclear The five different 1H NMR spectroscopic signals de- 2+ helicates with d-block metals [Cu2(L4n)2] (n=a, b, c) tected for the aromatic protons Hb–Hf in Lk (k =5,6), have been shown to self-organise into columnar meso- combined with the observation of a singlet for the protons phases.[13b,17] Interestingly, the connection of the long lipo- Ha and of a quartet for the protons Hm, confirmed the philic and diverging alkyl chains to the cylindrical core existence of dynamically averaged C2v symmetries for the drastically limited the stability of these complexes in solu- free ligands in solution (see Scheme 1 for numbering). The tion, an observation that might explain the paucity of lack of a nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect be- helical scaffolds in metallomesogens. To extend this ap- tween the ethyl residues of the benzimidazole rings and the proach to magnetically and optically active 4f-block cat- protons connected at the 3-positions of the pyridine rings ions, we connect here two different lipophilic protomeso- agreed with a standard trans arrangement of the N-donor morphic dendrons perpendicularly to the helical axis in 11 atoms borne by the adjacent aromatic rings. This arrange- through ether links (L5) or ester bonds (L6) (Scheme 1). ment was confirmed by analysis of the solid-state structure Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 3323–33333324 © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.eurjic.org FULL PAPER Scheme 1. Synthesis and structures of bis-tridentate ligands L5 and L6, derived from 11 (with numbering scheme for NMR spectra). of intermediate 10 (Appendix 1 in the Supporting Infor- for the diastereomeric methylene protons of the ethyl resi- mation). Reaction of the bis-tridentate ligand L6 (3 equiv.) dues (Hm), whereas the singlet (A2 spin system) observed with [Y(CF3SO3)3]·4H2O (1 equiv.) in CD2Cl2 provided a for the enantiotopic