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Proquest Dissertations NOTE TO USERS Copyrighted materials in this document have not been scanned at the request of the author. They are available for consultation in the author's university library. pgs 172,174,188,193-196,198,202-203,209 This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FLETCHER AND GARDINER: PRESENTATION SILVER FOR THE NATION by Ann K. Wagner A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in Early American Culture. Spring 2004 Copyright 2004 Ann K. Wagner All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1420558 Copyright 2004 by Wagner, Ann K. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1420558 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FLETCHER AND GARDINER: PRESENTATION SILVER FOR THE NATION by Ann K. Wagner Approved: Donaidrl.. I^imirtiore, M.A. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: J. Ritchie Garrison, Ph.D. Acting Director of the Winterthur Program in Early American Culture Approved: Mark W. Huddleston, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: Conrado M. Gempe§Aw II, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Academic and International Programs Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The most valuable experiences throughout this project have been the help and encouragement given by so many kind and intelligent people at Winterthur and other institutions. I am deeply indebted to my advisor Donald L. Fennimore for a year of patient listening, inspiration, and thoughtful guidance as well as his abiding knowledge of Fletcher and Gardiner’s work. He was generous with his own research, and unflagging in his support of mine. James W. Cheevers earned five (civilian) stars for sharing his encyclopedic knowledge and fantastic resources at the U. S. Naval Academy Museum. Other curators who contributed insights and resources include: Beth Carver Wees, Fritz Hamer, Medill H. Harvey, Margaret Hofer, David Miller, and Jeffrey Ray. Invaluable assistance came from regional archives scholars, Bruce Laverty, and Winterthur’s librarians and staff. Bert Denker and photograph files in the Winterthur Library were a godsend. Collectors’ names are remaining anonymous, but I will never forget their kindness or hospitality. Above all, I am grateful to my mentor and friend, Julie Emerson, for launching me eastward on a silver path. I wish to dedicate this thesis to the family who supported me throughout this and every other project that absorbs too much of my attention: Bonnie, Bill, Keith, Kim, Amy, Carl, and Irlene. They make everything possible. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................v-vii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ viii INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................I Chapter 1 RAISING SPLENDID PIECES OF PLATE........................................................... 12 With a Name Like “Hull” He Had to be a Naval Hero ........................ 15 Variations on a Theme...............................................................................26 War of 1812 Urns as American Symbols ................................................54 2 EMPIRES OF WATER IN SILVER: MERCHANT PRINCES AND THE “WARWICK” TYPE................................................................................. 62 The Warwick Type in New Y ork.............................................................64 The Warwick Type in Philadelphia..........................................................82 3 PATRIOTIC REGALIA: FLETCHER AND GARDINER PRESENTATION SWORDS............................................................................100 Presentation Sword Manufacture........................................................... 102 Designing American Swords...................................................................108 Ceremonies and Presentations................................................................ 120 Fletcher and Gardiner’s International Presence................................... 123 4 MERCHANT-ARTISANS TO THE NATION......................................................133 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................... 165 APPENDIX A: LIST OF PRESENTATION SWORDS.................................................212 APPENDIX B: PRESENTATION SILVER AND SWORD MARKS....................... 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. 216 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES 1 Pencil sketch, Thomas Fletcher, ca. I8I5-I8I6. Thomas Fletcher Collection, The Athenaeum of Philadelphia.......................................................... 170 2 Pencil sketch, Thomas Fletcher, ca. I815-I8I6. Thomas Fletcher Collection, The Athenaeum of Philadelphia.......................................................171 3 Isaac Flull um, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1813. Private collection ...........................172 4 Isaac Hull um (details).................................................................................................173 5 Tavola I,Giovanni-Battista Piranesi, Diverse maniere d ’adornare i cammini.. .a toscana, (1769) .............................................................................. 174 6 “A Vase from Piranesi.” Henry Moses, Collection of Antique Vases (1814) ...... 175 7 “Pot-a-Oille.” Charles Percier and Pierre-Franpois-Leonard Fontaine, Recueil de decorations interieures, (1812), Plate 46 .........................................176 8 Charles Percier and Pierre-Fran 9ois-Leonard Fontaine, Recueil de decorations interieures, (1812), Plate 72 ............................................................ 177 9 Isaac Hull um (fmial detail)........................................................................................ 178 10 Trade card, Fletcher and Gardiner. The Winterthur Library, Downs Collection.................................................................................................................179 11 Oliver Perry um, Fletcher and Gardiner, ca. 1813-1814. U. S. Naval Academy Museum collection................................................................................180 12 Oliver Perry um (detail) ...................................................................................... 181 13 William Bainbridge um, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1814. From Benson Lossing, Pictorial Field-Guide o f the War of 1812, (1869) ............................. 182 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14 James Biddle um, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1813. U. S. Naval Academy Museum collection..................................................................................................183 15 James Biddle um (handle detail)............................................................................... 184 16 James Biddle um ..........................................................................................................185 17 Jacob Jones um, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1814. Delaware Historical Society Collection...................................................................................................186 18 George Armistead punch bowl, beakers, ladle, and tray, Fletcher and Gardiner with Andrew E. Wamer, 1816. National Museum of American History collection....................................................................................................187 19 John Rodgers dinner service, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1816-1817. Maryland Historical Society collection................................................................................. 188 20 John Rodgers dinner service, tureen, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1816-1817. National Museum of American History collection............................................189 21 Andrew Jackson um, Fletcher and Gardiner, 1817. South Carolina State Museum collection..................................................................................................190
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