Etruscan News 17

Volume 17 Winter 2015

Uni and the Golden Gift Excavations in excavations are Etruscans at Oxford of Thefarie a sacred Etruscan conducted under and Roman well the auspices of Dr. Charlotte Potts The 50th Anniversary of the at Cetamura del the Soprintend- Sybille Haynes Lecturer in Etruscan Discovery of the Gold Tablets of Chianti have enza per i Beni and Italic Archaeology and Art Pyrgi brought forth Archeologici Woolley Fellow, Somerville College, by Daniele F. Maras some 14 bronze della Toscana Oxford and Rex E. Wallace vessels and hun- (Andrea Pessina, dreds of objects Soprintendente). The Etruscans seem to have well and As many of our readers know, Pyrgi that show ritual The shaft on the truly arrived at the University of Oxford is the site of the most famous Etruscan usage of the top zone of after 18 months of high-profile events. water source. The Holy Waters at Cetamura Cetamura (Zone results, obtained I) is perhaps over a four-year by Nancy De Grummond more properly period of excavation, were announced called a cistern, since it does not obtain at a press conference on July 4, 2014, at water from an aquifer, but rather accu- the Museo Nazionale Archeologico di mulates it through seepage from the Siena by team members Nancy de sandstone bedrock walls. But its great Grummond (director; Florida State depth suggests comparison with other University), Francesco Cini (president Etruscan wells. The bottom was found of Ichnos: Archeologia, Ambiente e at ca. 32.5 m below ground level, a Sperimentazione) and Nòra Marosi depth that was probably planned as 100 sanctuary. The literary sources mention (conservator, Studio Art Centers Etruscan feet using the module known Following the creation of the new the port city and sanctuary because it International). The hilltop site of at Cetamura of ca. 32/33 centimeters. Sybille Haynes Lecturership in Etruscan was pillaged by Dionysius the Elder, Cetamura is located ca. 30 km north of The lowest level of deposits suggests and Italic Archaeology and Art, Oxford tyrant of Syracuse, in 384 BCE. Siena, on the property of the Badia a that the well was dug to this depth has actively sought to raise the profile of Excavation began at Pyrgi in 1956, Coltibuono (Gaiole in Chianti). The around the beginning of the third centu- the Etruscans in the study of the ancient after fragments of terracotta sculptures, world both within and outside its walls. Above, a wooden beam is prepared for hoisting. continued on page 6 antefixes, and painted tiles were discov- Students now have the option of taking ered in an area a few hundred meters undergraduate and postgraduate courses south of the Castle of Santa Severa. on Etruscan Italy as part of their Thanks to an agreement between the degrees, including a new paper on Soprintendenza Beni Archeologica per Etruscan art taught with the collections l’Etruria Meridionale and La Sapienza of the local Ashmolean Museum and University of Rome, Massimo Oxford University Museum of Natural Pallottino immediately began excava- History, due to the kind support of key tion at the site, with the help of staff. The Haynes Lecture also contin- Giovanni Colonna, who served as the ues to be a highlight of the annual excavation’s field director and later suc- Oxford calendar, with Prof. Larissa Site of Pyrgi. continued on page 4 Sybille Haynes continued on page 28 LETTERS TO THE EDITORS

Dear Editors: Dear Editors: I had the most wonderful time in I am in Tunis, teaching a course in a Florence. The sky was blue every day Master’s Program in Museum Studies and I did so much walking. Though I and the archaeology of Tunisia. it is thir- loved the exhibit at the Archaeology ty hours of classes in November. I will Museum there (and the special exhibit also take advantage of the opportunity on the Medici collections), I found of presenting the new case they have set myself excited over the Museum of the up in the Bardo Museum, on “Carthage Novecento. The combination of audio, and the Etruscans.” (see photo). movies, and documentary footage was After this, I will go to Rome, where my amazing. book on bucchero is being published by I took the train round trip one day to L’Erma di Bretschneider. see the Etruscans in Bologna. The Best wishes, exhibit is very involved with the evolu- Jean Gran Aymerich tion of Etruscan Bologna and the history November 10, 2014 of the city. Again, the technical presen- The Etruscans experience a polar vortex tation is something else: there were probably only 20 or fewer actual pieces Jean Gran-Aymerich with students at the Bardo Museum in Tunis. in the entire exhibition, but film and audio fill the space and the rooms. The “show” at the end was an unbelievable Note from the Editors: While in Tunis, experience. I was alone in this relative- Professor Gran Aymerich also gave a ly large room as the clocks went back in lecture on “La Femme Étrusque: du time, ending with the disintegration of Louvre à Carthage,” November 12, the Sarcophagus of the Spouses floating 2014. all around me. I am having trouble getting used to all of this. Every new exhibit in ETRUSCAN NEWS Florence had so many videos and sound Editorial Board, Issue #17, January 2015 and so forth. I guess I have to get used to a new way of looking and experienc- ing. Editor-in-Chief Jane Whitehead [email protected] Con affetto, Barb Modern and Classical Languages Barbara Johnson Valdosta State University tainment (in the best sense). Valdosta, GA 31698 Congratulations! Some weeks ago I gave a lecture on President of the U.S. Larissa Bonfante [email protected] the Etruscans in the town hall of Section of the Istituto Classics Department Kumberg and my wife displayed there di Studi Etruschi ed New York University some of her "Etruscan" pictures. Italici, ex officio 100 Washington Square East Enclosed please find two of them: Silver Building, Room 503 "Little Arntha and the birds," and New York, NY 10003 "Where am I?” (shown below). All the best! Franz Language Page Editor Rex Wallace [email protected] Dr. phil. Franz Zebinger Classics Department Eichenweg 2 University of Massachusetts Dear Editors: A-8062 Kumberg Amherst, MA 01003 The winter 2014 issue of Etruscan News is a very rich, informative and Book Review Editor Francesco de Angelis [email protected] exhilarating one. And often eye-open- Art History and Archaeology ing: I like most the photo of Larissa, Eve Columbia University Gran-Aymerich and the crater of Vix. New York, NY 10027 OK, one knows that the vessel contains 1,100 liters, but I didn`t imagine it that Layout-Design Editor Gary Enea [email protected] huge! Or the lying "boys" of Riace! Where else can one see such pictures? Submissions, news, pictures, or other material appropriate to this newsletter may Those optical "revelations" are really be sent to any of the editors listed above. The email address is preferred. unique. For submissions guidelines, see Etruscan News 3 (2003). I think the mystery of E.N. is the good mixture of scientific earnestness Distribution of Etruscan News is made possible through the generosity of and relaxedness, information and enter- NYU’s Center for Ancient Studies. Page 2 Goddess Athena, at the Parthenon, Letter to our Readers October 14, 2014. The lecture was spon- sored by Archaeological Institute of America and the Nashville Parthenon. Dear Readers, The original Nashville Parthenon was built for the Centennial Celebration of Thanksgiving is just past as we write this letter to you. Joining us in working Tennessee’s statehood. It was the center- on this issue has been our current guest editor, Daniele Maras, so the atmosphere piece of the 1897 Fair, and because of its remains festive. popularity, it was preserved by the city, We look forward to the next Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute and restored at various times. The pres- of America to be held in New Orleans, January 9-11, 2015. It will be held as ent Parthenon is in fact the second on usual in conjunction with our sister institution, formerly known as the American the spot; the first was made of stucco Philological Association, now renamed the Society for Classical Studies (SCS). and wood and had deteriorated too The AIA meeting will again feature a session on an Etruscan city, this year badly by 1919 to be restored. It was Tarquinia. The session follows the newly established tradition of focusing on replaced by the permanent, present specific cities, which began with Cerveteri in 2013 and Veii in 2014. Last year, Parthenon in the 1920s. a number of our Italian and American colleagues valiantly braved the elements Situated in Centennial Park, the build- in order to present papers in the Veii session at the meeting in Chicago, but a ing, a full-scale replica of the ancient polar vortex prevented many scholars (see photos below and opposite left), original, functions as an art museum, Full scale model of the statue of including two of our editors, from attending. Because of the weather, Etruscan and sponsors lectures and other cultural Athena in the Parthenon at News could not be shipped from New York; nonetheless we (one of us via activities. In 1990, the full-scale replica Nashville, TN. Larisssa Bonfante Skype) welcomed the panel’s participants at a small gathering, and toasted them of the original statue of Athena in foreground (Photo by Betsey with a modern version of Etruscan beer. Parthenos inside was added, modeled on An important celebration of 2014 was the 50th anniversary of the discovery A. Robinson). the long lost original with the advice of of the Pyrgi tablets in 1964, duly recorded on our front page. Several confer- Larissa Bonfante presented a lecture scholars that included Brunilde ences, lectures, and special events such as the international ceremony of the on human sacrifice, its meaning in a Ridgway, Eve Harrison, and Olga planting of an olive tree, have commemorated the event in Italy. number of cultures, and its power to Palagia. She stands 42 feet (13 m) high, Numerous exhibitions have featured the Etruscans, among them “Treasures protect and destroy, at the feet of the and is covered, like the original, with and Tales of Italy’s Art Recovery Team,” in Wilmington, organized by the goddess — the gold statue of the Great more than eight pounds of gold leaf. International council of Delaware in agreement with Italy’s Guardia di Finanza. Museums in Italy, even though they are under difficult financial constraints, have been remarkably active. Behind the activity of the museums is the tremen- dous energy of the scholars who have organized the various events. At Vetulonia, Simona Rafanelli has organized exhibits, opened the museum to chil- dren, and established a gemellaggio with the Verucchio Museum. In Rome, an important exhibit on the city of Caere took place at the Galleria Nazionale. The Villa Giulia Museum, under the energetic direction of Maria Alfonsina Russo, has been a venue of frenetic activity. The museum at Tarquinia has also been extremely active in presenting numerous lectures and tours. We particularly liked their poster, “Tanaquilla sposa regale.” Etruscan News congratulates Jacopo Tabolli, founder and director of the new virtual museum of Narce (MAVNA), which was awarded a site preservation grant by the AIA for the preservation and outreach of the ancient Faliscan town

Etruscan Veii: New Discoveries AIA Chicago 2014. From left, Orlando of Narce. The museum has from the beginning found imaginative ways to Cerasuolo, Alessandra Piergrossi, Annette Rathje, Gilda Bartoloni, involve the community as well as visitors. Jacopo Tabolli, Iefke van Kampen, Ingrid Edlund-Berry.(photo S.Schwarz). The Etruscan museum of Cortona, whose history stretches back to 1727, has recently been the venue for the important exhibition “Seduzione Etrusca,” SUBSCRIPTION FORM organized by the British Museum. The first part of the exhibit described the The suggested contribution for an individual subscription to Etruscan News is $25.00 Grand Tour and told the story of an 18th century collection of antiquities from a per year. ($50.00 per year for institutions (multiple copies). stately home in England as an introduction to the exhibition, to which the British We welcome donations of any amount. Please remit this form with a check payable to: museum sent the largest number of objects ever sent abroad. These included a ISSEI- Etruscan News, to Larissa Bonfante, Classics Department, 100 Washington remarkable recent acquisition, brought to the attention of the Cortona Museum Square East, Silver Building , Room 503, New York University, New York, NY 10003. by our own editor Gary Enea: a bronze tablet with an Etruscan inscription iden- Please send me Etruscan News. I would like ______subscriptions at $ 25.00 each. I would also like to make a donation of______to help develop and expand the tical to one on a lead tablet that has long been housed in the Cortona Museum. projects at the U.S section of the Istituto di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. The organizer of the show on the BM end, Judith Swaddling, has written a brief report for this issue. The total amount enclosed is______We know that many of you read the newsletter online, but we love the print edition, which we try valiantly to distribute, and we want to remind you that we Name:______very much welcome paid subscriptions from loyal readers.

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Page 3 ARCHAEOCAT Pyrgi, continued from page 1 The gold tablets date from ca. 510 ceeded him as the chair of Etruscan BCE and are connected with the con- Studies at La Sapienza. struction and dedication of Temple B During the first few years of the dig, and the surrounding precinct and sacred the excavators uncovered the founda- structures: referred to as “temple” and tions of two temples, which were “sanctuary” in the Etruscan text (tmia ~ labeled Temple A and Temple B. The heramaśva) and “sacred place” and temples were surrounded by a precinct “temple/sanctuary” in the Phoenician that included additional buildings, all of text (’šr qdš ~ bt). which gave the site an impressive mon- The Phoenician inscription (1b) umental layout. refers to the dedication of a sacred place 50 years ago, in July 1964, three in the sanctuary by Thefarie Velianas, gold tablets incised with inscriptions the king of Caere, who dedicated it to were discovered in a small precinct the goddess Astarte either as a sign of close to Temple B, in the open space in gratitude or in answer to her request. front of Temple A. The smaller sacred The Etruscan text shares this general area, hosting two altars, one for heaven- meaning but with some differences, to Crumbs Horsfall versus Lola Bonfante in ly deities and one for chthonic deities, start with the name of the goddess that an archaeologist’s bookcase standoff. was ritually closed in the 3rd c. BCE. corresponds to the Etruscan Uni. The sacred buildings were dismantled The Phoenician text indicates that POETRY and an enclosure was constructed using the sacred place was made and given “in terracottas from the roof decoration of the month of sacrifice to the sun-god.” the temple B. The gold tablets were In the corresponding Etruscan text (1a), deposited in this precinct, along with a the date of the dedication is provided by bronze lamina inscribed with an a reference to a month (ilacve tulerase, Etruscan text (an invocation or a prayer probably June). A second date in the according to G. Colonna.) Etruscan text (teśiameitale ilacve Two of the tablets were inscribed in alśase, perhaps in July) corresponds to Etruscan, one in Phoenician. The the Phoenician phrase “in the month of Etruscan inscriptions are cited below, KRR, on the day of the burial of the the longer inscription in (1a), the shorter deity.” This date may refer to the inau- inscription in (2). The Phoenician guration of the temple, when a sacred inscription is in (1b), whose text is a ceremony or ritual was celebrated. paraphrase of the longer Etruscan text. Tulerase might be the “month of the In what follows we review the current boundaries,” and the word teśiameitale state of our understanding of the texts. might refer to a meaning of “burial.” The concept of the burial of a deity (1a) Etruscan Tablet 1 is apparently unknown to the Etruscan ita . tmia . icac . he|ramaśva . culture and has been connected by most vatieχe | unialastres . θemia|sa . meχ. scholars to the myth and cult of Adonis, θuta . θefa|riei . velianas . sal | cluve- which originates in Near-Eastern reli- nias . turu|ce . munistas . θuvas | gion (see lastly Philip Schmitz). tameresca . ilacve . | tulerase . nac . ci . In the Phoenician text, the year of avi|l . χurvar . teśiameita|le . ilacve . the dedication is in the third year of alśase | nac . atranes . zilac|al . seleitala Thefarie’s reign. The Etruscan text . acnaśv|ers . itanim . heram|ve . avil . appears to refer to the dedication by ref- eniaca . pul|umχva (ET Cr 4.4) erence to the three years of the “magis- tracy *seleita” of Thefarie. (1b) Phoenician Tablet The final sentence of the Etruscan l-rbt l-‘štrt ’šr qdš | ’z ’š p‘l, w-’š text (1a) mentions the number of ytn | tbry’ wlnš mlk ‘l | kyšry’ b-yrḥ pulumχva that mark the years of the zbḥ existence of Temple B. This is appar- šmš, b-mtn’ b-bt, wbn | tw k-‘štrt ently a reference to the ritual of clavi- ’rš b-dy | l-mlky šnt šlš, b-y | rḥ krr, b- fixio, which was performed every year ym qbr by the priests in the sanctuary in order to ’lm w-šnt lm’š ’lm | b-bty šnt km h mark the flow of time (such as the ritual kkb m’l (ET Cr 4.4) described by Livy (Ab Urbe condita, 7.3.6-7), which took place in the (2) Etruscan Tablet 2 Capitoline temple at Rome and in the nac . θefarie . vel|iiunas . θamuce | temple of the goddess Nortia at cleva . etanal . | masan . tiur | unias . Volsinii). śelace . v|acal . tmial . a|vilχval . amuc|e The Etruscan word pulumχva has . pulumχv|a . snuiaφ (ET Cr 4.5) been compared with a phrase in the by Rika Lesser Phoenician continued on page 20 Page 4 ARTICLES The White Stone Circles found by Falchi on the Poggio al Bello in 1886, was covered by a non-local of Vetulonia sand, perhaps for its protection. by Simona Rafanelli The stone circle, which defines and circumscribes on the ground a conse- “Around the pyre they planted a ring crated funerary space reserved for mem- of stone revetments, piled the loose bers of a community endowed with the earth high in a mound above the ring, same rights, is the sign, in the words of and once they’d heaped the barrow Giovannangelo Camporeale, of the turned to leave…” Iliad XXIII, 249 ff. organization of an emerging social class (Robert Fagles translation). based on birth. Stone circles can be understood as The scene described by Homer the expression of a social distinction effectively evokes the sequence of oper- already evident in the concentration of ations involved in raising a tumulus, hut urns in the interrupted circles of starting with the tracing of a circle on rough stones, and perhaps as evidence the ground. The stone circle isolates the of a particular role held in life by the space of the dead from the rest of the deceased in the community – a pater community, of the living as well as of familias, head of a Curia, or founder of the dead. Yet the circle also encloses, Vetulonia, white stones slabs surround Tomba a circolo del Duce III. a family group. In the necropolis of the and this becomes clear when one Poggio della Guardia, the stone circle ings. The Circles therefore represented burials. (photo by Opaxir) remembers that other individuals have the continuation of both the “interrupted The interrupted circles of rough physically marks the “phenomenon of the right to share that space according to circles” of stone of the Villanovan stones, found by Falchi in 1886 exclu- the aristocratic alienation of community a phenomenon already affirmed in Period, and the “foreign depositions,” sively on the Poggio alla Guardia, were land reserved for burials,” and ulti- Greece in the Bronze Age, as the great mately glorifies the burial of a single with the most ancient attestation of meant to contain within a widely spaced circles of Mycenae seem to show. In important person or of his limited fami- imported products within Vetulonian circle of sandstones a fixed series of Etruria the phenomenon occurs with a ly nucleus. The individual objects that certain frequency in the Orientalizing form the personal adornment of the Period. But the earliest attestation of deceased are endowed with magnifi- this inclusive connotation of the circle is cence and splendor, while the banquet documented at Vetulonia. service and furnishings symbolize his Toward the end of the XIX century, high social rank and that of his family. Isodoro Falchi devoted a chapter of his The ultimate proofs of this are the silver book Vetulonia e la sua necropoli cinerary urn and the amber necklaces antichissima to the scattered tombs, from the Circolo del Duce; the glass which were composed almost exclusive- paste jewels and the miniature Egyptian ly of stone circles, and observed that, idol from the Circle of Bes; the horse although much has been written about Bronze cauldron (lebes) from tomba a Circolo dei Lebeti di Vetulonia. trappings, chariot, and gold jewelry of the enclosures that delimit a sepulchral pozzetti containing biconical cinerary tion of deposits speaks for an orientation the deceased woman in the Circolo dei area in Italy and elsewhere, the Circles urns or (more frequently) ceramic or toward the wharves in the swampy gulf, Acquastrini; the insignia of power that of Vetulonia are different in their con- impasto hut urns, or one central hole and for the emergence of people or gave its name to the Circolo del Trident; struction and their character. In the para- filled to the brim with exotic objects. In groups dedicated to commerce and mar- and finally, from the Circolo dei Lebèti, graph dedicated to these continuous cir- contrast, the “white stone circles” were itime trade. the bronze cauldrons decorated with cles of white stones, Falchi stresses this achieved with the aid of a compass on a The final link in this evolutionary griffins’ heads and handles in the form diversity, shown by their exterior cord, and present a continuous sequence chain, from the foreign deposits to the of Sirens with women’s heads, and male appearance as well as by the particular of equal, white slabs of living rock, circles of interrupted stones, were the Janus-like figures of sophisticated sumptuousness of the funerary offer- fixed one next to another in the virgin “white stone circles,” with a diameter Eastern manufacture. soil and slightly curved toward the out- between 15 and 20 meters. They could Double headed male Siren. side, in a wedge, fitted with chips creat- contain one or more graves of different Detail, head of griffin protome. ed in the cutting of the slabs. dimensions and depths. These graves Falchi also identifies the locations of lack stone revetments or covers, but these funerary structures: starting with they held magnificent funerary furnish- the Poggio alla Guardia, they stretch ings made of valuable materials such as forth toward the vast plain occupied in bronze, amber, gold, silver, ivory, along antiquity by the basin of the Lago Prile, with ceramics, placed symmetrically today the Padule di Castiglione della and neatly at the bottom. These were Pescaia. In the Agro Vetuloniese in the often separated according to class of Orientalizing Period, the tombs clus- material, as in the Circle of the Trident, tered around the small Lake of Accesa, and covered with stones. On the other and extended in the direction of the min- hand, Falchi notes that the most presti- ing area of Serrabottini and Fenice gious deposit, that of the Tomba del Capanne. As for Vetulonia, the distribu- Duce, the first “white stone circle” Page 5 Holy Waters, continued from page 1 items that need conservation, the situlae ry BCE and was in continuous use until are undergoing treatment in the labora- the first century CE. There are at least tory of Prof. Marosi at Studio Art six phases of usage during the Etruscan Centres International (SACI) in and Roman periods, amounting to a Florence. span of nearly 400 years. Above that The well-preserved organic materials was found an enormous amount of fill from the well at Cetamura are of espe- of brick, tile, stone and rubbish in gen- cial interest. Notice has been made eral, probably the results of dismantling before in Etruscan News of the discov- and discarding the remains of Etruscan ery of waterlogged grape seeds; the final and Roman buildings (e.g., the Roman count of these is ca. 430 pips, found in baths) during the Middle Ages. five of the six phases, including both Cetamura, known for the Sanctuary of Etruscan and Roman. Their great value the Etruscan Artisans sacred to Lur and for the investigation of the history of Leinth discovered in 2006 on the lower viticulture in ancient Chianti is yet to be Zone II, has demonstrated with the new delineated, but it is clear they provide a discoveries the sacred nature of the site unique situation. They are under study at this higher level. As yet no sacred in the laboratory of Gaetano Di buildings have been confirmed on that Four situlae and an amphora, on display at the conference in Siena. Pasquale at the University of Naples zone, but there can be no doubt that the Federico II by Chiara Comegna, who well was filled with ritual objects, disc inscribed in Latin. The cultural of simple discarding. has applied a photography program for including hundreds of miniature clay material from the well is under intensive The numerous bronze situlae — ten the tiny seeds that allows for magnifica- vessels, more than 125 tokens of ceram- research by Cetamura collaborators Roman, two certainly Etruscan and tion, from which the remarkable varia- Cheryl Sowder of Jacksonville, Lora probably a third as well — are of vary- Holland and Laurel Taylor of the ing shapes and sizes and dates, and also University of North Carolina at of varying conditions of preservation. Asheville, and students at UNC-A and Many other parts associated with situ- FSU. lae, such as bronze handles, iron collars, Many of the objects were doubtless lead feet in the shape of a cockle shell or offered one at a time by those who a rectangle, and a bronze handle attach- inhabited the site or by visitors who may ment were found separated from any have come to Cetamura for market or vessels. While it is logical to assume for purely religious reasons. One phase that the buckets simply fell in when they showed such an enormous quantity of were being used to extract water, it is material that it suggested an episode of quite conceivable that the parts that can- systematic discarding or dumping, per- not be connected with any vessel were haps the cleaning of a sacred area in offerings. Further, one of the Etruscan A well-preserved wooden knob order to deposit the materials in a conse- situlae (labeled L) is actually a wine Remnants of an Etruscan wine from the Etruscan levels of the crated water source, a practice known bucket, with fine tooling and sculptured bucket (Situla L) from Cetamura, well. commonly at temples, where a cistern or handle attachments in the form of the showing the rim, the base and a ic and stone, nearly 100 knucklebones other receptacle so utilized was called a monster Skylla; it does not seem to be handle attachment in the form of of sheep and pig, 70 coins of bronze and favissa. In addition to these two aspects utilitarian. Situla M was also decorated the sea monster Skylla. silver, and an astonishing variety of of deposits — the direct offering and the with sculpture, with the head of a feline objects that bear comparison with votive favissa — there must have been random attached to the bottom, and African tions in them can be seen. Already it offerings at other sites. These include a dropping or losing of objects in the well, heads (sphinxes?) for handle attach- seems likely that there are at least three phallic amulet of carved bone, a prehis- and perhaps occasional intentional acts ments. Along with numerous other different types. toric serpentine axe, a Roman silver Of equal importance are the hundreds Conference at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Santa Maria della spoon, rings of bone, iron and bronze, of specimens of wood coming especial- ring stones of glass, a miniature bronze Scala, Siena. Nancy de Grummond chats with Debora Barbagli of the ly from the Etruscan levels, some pieces calf or bull, the handle of an Etruscan museum and Ichnos excavators Lorenzo Cecchini and Andrea Violetti. worked and quite recognizable, for wine strainer, tools of bone, bronze and example, a knob, a spool, a spatula, and iron, 42 ceramic weights of varying a number of fragments of an Etruscan sizes, and many hundreds of fragments wooden bucket. A dramatic find near of iron — sometimes recognizable the bottom of the well, where many of objects, sometimes severely corroded the wood finds were concentrated, was a fragments, sometimes lumps of slag. A beam of wood some 85 cm long. No staggering amount of pottery in black hypothesis regarding its usage will be gloss, red gloss, grey ware, amphorae, made until analysis is performed. All of lamps and local fabrics help to deter- the wood from the Cetamura well is mine the dating of the various phases. now under study under the care of Many ceramic items had sigla (graffiti) Gianna Giachi at Pisa in the laboratory incised upon them, of interest for writ- of the Soprintendenza per i Beni ing and ritual meanings at Cetamura. Archeologici della Toscana. Also intriguing is a polished serpentine A great quantity of animal bones was Page 6 Feline from Etruscan Bronze Situla M. found, of pig, sheep/goat, and cow, and of birds such as chicken, pigeon, goose, swan, owl (two kinds) and songbirds, identified by faunal specialists Ornella Fig. 1 Fonzo and Chiara Corbino. Their stud- ies thus far suggest that the Etruscan Images of Childbirth in Fig. 2 food supply at Cetamura was boosted by Antiquitiy childbirths were attended by figures fishing and hunting of wild boar and by Chiara Terranova such as Thalna and Thanr, who are deer, while the Romans relied more on always present in scenes of childbirth or poultry. Numerous antlers of deer, both There is nothing more imperfect, divine birth, Alpnu and Ethausva, who worked and unworked, suggest artisanal wretched, naked, shapeless, impure than correspond to the Greek Eileithyia. Fig. 3 and cult activity. the sight of a human child at the moment These divinities, together with Uni easily if every possible knot or obstacle of his birth: nature has given him an (identified, according to the interpreta- to the birth was eliminated. Then, too, impure route toward the light, one soiled tio Romana, with Juno Lucinia, who the Etruscan woman on the tiny Poggio with blood and full of filth, and, because brings babies “to the light”), were tradi- Colla image is depicted alone with the he seems dead rather than just born, no tionally associated with the protection child emerging from her womb. In one wants to touch him, pick him up and of the woman and child at the time of Greece she was normally accompanied kiss him except the one who loves him by birth. or assisted by midwives or goddesses. nature (De amore prolis, 3, 496 b). The theme of childbirth in Etruria Etruscan art shows only divine births With these words Plutarch explains how has recently returned to the spotlight assisted by such divine midwives. giving birth represented a moment in the thanks to an extraordinary find from the The crouching position, which these life of a Greek woman in which all those excavation of the site of Poggio Colla, images have in common, was associated who were involved were contaminated, an Archaic Etruscan settlement in the with childbirth ever since the Paleolithic and thus needed divine protection. Even valley of the Mugello (Florence). This age. Egyptian culture represented the earlier than Plutarch, Euripides, was a small fragment of bucchero of notion of giving birth by the figure of a denouncing the conditions in which about 600 BC, which depicted the image woman crouching, while a statuette of a Athenian women lived, caused his of a woman in the act of giving birth to woman giving birth, of unknown date Medea to exclaim, “I would rather enter a baby (fig. 1). The parts of the baby and provenience, was found in Ecuador Carved bone phallic amulet pen- battle a thousand times than give birth being born, the head and shoulders, are (fig. 3), showing that quite different cul- dant of a type found in Italy, once.” He was evoking a well-known clearly visible, while the woman is tures had a similarly realistic manner of France, Spain and Sardegna. Spartan law that compared women who shown with her face in profile and her perceiving and representing childbirth, (150-50 BCE). had died in childbirth to soldiers fallen right arm raised, perhaps in the act of using a type of image going back to the in battle. Only these two social cate- grasping the plant that surrounds the Paleolithic. gories were granted the right to inscribe scene. The pose of the woman giving In Etruria the proximity of such their names on their tombs as a perma- birth is similar to that of a woman finds to local cult places suggests that nent memorial. shown in a splendid Greek votive relief they had a religious meaning. Near the Childbirth was a moment when a of the fifth century BC (fig. 2). acropolis of Poggio Colla were found woman confronted her fate alone, even This exceptional find is one of the the remains of sacrificed piglets, ani- though she was in the company of other most ancient depictions of childbirth mals that in Greece were sacrificial women and attended by goddesses known so far – the others are a offerings to fertility goddesses. Near the whose role was to protect her life and Paleolithic figure, and the one on the sit- sanctuary of Colle Arsiccio, a statuette that of her child. ula dell’Alpago. A noteworthy differ- representing a female figure pressing What did it mean for a woman, ence between the Greek and Etruscan her breasts, a gesture related to nursing, whether human or divine, to give birth scenes of childbirth is the fact that the is related to votive statuettes of swad- in ancient Etruria; and what symbolic, Etruscan woman – whether divine or dled babies or seated children. religious, or social values were attrib- human – is depicted with her hair bound Numerous healing sanctuaries of central uted in Etruria to the moment of child- into a kind of ponytail. This hairstyle Italy have yielded rich series of terracot- birth? To understand how the Etruscans contrasts with the custom in Greece of ta votive anatomicals, including many perceived the moment of childbirth as showing the mother’s hair loosened dur- images of swaddled babies or uteri, necessitating divine protection we can ing childbirth. Religious concepts which are clearly associated with the examine a series of mirrors depicting underlie this Greek practice, for the crucial moment of childbirth and the Bronze handle of a pitcher from the divine births of Minerva, Bacchus, loosening of the hair meant that the need for divine protection for women a Roman level of the well. Venus, Adonis, and Maris. Even these woman would be able to give birth more and children in the ancient world. Page 7 could refer to a final moment of the Dance and Visual System komos while the wearing of the cloak on in the Tomba delle the shoulders by the woman at the left could refer to an initial moment when Leonesse in Tarquinia movements are not amplified yet. by Audrey Gouy Consequently, we can also suggest that particular figures could be in charge of In 1998 Françoise-Hélène Massa- the opening of the ritual, while others Pairault proposed a new study of the would be in charge of the ending. Tomba delle Leonesse in Tarquinia1 (fig. It also seems possible to suggest a 1). She emphazised in particular the sense of visual process of the entire organization of the iconographic pro- iconographic program of the tomb. The gram and took up Francesco Roncalli’s central crater seems to be the departure idea that the center of the back wall is point for a visual system conceived marked by a vertical axis constituted of from the left, from the female figure the painted console, the painted crater Fig.1 represented in an initial moment of the and the niche.2 I would like to focus on komos. Then it continues on the left the dance scene, which seems to be a Fig.1: (Top) Tarquinia, Tomba wall, and then on the right, before end- komos. It appears to be central to the delle Leonesse, c. 520 BC, back ing with the jumping couple at the right entire iconographic program of the wall. Fig.2: (Below) Tarquinia, of the back wall. This hypothesis can be tomb, in particular by its position on the Tomba della Caccia e della Pesca, backed up by the men’s posture on the back wall and in the center of the visual circa 510 BC, right wall, detail. side walls. Those on the left wall are system. Furthermore this iconographic (Right) Tarquinia, Tomba 5591, oriented to the left while those on the right are oriented to the right.8 So the program could help us to better under- 500-490 BC, left wall, detail. stand the komos’ movements and its rit- iconographic program of the Tomba ual importance. Fig.3: (Right) Tarquinia, Tomba delle Leonesse appears as an envelope Two musicians are arranged around dei Giocolieri, c. 510 BC, right program or an immersive device which a central crater. To the left a female fig- wall, detail. surrounded the deceased, and this ure is shown with legs apart and arms back over the chest. The female figure maybe with a ritual and propitiatory symmetrically pointing in opposing on the right is dressed with a long and scope.9 Thus, the visual system of the directions. This suggests a very limited transparent chiton. The two female tomb seems to be composed of two movement. The right forearm is oriented dancers seem to wear two different axes, one vertical and one horizontal. upward and the hand points downward, types of clothing. The first is like the And in the center the dance is like a the wrist stretched almost 180 degrees, one worn by the female figure at the left. visual link between the two axes. The forming thus an important flexion. The The second type of clothing is com- dance scene appears in an intermediary left forearm points down and the hand is posed of two overlapping tunics. The iconographical position, which might turned to the inside and points upward. first tunic is transparent and over it a Fig.3 provide information on its social and The legs indicate brisk movements, second tunic is tinted in red and blue, as religious marginal position. while the hands, incredibly flexed, seem We can suggest that the entire pat- to emphasize the drawings and the tern and in particular the vertical axis arabesques – or cheironomia – which are a metaphor for the funerary ritual accompany the movement of the arms. and of the deceased’s destiny in the To the right, the gestures of the man and hereafter. As we discussed above, the woman are clearly opposed to those of komos was characterized by a gradation the woman on the left. They are shown of movements. Beginnings seem jumping up, performing a leap, in a sim- marked by calm steps before becoming ilar way with the painted dancers in the brisk and then orgiastic. The scope was first room of the Tomba della Caccia e to enter into state of ecstasy, to another della Pesca3 in Tarquinia, or in the reality, and to a marginal state. This Tomba 55914 (fig. 2). One of their legs physical performance in this context is flexed and raised high in front of would have a religious and funerary them. The arms are pointing in oppos- scope, probably to enter into communi- ing directions. One is pointed down, cation with the deceased.10 The komos another is flexed and pointing upward. – opened by one or several women with The posture is characteristic of the end tunic, cloak and tutulus, and closed by 6th century B.C. and tends to look simi- orgiastic dancers – in a funerary context lar to some sports postures. Fig.2 may have had the function of supporting The study of female clothes may the dead in the hereafter and to helping give complementary information to the on the right wall in the Tomba dei shoulder before being knoted around the him reach the world of the dead. So by clear opposition of movements.5 The Giocoglieri6 (fig. 3). Putting the iconog- chest to perform the dance movements the means of its ritual and efficient ges- two female figures wear different raphy of Etruscan dance into series more easily.7 In the second case, the tures and movements it would con- clothes. The left one wears a light and reveals that these clothes are represent- upper tunic is removed and only the sec- tribute to a transformation of the dead floral patterns-adorned chiton and a ed according to the moment of the dance ond one, transparent and lighter, is kept. to deify him and to permanently aggre- long blue and red himation held in place shown. With the first type of clothes, So here, the wearing of the transparent gate him to the world of the dead. on the shoulders by two pieces pulled the himation can be placed on one chiton only by the woman at the right continued on page 21 Page 8 perfectly preserved wooden seat. As Earliest known wooden soon as we started to uncover it there toilet seat discovered at was no doubt at all on what we had found. It is made from a very well Vindolanda worked piece of wood and looks pretty comfortable. Now we need to find the Finding something that you can toilet that went with it as Roman loos relate to is always a special moment on are fascinating places to excavate - their an archaeological dig. At Vindolanda drains often contain astonishing arte- this is a common occurrence, a site facts. Let’s face it, if you drop some- where the special qualities lie not only thing down a Roman latrine you are in the discovery of gold and silver or unlikely to attempt to fish it out unless artefacts which relate to the military you are pretty brave or foolhardy.” might of the Roman Army but also of Discoveries at Vindolanda from everyday ordinary items which nearly latrines have included a baby boot, 2000 years later become extraordinary coins, a betrothal medallion, and a to the modern day visitors, volunteers bronze lamp. Archaeologists now need and archaeologists alike. Personal let- to find a ‘spongia’ the natural sponge on ters, worn shoes, baby booties, socks, a stick which Romans used instead of combs, jewellery, tools and textiles are Ancient Roman wooden latrine toilet seat as found in situ. toilet paper, and with over 100 years of just some of the items preserved in a across the Roman Empire but this is the construction of Hadrian’s Wall start- archaeology remaining and the unique remarkable condition that provide you believed to be the only surviving wood- ed in the early second century. conditions for the preservation of such with a unique window into the lives of en seat, almost perfectly preserved in Dr Birley commented on the find, organic finds a discovery may just be people stationed at this most northern the anaerobic, oxygen free, conditions “there is always great excitement when possible. outpost of the Roman Empire. which exist at Vindolanda. Although you find something that has never been The wooden seat will take up to 18 Now archaeologists have another this wooden seat is not as grand as a seen before, and this discovery is won- months to conserve and once this piece of this very personal human hoard marble or stone toilet bench, it would be derful....” Andrew went on to say, “We process is complete the artefact will be at Vindolanda, a wooden latrine (toilet) far more comfortable to sit on in the know a lot about Roman toilets from put on display at the Roman Army seat, was discovered by the Director of cool climate of Britannia. The seat has previous excavations at the site and Museum. Excavations, Dr Andrew Birley, in the clearly been well used and was decom- from the wider Roman world which Source: Adapted and edited from a deep pre-Hadrianic trenches at missioned from its original purpose and have included many fabulous Roman press release of the Vindolanda Trust, Vindolanda. There are many examples discarded amongst the rubbish left latrines but never before have we had “Earliest known wooden toilet seat dis- of stone and marble seat benches from behind in the final fort at the site before the pleasure of seeing a surviving and covered at Vindolanda.”

Alcohol archaeology: spices that would have been available: tery fragments from Honduras, dated to beverage with heritage saffron, cardamom, bitter vetch, cumin. 1400 BC. Its cacao aroma will go nicely A conversation with Patrick In a competition among microbreweries with the bird, a bit like a chocolate mole McGovern to recreate the beverage, Delaware- over chicken – a Mexican favorite. based Dogfish Head used the best-qual- What about for a beach barbecue? Resurrecting ancient beers and ity saffron as their bittering agent, as If you were barbecuing fish or wines is a subtle alchemy, but Patrick well as Greek honey made from thyme shrimp, I’d go for Midas Touch. It’s a McGovern knows all the tricks. Who’s blossom. Their winning beverage was little like white wine, and it has deli- for an Etruscan ale? on the sweet side, but the saffron gave it cious, piquant qualities which I think How did you start making ancient aromatic properties. would go well with fish. For barbecued drinks? How does ancient booze compare steak, I’d go for our early Etruscan ale, One of the first we made was the with the modern stuff? Etrusca, whose recreation is based on Midas beverage, based on residues in Ancient beverages tended to be evidence from 2800-year-old tombs in bronze vessels recovered from the much more multidimensional. People central Italy. Its backbone is malted Midas tomb in Turkey, which dates from didn’t necessarily specialize in one bev- heirloom barley and wheat, but it also 700 BC. These pointed to an unusual erage; the wine industry was inseparable has hazelnut flour and pomegranate, Patrick McGovern at Penn drink combining wine, barley beer and from the beer and mead industry in the which would be a good match for the mead. There were also food remains in Museum of Archaeology. earliest periods. Also, they wanted to be beef. It even contains myrrh, for an the tomb that suggested a barbecued ucts: tartaric acid is a fingerprint com- sure they had enough sugar to get the added Christmas motif. lamb or goat stew with lentils and pound for grapes in the Middle East, for fermentation going, so they took what- Profile: Patrick McGovern directs spices. We tried to recreate the funerary example, while calcium oxalate points ever they had that contained sugar and the Biomolecular Archaeology Project feast as a way of bringing the past to to the presence of barley beer. mixed them together. for Cuisine, Fermented Beverages and life. What did the Midas beverage Which of your recreations would Health, at the University of How do you go about recreating a taste like? you pair with a traditional turkey Pennsylvania Museum. Many of his drink? We knew the three basic components roast? ancient brews are sold by Dogfish Head People give me either samples of – grapes, barley and honey – but we did- The turkey is an American bird, so brewery in Delaware. pottery or residues from ancient vessels n’t know what the bittering agent was. It I’d propose having your English possibly used for making, storing or couldn’t be hops, as they only became Christmas dinner with our American drinking a fermented beverage. I identi- available in Europe around AD 700, so ancient ale, Theobroma, which was fy the markers of specific natural prod- we looked at the eastern Mediterranean recreated by chemical analysis of pot-

Page 9 MUSEUM NEWS Poseidon exhibition. He got the job and, hauling in nets at water’s edge while far- Review: Poseidon’s eventually, the trident (above) for the ther ashore, people offer obeisance to ancient, powerful world show, along with about 100 more choice Poseidon at a small outdoor shrine. on view at Tampa objects on loan from major museums. Small boats were placed in tombs and One of the earliest is a ceramic carved onto marble sarcophagi to con- Museum of Art alabastron, used to hold cosmetic oil, nect the dead with the divine Poseidon. by Lennie Bennett, Tampa Times from around 580 B.C., adorned with an In ancient Greece and Italy, the sea (Adapted by the Editors) image of Poseidon (always with his tri- was an important form of transportation dent) riding a hippocamp, a water crea- and source of food, and household items “Poseidon and the Sea: Myth, Cult ture that was part horse and part fish, a were constant reminders of its impor- and Daily Life” at the Tampa Museum reference to his dominion over the sea tance. Plates, flasks and other containers of Art, shows 125 objects dating from and horses. are decorated with specific fish indige- 800 B.C. to 400 A.D. and encompassing Poseidon was one of 12 Olympian nous to the Mediterranean. An askos, a the Greek, Etruscan and Roman cul- gods who, according to legend, defeated small clay vessel used to pour oil, is tures. the Giants, a race said to be of human fashioned in the shape of a lobster claw, The subtitle, “Myth, Cult and Daily proportions but with inordinate strength. and glass flasks are blown into fish Life,” describes the organization of the Two amphorae (a decorated amphora shapes. One of the most charming show, with objects illustrating the was usually used to hold wine during objects in the exhibition is a fish-shaped Poseidon myth, those used to honor and meals) illustrate the moment in the epic askos that has, in addition to a spout, a worship him and those reflecting his battle, known as the Gigantomachy, small handle and lip for drinking. influence day to day in people’s lives. when Poseidon broke off part of an Pevnick speculates (and with antiqui- Greeting us at the entrance to the island and crushed Polybotes, burying ties, so much is speculation) that, given show is an almost life-size marble statue itous. Seth D. Pevnick, the museum’s him beneath the earth. The rumbles of its proportions, it was the ancient ver- with Poseidon’s signature curly mane chief curator and the Richard E. Perry earthquakes were believed to be his sion of a child’s sippy cup. and beard (see right). A dolphin perches curator of Greek and Roman art, was moans. Because water routes were usually beside him on the crest of a wave. It’s formerly a curator at the J. Paul Getty Many more figured exploits scroll faster than land ones, ports in Greece the largest and best-preserved statue of Museum in California before coming to across the surfaces of the black and red and Italy were important trade hubs and him in the United States, a prized part of Tampa. vessels — the enormous kraters used a lot of money changed hands in cities the Tampa Museum of Art’s collection “I had seen many times this huge for mixing wine and water, the drinking lining the coasts. Poseidon’s visage was and the inspiration for the exhibition. … crate with ‘Trident’ stenciled on it. Only cups, the pitchers. stamped into many coins not only Restoration efforts, probably in the 18th colleagues who had worked there a very During times of great import, live because he was a famous figure but also or 19th century, added holes that would long time knew anything about it. It horses were said to be thrown into the as another form of tribute in hopes he affix his signature trident to his body. hadn’t been on view since the early sea as sacrificial offerings to Poseidon, would provide safe passage for ships. The object came to the museum as part 1980s. I got someone to open it up so I but more often, votives were used. There are many examples here and they of the Joseph Veach Noble Collection, could look at it,” he said. Among those in this show are dozens of do have a sameness, but Pevnick pres- which the museum purchased in 1986. That was when the idea of a themed tiny lead fish, arranged in a frame as if ents some of them in a novel and cre- Its 150 works form the core of what is show took hold. When he interviewed swarming in the water. A lovely mosaic, ative way with a terrific map of the area today the finest assembly of antiquities for the curatorial position at the Tampa once inlaid in a Roman villa, is a scene represented in this show dotted with in the Southeast. museum in 2009, knowing about its made from small pieces of stone and coins associated with particular cities Its presence in the show is serendip- superb statue, he laid out a plan for a glass. In the foreground fishermen are and regions. the Fondazione ever since its beginning Mario Bizzarri, in 1957, carrying out excavations in the archeologo fuori dagli necropolis of the Crocifisso del Tufo, schemi and eventually being called to be the Exhibit celebrating the 100th director of the Museum. In those years anniversary of his birth he also reorganized the rich Etruscan Museo Archeologico Claudio Faina di collection of the Museo Civico Orvieto Archeologico, which was at that time September 27 – January 11, 2015 housed in the historic building of the Opera del Duomo. Mario Bizzarri belonged to that hero- He consulted George Dennis’s Cities ic generation of archaeologists of the and Cemeteries of Etruria and D.H. middle of the last century, many of them Lawrence’s Etruscan Places to write a indelibly connected to a particular city: guide that, though based on solid Mario Moretti with Cerveteri, Enrico archaeology, is a pleasure to read even Fiumi with Volterra, Massimo Pallottino today. The chapters in the book Magica with Tarquinia. Etruria on Orvieto and Perugia, which This exhibit was dedicated by the he wrote in 1968 with Claudio Curri, are Fondazione per il Museo “Claudio being reissued by the Nuova Immagine Faina” to Mario Bizzarri on the cente- Mario Bizzari exploring Orvieto’s Etruscan trails on his motorcycle. Editrice di Siena as a separate volume, nary of his birth. He collaborated with with photographs by Raffaele Bencini. x Page 10 agus of the spouses will be featured in a Apa l’Etrusco virtual installation of particular com- sbarca a Roma plexity: its digitized, full-scale recon- struction will be placed in an environ- 23 October 2014 to 22 February 2015 ment of great beauty created by com- Two museums dialogue with each other plex “3D mapping” and an original in real time, thanks to digital installa- soundtrack, composed by Marco tions and virtual windows. Robino. Rome The virtual model of the sarcopha- The National Etruscan Museum of gus will be built and rendered by the Villa Giulia will project - with an instal- new character will be a famous Roman of Etruria — will be presented for the computer Cineca from scans in high res- lation that will become permanent - a actress. first time to the Roman public. olution (laser scans and photogrammet- new edition of the 3D stereo cartoon The film Apa won the first prize Bologna ric reconstructions) edited by “Apa the Etruscan,” by Joshua Cohen FIAMP Unesco (medium-length films The Museum of the History of researchers selected within the network Boetto. The film, “Ati discovers Veio ” for culture) at the Film Festival in Bologna, Palazzo Pepoli, will host an VMusT.net European Network of already in the works, will see the debut Montreal in 2012. exhibition entitled “The Etruscans and Excellence on Virtual Museums. of Ati, cousin of Apa. In the Villa Giulia In addition to the 3D animated film, the journey to the afterlife,” curated by All virtual installations of the exhi- version, new scenes, specially made, tell the Villa Giulia will be installing a virtu- Professor Giuseppe Sassatelli, director bition, both in Bologna is in Rome, are the link between the Etruscans of the al “Certosa situla.” Thanks to a mix of of the Department of History of Culture designed with a focus on portability so North and South. The new character of holograms and stereoscopic projections and Civilization at the University of as to facilitate their performance in Ati will guide viewers from the halls of the famous bronze vase - the original of Bologna. The exhibition will host a international fora and thus spread via the Roman museum to one of the most which is preserved in the selection of the treasures of the National transmedia images of the Museum of important sanctuaries of antiquity, that Archaeological Museum of Bologna Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia. A Villa Giulia and the Etruscan civiliza- of Portonaccio Veii. The voice of the and is one of the symbols of the culture digital clone of the well-known sarcoph- tion. (photos CINECA)

Treasure the Tales illegal smuggling every year. Lt. Col. Treasures and Tales of Italy’s Massimo Rossi, chief in command of the Guardia di Finanza’s art recovery Guardia di Finanza Art team, was in Wilmington for the open- Recovery Team ing of the exhibition in October. “The Grand Opera House, Wilmington, masterpieces…shown in Wilmington Delaware were recovered in cooperation with October 3 – December 21, 2014 other national police forces outside of Reviewed by Mark Nardone Italy, or by foreign museum organiza- tions that believed them to be legal at Priceless antiquities. Ruthless grave the time of their acquisition,” Rossi robbers. High-tech counterfeits. says. “Some of these works of art were International smuggling routes that run ‘grave goods,’ beautiful pieces buried from the necropoleis of Tarquinia, Italy, Lt. Col. Rossi and the Guardia di Finanza’s Art Recovery Team. alongside the dead in Magna Graecia, to the posh auction houses of London, indefatigable agents of the Gruppo Capolavori dell’archeologia: Recuperi, Etruria and Samnium (an area in south- and from the seedy underbelly of the Tutela Patrimonio Archeologico, the art ritrovamenti, confronti (Masterpieces of ern Italy), but also from other lesser- black market to world-renowned muse- recovery team inside the Guardia di Archaeology: Recovery, Findings, known places in Italy.” The exhibit also ums. Ripped from the case files of the Finanza. Comparisons), an exhibition at the included a large number of master for- Guardia di Finanza, stories like these The Guardia di Finanza, with head- Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome in 2013. geries, beautiful pieces of antiquity will be told during Treasures and Tales quarters in Rome, is the Italian law Treasures and Tales marks the first time exposed as fakes by the Guardia di of Italy’s Guardia di Finanza Art enforcement agency that fights financial many of these pieces, reclaimed for Italy Finanza. Recovery Team, a groundbreaking exhi- crime and recovers stolen art and arti- and now in the custody of the Guardia di The exhibit was curated by Prof. bition of priceless works of Etruscan, facts. This exhibit, making its only U.S. Finanza, have been exhibited outside of Giuseppina Ghini, archeologist director Greek and Roman art along with exqui- appearance in Delaware, comes on the their homeland after being recovered. of the Soprintendenza per I Beni site forgeries, on display at The Grand heels of several successful shows of Italian authorities estimate that Italy Archeologici del Lazio, Italy since Opera House in Wilmington, from recovered art in Italy, most recently the loses more than 5,000 pieces of art to 1981. She is also the director of the October 3 to December 21, 2014. Each Museo delle Navi Romane in Nemi and ancient vase, mosaic and statue tells a the Museo Archeologico Nazionale story, not just of the time of its creation, dell’Abbazia di S.Nilo in Grottaferrata. but also of its theft and recovery by the Page 11 Exhibition and Symposium Assyria to Iberia at the The symposium Dawn of the Classical Age Reviewed by Maurizio Sannibale In connection with the exhibition, The exhibition the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Reviewed by Daniele F. Maras Art under Joan Aruz organized a sympo- sium in the Grace Rainey Rogers The exhibition Assyria to Iberia at Auditorium of the Metropolitan the Dawn of the Classical Age, created Museum (November 6-7, 2014). The by Joan Aruz (Curator of Ancient Near participation of 17 scholars, from the Eastern Art), is one of the major events Middle East to Europe and the US, cre- in the world of Mediterranean archaeol- ated an opportunity for debate and ogy this year. reflection in a multi-disciplinary and The show, on view from September international perspective. 22, 2014 to January 4, 2015, was dedi- The theme of the symposium was cated to the widespread trade and cultur- the ancient Mediterranean from the end al network that connected the kingdoms of the 2nd to the earliest four centuries and potentates of the Near East and the of the 1st millennium BCE, when the Levantine region with the western civi- birth of peoples and states, migrations, lizations of the Mediterranean, from conflicts, contacts, and trades resulted in Greece to Italy and Spain. The materials Top, Bronze cauldron and iron a far-reaching interconnection among on display came from the collections of stand. Cypro-Archaic, ca. 8th–7th cultures, from the Levant and Egypt to some of the most important museums in century B.C. Top right, ivory the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, the United States, Europe, North Africa, plaque with striding sphinx towards the Atlantic Ocean, the western and the Near East. This impressive cul- Assyria, 9th–8th century B.C. limit of the known world. tural and scholarly effort involved This phenomenon was not restricted scholars from different countries, who Right, Gold Necklace. Spain, El to trade and figural arts, but involved put together for the first time informa- Carambolo (Camas, Seville), 7th human relationships and the sharing and tion and approaches from different dis- century B.C. Photos Met Museum transmission of knowledge and ideas in ciplines. The result is striking in terms scenes. mentioning the “house of David” apart diverse fields. The period following the of both knowledge and beauty. The show extends to the Syro-Hittite from the Bible — from the Jerusalem mythical Trojan War, in the crucial cen- The exhibition was divided into states, which survived for a long period Museum, and the Nora Stele, inscribed turies of the formation of Classical civi- three parts: the expansion of the as neighbors and then as protectorates of in Phoenician with the names of the lization, was a constant reference point Assyrian empire in the early first mil- the Assyrian kingdom, and further to island Sardinia and perhaps the mythical for modern western Euro-American cul- lennium BCE, Phoenician trade routes Anatolia, where the fabled rich king- Tarshish of the Bible. ture. In this context the Etruscans, in the throughout the Mediterranean and doms of Midas and Croesus were once a Thanks to loans from the Museo center of the Italian Peninsula, were rec- beyond, and the reception and adapta- meeting point of East and West. The Gregoriano Etrusco of the Vatican and ognized as exchange partners, as well as tion of Near Eastern imagery and tech- Assyrian empire came to rule over the the Archaeological Museums of Villa “key players” in such historical dynam- niques by the cultures of Greece, Italy Levantine potentates by conquering Giulia, Tarquinia and Florence, ics. and Spain. Israel and Judah, as recorded in the Etruscan participation was particularly The first session of the symposium, The conquests of Ashurnasirpal II, Bible, while the Phoenician city states significant, and the splendid luxury “From Bronze to Iron and the Sargon and Ashurbanibal, among oth- of Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and Arwad sur- goods of the Tomb Regolini-Galassi of Foundation of Empire,” looked at his- ers, enlarged the Assyrian empire from vived and flourished, thanks to their Cerveteri were displayed for the first torical, ethnographic and artistic aspects the high lands of Elam to the coasts of trade towards the Mediterranean sea. time side by side with their Near Eastern of the critical moment of the passage the Mediterranean; these are illustrated The Phoenician trade network gradually counterparts and models. from Bronze to Iron Age, major issues by monumental decorations of build- extended to Cyprus — rich in copper In light of the Mediterranean trade such as the appearance of the Sea ings, such as the reliefs and sculptures and the seat of an early civilization — network, world famous masterpieces Peoples (with reference to their Aegean of the palaces of Nineveh and Nimrud, and northern Africa. Colonies were find their ultimate cultural context, e.g. components), and the development of and a selection of marvelous small items founded along these routes, among them the lion-headed cauldrons of Caere and the Assyrian empire in relation to its of royal jewelry: seals, ivories, and stat- Carthage, and traders reached Spain and Praeneste, a faience situla from the tomb neighbors (Ann E. Killebrew, Joan uettes. The attention of the viewer is the Atlantic Ocean. Splendid items trad- of Bocchoris at Tarquinia, the Aruz, Paul Collins, Mirko Novák). inevitably drawn to the relevance of ed by the Phoenicians are on display: Orientalizing jewels and silver urn from The following session focused on Assyrian art in the formation of western gold and silver Egyptianizing bowls, Vetulonia, ivories from Marsiliana interconnections among Mediterranean Classical culture. One of the major high- bronze horse-harness elements, ivory d’Albegna. cultures in the early 1st millennium, lights of the exhibition is the impressive reliefs, jewels, carved ostrich eggs This exhibit provided an opportunity “Perspectives on the Levant: wall-size relief from Nineveh represent- turned into vases, and tridacna shells for the public to appreciate the artistic Interconnections in the Near East and ing the battle of Til Tuba, when (giant clams) from the Red Sea, decorat- and cultural value of Mediterranean the Mediterranean.” Specific case stud- Ashurbanipal ultimately defeated the ed with Near Eastern incisions. Finds “globalization” as early as the first mil- ies were considered, such as the analysis Elamites (Neo-Assyrian, ca. 660-650 from Italy and Greece testify to the lennium BCE, and constituted a major of Phoenician and Greek components in BCE). An early example of continuous spread of the Phoenician network. contribution to research and scholarly Cilicia (Asli Özyar), and the complex narrative, it depicts synchronic and Some “stars” of Mediterranean debate. The catalogue is an indispensa- historical and ethnographic framework diachronic events in one single monu- archaeology are in the show, such as the ble reference volume for the culture of of the Levant in the time of Sheshonq I mental picture, with inscribed inscription of Hazael, king of Aram- the Orientalizing period in the (Israel Filkenstein). Subsequently, the cuneiform captions that recount the Damascus — the only ancient document Mediterranean. continued on page 21 Page 12 The Etruscans and Etruscan sites was, of course, Samuel James Ainsley, remarkable for his European culture: new detailed and emotive drawings of events at the British Etruscan remains and landscape. He Museum both illustrated Dennis’ work and recorded the monuments for his own by Judith Swaddling pleasure and study. (Fig.3) The “Etruscan” protagonists of the When one considers the Grand Tour period and their research, and the more and the Classical revival, it has often romantic notions that sprang up around proved all too easy to overlook the the Etruscans, will all be explored at the impact of major Etruscan discoveries on conference. The reaction by museums to European culture during the 18th and this “new” culture will also be investi- 19th centuries, and even earlier. An gated. It would be some time before the international conference at the British evocative displays of the Campanari Fig.2 Castellani Necklace, 1872. Fig.3 Galassi tomb,Cerveteri 1843. Museum May 29-30, 2015, “An would be taken up by museums, and we Etruscan Affair,” will tackle this intrigu- existence. Opulent Etruscan jewellery all, the lids of sarcophagi left slightly can sympathize with Mrs. Hamilton ing topic; it will look at how Etruscan inspired the so-called Archaeological ajar so that visitors could peer in at Gray who later saw many of the finds influenced politics in Italy, Style goldwork that was the preserve of skeletons preserved inside. Etruscan sarcophagi and cinerary urns European scholarship, architects, artists high society European ladies; it delight- Mrs. Hamilton Gray, British female from the Pall Mall exhibition displayed ed them as much as it did their Etruscan pioneer of Etruscan studies, was suffi- predecessors. (Fig.2) The finest villas ciently motivated by the exhibition to and grand houses of Europe boasted make plans for her own Grand Tour to their “Etruscan” rooms, admittedly Tuscany the next year, which resulted in some more obviously to us being Greek- her delightfully readable accounts of or Roman-influenced, but reproductions Etruscan sites, meetings with the princi- of Etruscan tomb paintings frequently pal characters then involved in Etruscan adorned their walls. archaeology, antiquarians and dealers, In terms of museological studies, the and the practices, sometimes lamenta- Etruscan exhibition staged by the ble, employed to retrieve the most lucra- Campanari brothers in 1837 in Pall tive Etruscan finds. Her rival and critic Mall, London, surely deserves the acco- George Dennis, the more serious and lade of being the first archaeological heavy-weight Etruscologist of the two, block-buster exhibition in Europe. In was prompted by her writings (what he this year, famed for the accession of described as her “gushing and giddy Queen Victoria to the throne, the show prose”) to undertake his own study, the was far ahead of its time; it abandoned landmark Cities and Cemeteries of the tradition of lifeless museum displays Etruria, published in 1848, rightfully and recreated Etruscan tomb-chambers, argued by Denys Haynes to have been Fig.1 Engraved print 1768-1805. complete with objects hanging from much neglected as one of the major pub- Fig.4 Stephanoff watercolor, 1845. walls draped with copies of Etruscan lications in the field of archaeology. and craftsmen, and not least, the imagi- tomb paintings, imitation tomb door- The artist who accompanied Dennis at the British Museum: “Our Etruscan nation of the public. (Fig.1) ways, and, perhaps most evocative of on his expeditions to often remote friends lay in silence. They looked It tends to be emphasized that in the Fig.5 The “Penelli” sarcophagus an Etruscan fake acquired in 1873. indeed as if they felt they were in a early period of Etruscan finds, much of strange country, cold, comfortless and what was thought to be Etruscan was far from home.” actually Greek, and while that is certain- Nonetheless, the importance attrib- ly true of the fine painted vases with fig- uted by the British Museum to the ured decoration, surely what is impor- Etruscans is demonstrated by the fact tant here is that they had become an that the Etruscan artifacts were given a Etruscan passion, defining Etruscan prime location between the Parthenon taste. Had it not been for the Etruscans, sculptures and famous Egyptian antiqui- who imported copious numbers of ties; James Stephanoff, in his renowned exquisite Greek pots, we would have watercolor, Assemblage of Works of Art, less than half the quantity now pre- from the Earliest Period to the Time of served in our public and private collec- Phydias (1845), placed Etruscan paint- tions and their study would have been ings and sarcophagi beneath the severely restricted. And were it not for Parthenon and Aegina pediments, in the the acquaintance of Josiah Wedgwood center of his work. Tantalizingly, we with Greek vases from Etruscan and know that eventually by the late 1800s other tombs in Italy, via the collections there were reproductions of Etruscan of Sir William Hamilton and others, the tombs at the British Museum, though no Etruria factory in Staffordshire with its illustrations survive! (Fig.4) prolific output of Wedgwood pottery Papers will continued on page 28 would probably never have come into Page 13 Two openings into the hypocaust slope of the site, which is 3 m. higher through the northern wall of this South NEWS FROM THE FIELD than the ground level on the south. Room may originally have served as a Furnace 4 did not service the tepi- draft for Furnaces 2 and 3. The evi- blocked up in antiquity, presumably News of the Baths at darium, but rather a newly found dence for the presence of Furnace 5 here when the apse and its furnace were hypocaustal room that extends eastward consists of an opening in the south wall Carsulae, 2014 added on. This gives us further confir- beyond the area that we have dug. The leading toward the fossa, and a low mation that the apse, with its much by Jane K. Whitehead south wall of this new East Room is an wall, cut of the conglomerate bedrock, shoddier construction, was a later extension of the south wall of the tepi- flanking the western side of the opening. appendage. Furnace 3, which lies The ninth season of excavation of darium, but the room itself is only 5/8 as This low wall resembles those that form beside and just to the east of Furnace 2, the baths at the Roman city of Carsulae, wide as the square room that it abuts. the flues within the chambers of was not blocked up, and its chamber 2014, was the third season under the Furnace 4 is set on the northern side of Furnaces 1 and 4. remains buried beneath the northern protection of a roof. These past sum- this Eastern Room, but it could have These five furnaces have revealed mers have been so rainy in Italy that, two distinct building phases of the exist- without the roof, our excavation would ing Carsulae baths. In the first, which have been impossible. The ruins of the may date from the time of the emperor ancient baths, long pillaged by scav- Claudius, the baths were composed of engers and, in the 1970s, left exposed to two heated rooms: the square one that the elements by their most recent exca- we have been calling the tepidarium, vator, Umberto Ciotti, are extremely which was heated by Furnaces 2 and 3 fragile. Up until 2012, supporting and and drafted by openings in its south and covering our newly excavated areas had west walls; and the East Room, heated become increasingly difficult, but since by Furnace 4 and perhaps a twin, and the construction of the roof, winter dete- drafted through its south wall. In the rioration has been negligible. We have second phase, Furnaces 2 and 4 were become emboldened to open a greater blocked up along with their draft open- surface area to excavation and also to ings, and the apse and South Room expose areas that had seemed particular- added, with their accompanying fur- ly delicate. As a result, in the last two naces. The second phase thus establish- years we have doubled the excavated es a pattern of rooms heated to three dif- surface area of the site (fig. 1). ferent temperatures, as is canonical in Because of the complex history of Roman Imperial baths: the original the baths, we are piecing together their square tepidarium, two caldaria — one history on multiple levels: 1. the date in the apse and the other in the South and purpose of their founding; 2. the Room, perhaps with pools — and a phases of their use and rebuilding; and frigidarium newly created in the East 3. the characteristic traits of the various Room. “hands” who have excavated or pillaged Fig. 1: Plan of the excavation of the baths at Carsulae, 2005-2014. The shelter of the roof has also the site over the course of centuries. We allowed us to open areas that appeared have made progress in all of these direc- provided heat for no more than half of it. northern end, we quickly came down on more delicate and difficult to protect tions of inquiry over the past two years. It, too, had been blocked up in antiquity a dense fall of bricks (fig. 4), the pattern from the elements. A large mound, In the 2012 and 2013 seasons, we (fig. 3). Another chamber, which of which did not appear random. We which we began to excavate in 2012, lay opened considerable area on all sides appears from one of Ciotti’s plans to be realized that this ust be the chamber’s right in the center of the tepidarium and around the square, apsidal room, which about the same size as that of Furnace 4, vaulted roof, still in situ, which we had appeared to shore up the mosaic floors we have been calling the tepidarium, abuts it to the east. From the small por- come upon from the top, exterior side. that rested on a double-story hypocaust known from the scant published plans of tion that we have excavated of this We had always thought that the 3-m. adjacent to the apse. We began excavat- U. Ciotti. Five furnaces have come to chamber, it appears that it once had an dislevel between the north and south ing toward it from the eastern side and light; these have given us insights into opening into the hypocaust and that it, sides of the baths was the result of fall in 2012 turned up a fragmented but the phases of building and renovation of too, has been blocked. An opening into and runoff from the cliff above; we now extended area of figural mosaics. The the bath structure. We have numbered the hypocaust through the south wall of realize that it is the result of architec- western balk against the mosaics them more or less in the order in which the new East Room may originally have ture. To our surprise and delight, the showed large fragments of mosaic floor we found them, from west to east. served to draw hot air across the room full original height of the baths is pre- turned on end or upside down, jumbled Furnace 1 extends off the western beneath the suspensura and vent it out- served on this north side. into a loose context. We started to exca- end of the apse, and its flue cuts through ward; it was also blocked, presumably at Its presence so far only tentatively vate this from the eastern side in 2013 the center of apse’s curve to create an the same time. These blockages must identified, Furnace 5 would have serv- and continued this season up to the edge east-west axis to the bath structure. thus have turned the East Room into a iced the tiny South Room, which had of the high mosaic floors. We uncov- Although it does not appear on any ear- frigidarium. been appended to the tepidarium at the ered large fragments of figural mosaics, lier plans of the baths, its presence, in Furnace 4 is only the second of the same time as the apse, to judge from the similar and apparently in situ on the the form of its northern wall, made itself furnaces for which we have exposed the equally shoddy nature of its construc- same level as the floors exposed in known in our first season of excavation, chamber. Its southern half had been pre- tion. This South Room had a window in 2012; these rested at a lower level and in 2004. We exposed its chamber fully this viously excavated, although no details its western wall; low lining walls below some places underneath the higher year (fig. 2). of it appear on any of Ciotti’s plans. The the suspensura, similar to those that floors (fig. 5). This suggests that per- The next to the east, Furnace 2, northern half of the chamber lay beneath edge the apse, suggest that it may have haps only a part of the tepidarium floor, which is set on the northern side of the the 3-m. deep overburden of the north- supported a pool. A large intrusive pit that which abutted the apse, was at the NW corner of the tepidarium, was ern slope. As we began to dig that has cut away most of the floor, however. higher level. continued above right Page 14 A similar mound rested at the east- to have excavated to the same grid as we ern end of the East Room, and we had are employing, and thus we can tell always thought that it was dump or from the absence of artifactual material excavation debris left by our predeces- whether or not he has dug in a given sors. Instead it turns out that the suspen- area. sura here rests on its original pilae, 13 Another excavator, probably earlier bricks high, whereas it had been dug than Ciotti, partially dismantled things away in the western end of the room. to see how they were made. He Although the concrete floors are in removed the southern half of the floor in place, the mosaics that decorated their the apse and the western half in the East surfaces are much disrupted, some even Room. He may be the one who turned completely upside down. removed and scattered the carved stone The exposure of the mounds as well elements that had been reused in the as many of the architectural features has later additions to the bath structure. A Fig. 2: (above) View of the cham- given us insight into the motives and third intruder, in his curiosity, dug Fig. 4: (above) Vaulted roof in ber of Furnace 1. methods of some of the previous exca- through features destructively. He cut situ over Furnace 4. Fig. 3: (below) View of the cham- vators at Carsulae. The hand of through the terracotta floor pavement of Fig. 5: (below) Mosaics resting at Umberto Ciotti is clearly recognizable the flue in Furnace 1; he cut through the ber of Furnace 4 with its blocked a lower level in the tepidarium. from the distinctive concrete that he base of the arch of Furnace 3 to expose opening. used to consolidate architectural fea- the flue; and he may have been the one tures as he found them. This is evident to cut through the floor in the South in the large mosaic found in 2012 in the Room. Another even more destructive tepidarium, where his repairs on the force seems to have driven through the edges reveal that he found it in exactly center of the tepidarium as if with a this fragmented and uneven condition. plow. A meter-wide band of broken and His repairs also consolidate scattered upturned mosaics lies between the lower fragments of mosaic in the East Room mosaics and the higher-level hypocaust. that are completely separated from their Plans will be made in the summer of supporting suspensura; a split in the 2015 to consolidate the architectural western wall of the apse reveals his remains that have survived all these attempts to hold it together. He appears destructive intrusions.

A newly re-discovered during the last quarter of the 4th century Etruscan tomb: Grotte BCE. Therefore, since we do not know Scalina (Viterbo) of any examples of this kind of architec- by Vincent Jolivet ture in pre-Roman Italy, it is tempting to think that it could have been inspired by The archaeological survey of the terri- the great model of the prothyra of the tory of the Etrusco-Roman city of Macedonian palaces in Pella and Musarna—extensively excavated Vergina, which also presented — obvi- between 1983 and 2003 by the École ously with different architectural solu- française de Rome, in close collabora- tions — two levels of porticoes crowned tion with the Soprintendenza per i Beni by a pediment, and is known to have Archeologici per l’Etruria inspired various monuments of the Meridionale—brought about the re-dis- ancient world. covery of one of the most important The monument of Grotte Scalina could rock-cut Etruscan tombs of the View of the north facade of the Grotte Scalina Tomb complex. thus be interpreted as evidence of a Hellenistic period. ument, whose external architecture can divided into two parts by the dromos of direct link between Etruria and the Until 1998, this monument was be now largely reconstructed. the tomb (6.50m. deep, and 15 m. long). Macedonia of Philip II or Alexander, thought to have been destroyed, and was Its façade is richly painted and shows The main funerary chamber contains with no mediation of Tarentum (where known only through a picture and a two levels of porticoes crowned by a tri- at least 10 broken sarcophagi, and is no such monuments have ever been dis- drawing by Luigi Rossi Danielli, dated angular pediment. Two sets of stairs — expected to be excavated in July 2015. covered). A logical explanation of this around 1900, which showed part of a on the left at the lower level (6m. in On the right is a second, perpendicular direct relationship could be found in the huge rock-cut façade, with a false door height), on the right at the upper level and shorter dromos, indicating the pres- political situation of Etruria during the in its center and a staircase on its left. (4m. ) — connected the terrace in front ence of a second funerary chamber, second half of the 4th century BCE. The The funerary chamber was drawn as of the monument with the roof. which probably has never been plun- twin tombs in Norchia and Grotte square, small and with a single bed. At the floor level, the classical sotto- dered. Scalina could belong to Tarquinian The collaboration among the CNRS facciata of the Etruscan rock-cut tombs This monument is very close to the ambassadors, who had been struck by (UMR 8546-AOROC), ÉFR and presents a lavish architecture: two large Tomb Lattanzi of Norchia, excavated in the impressive architecture of the SBAM, made systematic excavations columns (diam. 2m.), framed by two the 19th century, whose reconstruction Macedonian palaces, when they were possible from 2011 onwards, in order to pilasters, introduce to a banquet room is unfortunately still very uncertain. sent to requesting a military intervention better understand this outstanding mon- with six beds carved out of the tufa, Both tombs seem to have been carved of Macedonia in Central Italy. Page 15 New research in the semi-subterranean shrine with niches, a urban area of Caere structure that may have been used for by Fabio Colivicchi chthonic cults. Given the subterranean Queen’s University nature and the location of the shrine, it cannot be ruled out that it might have The Queen’s University of Kingston, been a sort of predecessor of the Canada, is investigating an area located hypogaeum. in the centre of the city of Caere, known One of the most significant results of in the 19th century as Vigna Marini- the ongoing excavation is the impor- Vitalini and renown for the discovery of tance of the 3rd century BCE phase. architectural terracottas. The excava- Between the Middle and the Late tions are a part of a research project Republican period were built not only funded by the Social Sciences and The conservator removes an Fragment of an Attic lekane from the hypogaeum complex but also the Humanities Research Council of antefix representing a Nereid rid- the semi-subterranean shrine. structures brought to light in Area 2. The Canada that focuses on the development ing a sea monster. gently sloping terrain, terraced and of urbanism in Etruria, and especially tence of a constant orientation observed tion. Traces of earlier occupation phases drained by a network of pipes and reser- the role played by religion. Vigna in previously excavated areas. Two sys- dating back to the late Iron Age have voirs, was crossed by a street that con- Marini was chosen because of its central tems of linear anomalies were detected. also come to light. tinued in the direction of one of the main position in the city space, its importance One is found only in a small area near The orientation of the surviving walls accesses to the city, near the Manganello in all phases, and the presence of a high- the slope of the plateau and is probably is the same that is followed in all subse- sanctuary. The wall flanking the street ly significant monument, the recent. The other extends over all of the quent building phases, an extremely perfectly corresponds to the trace previ- hypogaeum of Clepsina, which may surveyed area, overlapping the smaller important finding that should be verified ously detected by the geo-magnetome- have been the ideal centre of the com- one, and composes a grid of traces par- over a larger area. Especially important try. The new data make a strong case for munity and the hub of the physical allel or orthogonal with one another, ori- are the indicators of production of the general re-evaluation of the period space of the ancient city. ented like the hypogaeum and the other bronze objects. following the establishment of the The first campaigns provided a wealth buildings excavated in the area. Even though the stratigraphy of the Roman praefectura in 273 BCE, until of information on the urban history of The new excavations and the re-eval- Archaic period is very disturbed, it is now regarded as one of steep decline for Caere, and especially on the least known uation of data from previous research clear that structures were built with the city of Caere. phases. Excavation was preceded by have allowed the identification of foundations of stone blocks oriented The next campaign is scheduled from geo-magnetic survey to gather prelimi- Orientalizing structures of high archi- like the earlier Orientalizing buildings. May 16 to June 12, 2015. For informa- nary information on the urban setting of tectural quality, with stone foundations The religious purpose of the area – or at tion see www.caeresite.com or the hypogaeum and to verify the exis- and plastered walls with painted decora- least a part of it - is confirmed by a http://www.archaeological.org/field- work/afob/17857

Villa APAHA Tibur 2014: nal spaces. few small sondages in the 1930s. in the late Medieval and early Modern The 2014 season focused on two dis- APAHA’s investigation not only period. A New Excavation Project tinct sectors of the Villa. The first exca- brought to light new structures, but The second excavation area was at Hadrian’s Villa vation area coincided with the so-called revealed that the architectural history of located in the so-called Macchiozzo, a Lararium. This area, located off the the area is far more complex than previ- previously unexplored sector placed by Francesco de Angelis Great Vestibule, is characterized by a ously thought: both the wall enclosure roughly at the center of the Villa and well preserved wall enclosure lined with and the temple itself consist of several hitherto covered with thickets. The In June 2014 the Advanced Program niches and built in front of a small tem- construction phases, some of which excavation, which was preceded by geo- of Ancient History and Art (APAHA) at ple. It is a crucial node, whose explo- likely date to post-Hadrianic times. magnetic prospections, revealed the Columbia University, led by Professors ration can shed light on the rituals gov- Moreover, the excavation uncovered existence of a large compound of Francesco de Angelis and Marco erning access to the Villa. The area had several dozens of architectural frag- Hadrianic age combining elements of Maiuro, launched a multi-year archaeo- been very partially excavated (and ments coming from all parts of the Villa luxury architecture, such as marble- logical project at Hadrian’s Villa in insufficiently documented) through a that were dumped in the Lararium area faced walls, with utilitarian structures. Tivoli. APAHA is a program created The 2014 field crew at work at Hadrian’s Villa. The great amount of kitchenware found under the joint aegis of the Italian during the dig—an unusual feature for Academy for Advanced Studies in Hadrian’s Villa, which is better known America (Columbia University), and for the finds of statues—resonates with H2CU, the Honors Center for Italian E. Salza Prina Ricotti’s hypothesis that Universities (La Sapienza University of the kitchens of the complex were locat- Rome). It establishes archaeology and ed there. No less important was the the study of material evidence as com- identification of Late Antique and mon ground for the fields of ancient Medieval phases, attested by both archi- history and the history of ancient art and tectural structures and copious findings; architecture. The general aims of their analysis is currently under way and APAHA’s project at Tivoli are to investi- will contribute in a substantial way to gate the place and role of everyday life filling the gap in our knowledge of the at the Villa vis-à-vis the grandeur of its history of the Villa between 400 and architecture and decorative apparatus; to 1400. document the post-Hadrianic life of the Twenty-four students at all levels, site; and to study its boundaries and from both Columbia and other universi- more generally its transitional and limi- ties, participated in the project; the dig Page 16 Crustumerium has become a unique site for archaeological study. NEWS FROM THE SECTIONS The Groningen team started working at Crustumerium in July 2006 under the News from the Benelux direction of Prof. Dr. Peter Attema and by L.B. van der Meer, Leiden Dr. Albert Nijboer. The objective was to University examine the burial grounds and create a learning environment for students of the Research at Crustumerium GIA by participating in the SSBAR Since 2010 the Groningen Institute excavations of the Monte del Bufalo of Archaeology (GIA) has done research burial ground. In 2008 Sarah Willemsen on the Iron Age settlement of MA was appointed to a PhD position to Crustumerium. The aim is to provide prepare a dissertation based on the information for the project called “The results of the GIA excavations at Monte People and the State: Material culture, del Bufalo. In 2010 Prof. Attema and Dr. Above, field crew excavates. social structure and political centraliza- Nijboer initiated the research project Left, a very typical impasto ves- tion in central Italy (800 - 450 BC).” “The People and the State” to intensify sel from Crustumerium. Below, a The settlement of Crustumerium is the studies of the burial grounds, settle- small bronze arc fibula. located on a volcanic hill plateau along ment and territory of Crustumerium. To the ancient Via Salaria in the east Tiber this end Dr. Barbara Belelli Marchesini Valley, about 15 km north of Rome. The initiatives under the supervision of Dr. was appointed as a post-doctoral ancient site was abandoned in antiquity Francesco di Gennaro of the researcher; this position has enabled her and, despite its frequent occurrence in Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni to write a synthesis on the burial historical sources, it was lost for cen- Archeologici di Roma (SSBAR). The grounds. Jorn Seubers MA obtained a turies. Its location was re-established by settlement plateau and part of its sur- PhD position that focuses on the actual archaeological field surveys in the roundings have even been turned into an settlement and its territory. This website 1970s (Quilici, Quilici-Gigli 1980). archaeological park by the Italian state. aims at presenting information on the Since then, the site and its surroundings As a result the area has escaped the dev- archaeology of Crustumerium and the have been the subject of many research astating effects of urbanization, and thus on-going research of the GIA at this site. Brief report from the matriarchy theory, and his view of the unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Etruscans. She participated in several Einflüsse aus Etrurien, (Vienna 2011.) Vienna Section 2014: conferences, including the International Luciana Aigner-Foresti is currently by Petra Amman Conference of the Österreichische preparing two volumes on Etruscan his- Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte tory, one of which, dealing with the From February 2013, Univ. Prof. Mag. at Fließ, Tyrol, Austria, on October 15- political, military and religious institu- Dr. Petra Amann has been Professor of 18, 2014, on “Zur bildlichen tions of the Etruscans, will appear in Etruscan and Pre-Roman Italy at the Rekonstruktion des/der Verstorbenen 2015: Amt und Ordnung bei den University of Vienna/Austria und ihres Umfeldes im Etrurien der ori- Etruskern. Ihre politischen, mil- (Etruskologie und Italische itärischen und religiösen Institutionen, entalisierenden Periode;” and the Bouke van der Meer & Charoltte Altertumskunde). Journée d’études internationales, (Vienna 2015.) Potts at lecture in Oxford. The new assistant since 2014 is Mag. Autour des Sarcophages des Époux, at Claudio Negrini, who specializes in Claudio Negrini. From 2014 it is possi- the University of Amiens/France, 2014).” Several articles are published Etruscan funerary and burial archaeolo- ble for students of all faculties to December 5, 2014, speaking on or in press, for instance P. Amann, gy from the Villanovan period to the late become acquainted with the Etrusco- “L’immagine della coppia etrusca nella “Banquet and grave.” The material Orientalizing, working in Bologna, Italic world at the University of Vienna. pittura tombale arcaica.” basis, aims and first results of a recent Marzabotto, Verucchio and Novilara, is The short undergraduate program is A multi-year research project financed research project, and T. Mitterlechner, currently studying the historical-cultural entitled “Etruscans and Italic Peoples. by the Austrian Science Fund was com- “The Banquet in Etruscan Funerary Art changes in the Po valley between the Diversity in Pre-Roman Italy.” pleted in 2014: “Banquet and Grave. and its Underlying Meaning,” both in: seventh and fifth centuries BC. See C. In 2014, Petra Amann held lectures Comparative Studies on a Central C.M. Draycott and M. Stamatopoulou Negrini with G. Di Lorenzo, P. von Eles, on the role of women in Etruscan socie- Subject in Funerary Art and the Moral (eds), Dining and Death. L. Manzoli, P. Poli, E. Rodriguez, ty at the Istituto Italiano di Cultura in Concepts inherent in Etruscan-Italic Interdisciplinary perspectives on the Verucchio. The social status of children: Vienna and the École Normale areas, Mainland Greece and Asia Minor “funerary banquet” in ancient art, bur- a methodological question concerning Supérieure in Paris, as well as on Johann together with the Levant and Middle ial and belief, Colloquia funerary symbolism and the use of Jakob Bachofen, the founder of the East from the 8th until 3rd c. BC (2009- Antiqua, Leuven: Peeters (in press). space within the graves, in: E. Perego − Three monographs referring to the proj- R. Scopacasa (eds), Burial and Social Villa, was complemented by workshops, Pennsylvania), and by trench supervi- ect are currently in preparation. See also Change in First-millennium BC Italy: onsite presentations, and fieldtrips. A sors Emily Cook (PhD candidate in Art the interview with Petra Amann: Approaching Social Agents, forthcom- generous scholarship program provided History and Archaeology, Columbia http://medienportal.univie.ac.at/uni- ing Oxbow Books, and also C. Negrini financial aid to many of the participants. University) and Joe Sheppard (PhD can- view/forschung/detailansicht/artikel/trin with L. Manzoli, P. Poli, “Legami di vita Program directors F. de Angelis and didate in Classical Studies, Columbia kgelage-der-antike/. oltre la morte: casi di deposizioni M. Maiuro were assisted by field direc- University), as well as by Anna Tartaro Furthermore, research on ancient doppie o plurime,” in: Immagini di tor Daira Nocera (PhD candidate in the (PhD candidate in Classical Italic peoples, especially the Umbrians, uomini e di donne dalle necropoli vil- Art and Archaeology of the Archaeology, La Sapienza University of goes on -- see P. Amann, Die antiken lanoviane di Verucchio, International Mediterranean World, University of Rome). Umbrer zwischen Tiber und Apennin Conference April 20-22, 2011. Page 17 Exhibition: Satricum EXHIBITS Scavi e reperti archeologici In June 2014 the archaeological exhibition Satricum. Scavi e reperti archeologici was opened in the former iron factory of le Ferriere (ancient Satricum), situated ca. 60 km south of Rome in the present-day Italian province Lazio. The exhibition, organ- ized by the University of Amsterdam (Prof. Dr. Marijke Gnade), shows the results of thirty six years of Dutch archaeological research in one of the Satricum, The Temple of Mater best preserved sites in central Italy Matuta. which has revealed archaeological ceded by a hut, which is generally con- remains covering a period of continuous sidered the earliest place of cult. Three occupation of nearly ten centuries (9th enormous votive deposits testify to century BC - 1st century AD). More offering practices over a long period of Supreme Carthaginian god, Baal than 700 objects recovered during the time. During the Archaic period, a num- Hammon, from the Bardo, Tunis. recent excavations were selected to ber of large courtyard buildings were Exhibition: Immortal Carthage exhibition in illustrate the long history of the Latin situated on and at the foot of the settlement, which developed from a Satricum acropolis. To the NE, a net- Princes - Splendor of the Leiden, modest hamlet of huts in the 9th century work of roads, amongst which a “Sacra Etruscan Aristocracy in Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (Nov. 27, BC, perched on top of an “acropolis” Via,” in combination with a dense urban 2014 - May 10, 2015) hill, into a prosperous urban centre in layout, has been traced, documenting Vulci. the sixth century BC, covering an area various phases from the 6th to 4th cen- Musée du Cinquantenaire. Brussels This exhibition is an introduction to of nearly 40 ha, and which subsequently turies BC. Among the more surprising (Oct. 8, 2014 – Jan. 11, 2015) the illustrious history and archaeologi- was occupied for nearly 150 years by recent discoveries is the presence of cal treasures of one of the ancient the indigenous Volscian, until the instal- three necropoleis dated to the 5th and This exhibition presents the remark- world’s most legendary cities. You will lation of a Roman colony in 346 BC. 4th centuries BC, within the agger of able discoveries made during excava- find more than three hundred objects, The site is best known for the the Archaic city and attributed to the tions at the Osteria necropolis in 2013. including many highlights from the col- Archaic sanctuary of Mater Matuta, Volscians. A late Republican villa on the Under a tumulus, in one of the funerary lections of renowned museums. For goddess of dawn, consisting of three acropolis and a Roman villa dating to chambers, archaeologists uncovered illustration see website. successive temple buildings (625- the 1st century BC in the former urban two silver hands with gilded nails. The past Exhibition “De Etrusken - 500/480 BC), each of which with elabo- area testify to the Roman presence in the These exceptional objects must have Una Storia Particolare” (2013) in rate terracotta roof decorations, and pre- former Latin settlement. belonged to a composite monumental Tongeren (Belgium) attracted 88,000 statue. Beads of gold, amber, glass and visitors. It combined the exhibitions at less epics. Set in the George D. and faience as well as other metal ornaments Amsterdam (APM) and Leiden (RMO), Margo Behrakis Wing of Art of the were also discovered in the same tomb both in 2012 (150,000 vistors), plus arti- Ancient World (in the Museum’s origi- and must have been sewn on to clothes facts from Italy, among which was the nal 1909 building), these three galleries or strung as necklaces to adorn the dead. famous Etruscan-Corinthian truia vase. have been renovated in order to present A ceremonial chariot was also buried the MFA’s renowned Greek collection in under the tumulus, an additional sign of Three New Galleries a thematic way for the first time. the high status of the deceased. A Highlighting Greek Wine, Additionally, new interactive multime- faience scarab decorated with the car- dia displays complement the installation touche of a pharaoh is an exceptional Theater and Poetry Open by offering detailed looks at complex testimony to the taste of the Etruscan at MFA Boston works of art, while the Museum’s elite for objects imported from all over New Interactive Displays Explore Southern Italian vases in the new mobile MFA Guide features a new nine- the Mediterranean. For illustrations see Classical History and Mythology galleries in Boston. stop tour of the golden age of Greek cul- website. The poetry and drama of this storied ture. Boston, MA (August 25, 2014): civilization come alive through 230 “Boston has long been known as the Ancient treasures took center stage this works, primarily from the sixth century Athens of America and there is no more September, as the Museum of Fine Arts, to the fourth century BC, including mar- fitting place than the MFA for a suite of Boston (MFA), opened three galleries ble and bronze sculptures, ceramic and galleries that bring alive the artistic and dedicated to Wine, Poets, and metal vases, and terracotta figurines. literary traditions of the ancient Performers in Ancient Greece. The new Many objects on view have been metic- Greeks,” said Malcolm Rogers, Ann and galleries, which opened on September ulously restored, some for the first time Graham Gund Director at the MFA. “I 16, focus on three themes: “Homer and in a century. The fascinating displays am particularly excited that technology the Epics,” “Dionysos (at left) and the will captivate anyone who has been enables us to watch scenes from the Symposium,” and “Theater and inspired by Greek theater, mythology or Trojan War as they unfold on vases that Performance.” the legendary heroes of Homer’s time- are thousands of years old.” Page 18 The Chariot of Monteleone di Spoleto: Employing this technology, the Italian towns of Monteleone di Spoleto History and Restoration” and Postignano in Umbria collaborated Castle of Postignano with HOLOGAM in hosting the exhibi- September 13 - October 31, 2014 tion “The Chariot of Monteleone di by Eleonora Brunori Spoleto: History and Restoration” (September 13 - October 31, 2014) at For many years, archaeology has the Castle of Postignano. It was curated made use of new technology, especially by Adriana Emilliozzi and Carla with regard to virtual reconstructions Hologram of Montelone chariot. The mayor of Montelone explains. Termini; the holographic reconstruction and 3D; in this context, the use of holo- on display was a reduced scale model of graphic images is surely destined to Press conference at Postignano. A captivated customer. the wooden frame of the Monteleone grow. Holograms are particularly useful chariot. as a system for the three-dimensional Consequently, in the newly restored visualization of archaeological recon- museum of town of Monteleone di structions, both objects and structures. Spoleto, the full holographic reconstruc- Although holograms have been in use tion, at a scale of 1:50, of the complete since the 1960s, the technology to pro- Etruscan chariot found at the beginning duce and view them has always been of the century at Colle del Capitano, will limited, expensive, and complex. The be produced and displayed; it will uti- newly developed technology has lize a three-dimensional scan of the brought holographic imaging to the original 6th century BC bronze vehicle forefront and has proved to be a signifi- that has been in the the Metropolitan cant tool in the medical, military and cubed) onto a holographic film which is the impression of being able to touch a Museum of New York for over a centu- architectural sectors. then applied to a sheet of plastic materi- real object. It is precisely because of this ry. The new multimedia museum of The intent and purpose of this type al; it is then sufficient to simply project realism, three-dimensionality, and ease Monteleone di Spoleto is the first and of imaging is to provide the viewer with a beam of light onto the surface to bring of use that these holographic images are only museum of its type in Italy. the illusion of three-dimensionality. A out the image from its base and see it in particularly suitable for museums and For further information contact Gary hologram is produced when a laser three dimensions. The optical illusion, multimedia exhibitions, as well as for Enea or Massimo Legni at printer stamps hogels (imagine pixels particularly surprising, gives the viewer educational purposes. www.hologam.net. Perugia’s Etruscans in alphabet from Viale Pellini, buccheri from the necropolis of Palazzone, typi- Bratislava cal Hellenistic urns of marble from the Slovak National Museum, quarries of Santa Sabina, and first centu- Bratislava Castle ry AD funerary objects that reveal how October 31- March 29, 2015 Perugia had recovered after Bellum by Daniel Bovi Perusinum. Among the most valuable pieces are some Cacni family inscrip- Bratislava and Perugia have united tions retrieved by police last year. in the name of culture, history and art Assessor Severini of Perugia has through an archaeological exhibition called the gemellaggio between Perugia dedicated to the Etruscans and, in partic- and the Slovak capital “a far-sighted ular, to the Etruscans of Perugia. The pairing;” it has been fed over the years exhibition displays 80 major pieces The Bratislava exhibition offers, by many exchanges at various levels, from the National Archaeological through more than 80 items from the particularly in culture and sports. "This Museum of Umbria. It was open to the storerooms of the Archaeological very prestigious exhibition,” he said, public from October 31 to March 29, within the Bratislava Castle. Promoted Museum, an overall picture of “projects our city into a truly interna- 2015, at the Slovak National Museum, by the Slovak National museum, the "Etruscan Perugia." In the first part, 24 tional dimension; it brings Perugia into Italian Cultural Institute, and the two-meter panels give general informa- the world and the world into Perugia." National Archaeological Museum of tion on the history from the Villanovan Umbria, the showcase came to life Period to the first century AD. On dis- thanks to the collaboration of the play are votive bronzes dating from the Embassy of Italy, the City of Bratislava sixth century BC, along with newer and the City of Perugia. materials: mirrors, ceramics, and pre- The first exhibition devoted exclu- cious vases, such as the black-figure sively to Perugia staged in the capital of amphora attributed to the Micali painter. Slovakia will aim to raise awareness of These all come from an excavation near the Etruscan civilization, which is little the acropolis. known in these latitudes. And the In the second part there are models exchange could be mutual: a similar ini- depicting the walls of Perugia and the tiative may in future be organized in recently restored Etruscan Arch. This Mario Pagano points out details Perugia to focus on the civilization of section includes finds from the excava- to Slovakian colleagues. the Celts. tions under the cathedral, the Etruscan Page 19 clientes and sodales — that is to say, LANGUAGE comrades in war and tablemates in peace — who were associated with the deceased as well as with his family and Pyrgi continued from page 4 tival of the goddess Uni (in genitive heirs, as is known in the Roman world, text, presumably poetic phraseology, Unias), which was to be held in the for instance, for the Tarquinian dynasty that means “these stars.” The use of the month of Masan (probably December). and for some early Republican political demonstrative in the phrase indicates Recent epigraphic discoveries have figures. Such associations played an that it refers to something visible to the shed some light on the historical figure important role in the political sphere, as reader, something located near the of Thefarie Velianas. As a matter of fact, they were especially supportive of the tablets when they were in their original the publication by Giovanni Colonna of rise to power of tyrannical figures; this position. the Tomba delle Iscrizioni Graffite in appears to have happened in the case of Originally, the tablets were nailed to the necropolis of the Banditaccia at Thefarie Velianas. demi-god accompanied by a goddess, a wooden surface, as is shown by ten Cerveteri, with its impressive corpus of The position of the tomb in the mid- presumably Uni herself, who pushes holes pierced along the borders of the inscriptions (dating from just before the dle of Archaic and Orientalizing tumuli, him forward to achieve his triumph. gold tablets. When the tablets were last decade of the 6th century BCE), in the core of the aristocratic necropolis Most probably, through a process of found, they were folded into three rolls provides information on the gens of Caere, shows that the Veliana family self-identification with the hero, that contained a number of small iron Velianas (written in the variant belonged to the old aristocracy of the Thefarie would have liked to obtain nails and eight larger nails with golden such an honor as well. This visual repre- heads that were too large to be used to Photo upper right , The 3 folded sentation would fit very well with the hang the tablets. It is probable, there- gold plaques shown as found. translation proposed by Giovanni fore, that these gold-headed nails were Garbini for a passage of the Phoenician purposefully deposited with the tablets, text: “for Astarte raised him with Her because they formed part of their origi- hand to reign for three years.” nal context of use. Unfortunately the passage is still not Literary comparanda (e.g. Polyb. clear and other translations have been 12.11.2) suggested to Colonna that the proposed. tablets were nailed to the inner jamb of The duration of Thefarie’s tyrannical the main door of the temple, in order to rule at Caere lasted a few decades, but be in plain sight to visitors. This was finally overthrown by a political hypothesis would also jibe with the change, as testified by the impressive Etruscan custom of writing dedicatory transformation in the sanctuary of Pyrgi inscriptions directly on votive objects. with the construction of Temple A The eight gold-headed nails found around 470 BCE. A parallel with together with the tablets were presum- Roman history allows us to suppose that ably part of the series driven into the a new oligarchic regime was estab- same wooden jamb of the door, pre- lished, and the old tyrant Thefarie was served as a sample of the original col- banished together with his supporters. It lection when the temple was dismantled is possible that this is reflected in the (literally a pars pro toto: possibly the onomastic record by the disappearance first row?). of the family name Velianas from the Another reference to the nails, which flourishing epigraphy of Caere. were called pulumχva, is in the second A recent attempt at detecting a clue Etruscan tablet (2), which was written to the destiny of the Velianas family has and posted after the first one. The final focused on the documentation of the clause of the text reads tmial avilχval related gentilicium Vilianas (Daniele amuce pulumχva snuiaφ, which may be Maras). In fact, although this seems to translated as “the nails (?) of the years of be an older, archaic form of Velianas, it the temple were twelve” (the number occurs in recent inscriptions that show a twelve is a hypothesis of Giulio slow migration from generation to gen- Giannecchini). That is to say, when the eration northwards along the Tiber val- second tablet was inscribed, twelve ley, to Tolfa, Narce and Chiusi. years had passed from the date of the b Such a migration is known also for dedication of the temple. other gentilicia, which start from archaic The reason for posting this second Veliinas). town. This is the reason why Colonna Veii and at times continue towards tablet is not particularly clear, although This important discovery shows how thought that they had ascended to Felsina and the Po valley; the insertion it may refer to the construction of the an aristocratic figure of archaic Caere, power, not only because of their noble of the Veliana family is perhaps a hint of sanctuary itself (thamuce cleva) and apparently belonging to the generation lineage, but also thanks to a network of their flight from Caere, along with the perhaps also to the annual ceremony of before Thefarie (possibly his father, friends and allies in the emerging social unexpected change of the name (per- the posting of the clavus annalis, “the according to Colonna’s hypothesis), was classes. haps the restitution of an archaic form). annual nail,” in the cella of Temple B, honored with a funerary ritual involving The tyrannical aspiration of the ded- A comparable change occurred with the which started with the inauguration of his wife Ramatha Spesias and a large icator of Temple B is evident in the dec- Latin gentilicium Tarquitii, which origi- the sanctuary. According to a recent group of participants who appear to oration of the roof, entirely dedicated to nated from the necessity of not being hypothesis of Daniele Maras, the tablet belong to different social classes. the deeds of Hercules, and crowned by a contaminated by the hateful name of the records the institution of an annual fes- The participants were probably representation of the divinization of the Tarquinii. continued on page 21 Page 20 The bilingual dedication of Temple Exceptional Gallic chariot decorative elements in bronze still con- B, as well as the identification of the nected to the wood of the shaft have Etruscan goddess Uni with Astarte testi- tomb discovered in France been discovered. These atypical objects fy to the personal connections and inter- do not as yet enable an accurate deter- national policies of Thefarie Velianas in Inrap [June 27, 2014]: A combined mination of the chronology of the chari- the same period when the Roman team composed of archaeologists from ot tomb. Republic, according to Polybius, sub- the Ardennes departmental archaeology Another rare feature is the discovery scribed its first treaty with Carthage (see unit and from Inrap is currently excavat- along the western wall of two small lastly Maurizio Harari, “Thefarie com- ing a Gallic aristocratic tomb at Warcq horses whose bones are still articulated. mittente.” Annali Faina 21, 2014, p. (Ardennes). Curated by the State (Drac All of these elements appear to offer 573-84). Champagne-Ardenne), this site is locat- very few parallels with previously exca- The important anniversary of this ed on the route of the A304 motorway vated chariot graves, and emphasize still year has been celebrated in Italy with being constructed by the Dreal between further the exceptional nature of this several events, including a ceremony at Charleville-Mézières and Rocroi. The remains of two small horses discovery. Santa Severa (see page 29), organized Starting on 3 June 2014 for a three whose bones are still articulated. The Ardennes departmental by the Soprintendenza per i Beni week period, archaeologists and an for such tombs (particularly at Bourcq archaeology unit Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale anthropologist have been working to and Semide in the Ardennes), which are The purpose of the Departmental in presence of the ambassadors of uncover this chariot tomb. This type of generally dated to the start of the second archaeology unit of the Ardennes Tunisy and Lebanon (June 21, 2014), an aristocratic tomb emerges in the 7th cen- Iron Age (5th-4th century B.C.). General Council is to reduce interven- event at Villa Giulia on the “burials of tury B.C. – during the first Iron Age – The excavation has currently tion times and to promote and commu- deities” (December 26, 2014), a study and ends with the end of the Gallic peri- revealed only the upper levels of this 15 nicate archaeological discoveries to the day at La Sapienza University of Rome od. The oldest chariots have four wheels m² funerary chamber. The chamber was citizens of the department and to the sci- with the participation of several scholars (like that found at Vix), while those covered with wood in the form of planks entific community. Employing six per- interested in the sanctuary of Pyrgi from the second Iron Age have only supported by a central span and with manent agents, it was certified on 22 (January 30, 2015), and a monographic two. The deceased person – who could supports on the pit walls. June 2009 by the Ministry of Culture volume of the series “Studi epigrafici e be male or female – was generally Several elements of the chariot have and Communication for the realization linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico,” inhumed on the chariot, which was an already been revealed: the iron wheel of diagnostic operations within the edited by Paolo Xella, to be published in object of prestige and a symbol of social bands, whose interiors are covered with department, and for the excavation of 2015. status. Champagne-Ardenne is famous gold leaf, probable hub decorations in Gallo-Roman and Medieval sites. Over bronze set with glass paste, and some the past five years, this departmental Notes dance, continued from page 8 1975 and then “Aggiornamento: il planks. Finally, in the southeast angle, unit has realized 84 diagnostic opera- 1. This work was presented at the Ecole costume etrusco,” in Secondo tions across 458 hectares. Normale Supérieure in Paris, 24 Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Symposium continued from page 12 October 2012. I am duly grateful to Firenze 26 Maggio – 2 Giugno focus shifted to the Phoenician diaspora process of interaction in the early 1st Prof. Dominique Briquel for his 1985. Supplemento di Studi Etruschi westwards (Maria Eugenia Aubet) millennium is illustrated by Crete, a helpful comments. Françoise- 3, (1989) 1373-1393. through Aegean routes and settlements, crossroads between East and West, Hélène Massa-Pairault, “La Tombe 6. See Stephan Steingräber, Catalogo Cyprus (Annie Caubet), and the rela- South and North, towards Greece and des Lionnes à Tarquinia: emporion, ragionato della pittura etrusca tionship between Greece and the Near the Balkans (Nicholas Ch. Stampolidis). cultes et société,” Studi Etruschi 64, (Milan 1984) 315-316. East (Wolf-Dieter Niemeier). The Etruscans figure among the pro- (1998) 43-70. 7. See for example the Tomba del On the second day in the session tagonists of this cultural distribution and 2. Francesco Roncalli, “La definizione Triclinio in Tarquinia. “Art and Literature of Interaction,” interaction, which determined long-last- pittorica dello spazio tombale nella 8. On Etruscan visual sense, see also aspects of material and figural culture, ing features of their identity. The ‘età della crisi,’” in Crise et trans- Jocelyn Penny Small, “Left, right, art and craftsmanship were investigated. Levantine component and a fascination formation des sociétés archaïques de and center: direction in Etruscan Iconographies, with contents, messages for the Egyptian world reach the l’Italie antique du Ve siècle av. J.-C., art,” Opuscula Romana XVI:7 and symbols conceived in the Near Tyrrhenian coasts through imported, Actes de la table ronde organisée (1987) 125-135. Eastern courts, were conveyed and prestigious, rare goods, or local produc- par l’Ecole française de Rome et 9. Elisabeth Magne, “Entrer dans les selectively received by the diverse cul- tions by immigrant craftsmen (Maurizio l’Unité de recherches étrusco- images. Analyse anthropologique et tures that interacted in the ancient Sannibale). italiques associée au CNRS (UA esthétique des dispositifs immer- Mediterranean. Forms of craftsmanship and pictorial 1132), Rome, 19-21 November 1987 sifs,” in Marc Jimenez, Regards sur The impressive corpus of Levantine arts were investigated in a broader per- (Rome 1990) 229-243. l’image (Klincksieck 2009) 161- figural ivories in different styles spective, in the historical framework of 3. See Stephan Steingräber, Catalogo 172. (Phoenician, North- and South-Syrian), the Neo-Assyrian empire (Ann C. ragionato della pittura etrusca 10. See for example Anca Giurchescu, jealously preserved in the Assyrian Gunter), and in light of the spread of (Milan 1984) 299-300. “The dance symbol as a means of palaces of Nimrud and Arslan Tash, Orientalizing luxury goods (Marian 4. Ibid., 373-374. communication,” Acta constitute an essential iconographic Feldman). 5. Audrey Gouy, “La représentation du Etnographica Hungarica, vol. 39, n° document for analyzing and understand- Finally, contact between East and costume des danseuses étrusques 1-2 (1994) 95-102 and “A question ing the ideal and the symbolic figural West seems to have gone further than (VIe-Ve siècles avant J.-C.)” in La of method: contextual analysis of references of local cultures (Irene J. the material aspects of trade and the distinction par le costume. De la dancing at the Vlach Hora in Winter). These are imitated in the metal- non-verbal contents of symbols and fabrication à la représentation, Denmark,” in L. Torp, The Dance work, and in the circulation and re-elab- iconographies. New, fascinating per- Journées d’étude de l’équipe Event: a complex cultural phenome- oration of specific forms of vases and spectives are opened by considering the Histara, 6-7 mai 2011 (send to non, Proceedings from the 15th paraphernalia found in sanctuaries in uses of writing, literature and the com- press). See the pioneer work of Symposium of the ICTM Study Greece and in elite contexts in the West munication of knowledge under Near Larissa Bonfante, Etruscan Dress, Group on Ethnochoreology (Hartmut Matthäus) Eastern influence (Carolina López- 2nd ed. 2003 Baltimore-London, (Copenhague 1989) 40. The role of major islands in the Ruiz, Marc Van De Mieroop). Page 21 dal Bronzo finale all’età arcaica.” Program CONFERENCES Mariassunta Cuozzo, Carmine 26 September 2014 Pellegrino (Università degli Studi First session: I piccoli musei in Italia. arcaica a Bologna e in Emilia.” del Molise e Università degli Studi Idee e strumenti per la progettazione Andrea Gaucci (Università degli Studi di Salerno), “Delimitazione dello e la gestione. di Bologna), “Organizzazione degli spazio funerario e dinamiche sociali “Lo scenario attuale dei piccoli musei,” spazi funerari a Spina e in area del- nella Campania meridionale.” Giancarlo Dall’Ara, Presidente tizia.” Gianluca Tagliamonte (Università degli APM. Paola Desantis (Soprintendenza per i Studi del Salento), “Archeologia “Micromecenatismo 2.0,” Francesco Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia funeraria nel mondo messapico.” D’Amato, “Sapienza” Università di Romagna), “Aspetti di topografia Claudio Bizzarri, David B. George, Roma. funeraria e tipologia tombale nella Paolo Binaco (Parco Archeologico e “L’allestimento dei piccoli musei fra necropoli di Spina-Valle Pega: l’e- Ambientale dell’Orvietano), “Lo nuove tecnologie e tradizione,” sempio del Dosso E.” scavo della cavità n. 254 in Via Ripa Valeria Minucciani, Politecnico di Stefano Bruni (Università degli Studi di Medici, Orvieto.” Torino. Ferrara). “Il tumulo di Pisa.” “L’importante ruolo degli ‘Amici’ per i Adriano Maggiani (Università degli piccoli musei,” Vittorio Falletti, Studi di Venezia), “Entro il recinto: l’Accademia Albertina delle Belle l’arredo scultoreo delle tombe a Arti, Torino. tumulo di Vetulonia.” “Il museo, il suo territorio: etica ed Simona Rafanelli (Museo Archeologico estetica di una realtà storica e “Isidoro Falchi”), “Circoli e tumuli a sociale,” Fulvio Ricci, Museo del Vetulonia.” Costume Farnesiano di Gradoli. XXII Convegno Internazionale di Giovannangelo Camporeale Second session: Musei 2.0 Studi sulla Storia e l’Archeologia (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei), “Musei e social media,” Francesca De dell’Etruria “I circoli nelle necropoli di Massa Gottardo, Movimento #sveglia- La delimitazione dello Marittima.” museo. Luca Fedeli, Ada Salvi, Maria Angela “Il Museo virtuale di Narce (MAVNA),” spazio funerario Turchetti (Soprintendenza per i Beni Jacopo Tabolli, MAVNA, Mazzano in Italia dalla protostoria Archeologici della Toscana), “I cir- Romano, RM. all’età arcaica. coli funerari del Sodo a Cortona.” 27 September 2014 Carlotta Cianferoni (Soprintendenza per “Documentari, televisione e produzione Recinti, circoli, tumuli i Beni Archeologici della Toscana), di contenuti visivi per i musei,” Fondazione per il Museo “Claudio “Riflessioni intorno ai circoli di Caterina Pisu, APM, Maurizio Quinto Convegno Internazionale Faina,” Orvieto Marsiliana.” Pellegrini, Soprintendenza per i APM December 19-21, 2014 Enrico Pellegrini (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Musei Accoglienti: Meridionale. December 19 Meridionale), “Un aspetto delle una nuova cultura Third Session: Normative e finanzia- Giovanni Colonna (Accademia necropoli etrusche di Grotte di gestionale per i menti per i piccoli musei Nazionale dei Lincei), “I tumuli in Castro: le tombe a fossa con circolo “Normative per la qualità nei piccoli Etruria.” di Vigna La Piazza.” piccoli musei musei,” Anna Boccioli, Incipit Alessandro Naso (Istituto di Studi sul Maria Bonghi Jovino (Università degli Viterbo, September 26-27, 2014 Consulting Società Cooperativa. Mediterraneo Antico del C.N.R.), Studi di Milano), “Cultura funeraria Museo Nazionale Etrusco, Rocca Fourth Session: gestire un piccolo “Tumuli nei paesaggi funerari del e aristocrazie tirreniche. Il tumulo di Albornoz museo. Esperienze e Buone Prasse Mediterraneo e dell’Europa cen- Poggio Gallinaro a Tarquinia.” “Il Museo della Ceramica dellaTuscia,” trale.” Alessandro Mandolesi (Università degli The Associazione Nazionale Piccoli . Silvia Valentini, Museo della Cera- Silvia Paltineri (Università degli Studi Studi di Torino), “La Doganaccia di Musei, founded by Prof. Giancarlo . mica della Tuscia, Viterbo. di Padova e di Pavia), “Architettura Tarquinia: organizzazione di un Dall’Ara, organizes an annual confer- “Piccoli Musei metropolitani: Il Museo funeraria e società: recinti, circoli e sepolcreto principesco.” ence of scholars and specialists in the . della Scuola Romana,” Maria Italia forme di delimitazione dello spazio December 21 areas of museums, tourism, communica- . Zacheo, Museo e Archivio della nella necropoli di Chiavari.” Laura Ponzi Bonomi (Soprintendenza tion, and economy to discuss and . Scuola Romana di Villa Torlonia. Mariolina Gamba, Giovanna per i Beni Archeologici address themes inherent in small muse- “Mostrare l’invisibile/ Il vento come Gambacurta, Angela Ruta Serafini dell’Umbria), “Tombe a tumulo e a ums, erroneously defined as “minor,” . esperienza. Il Museo della Bora di (Soprintendenza per i Beni circolo nell’area italica centrorien- but which in every town in the world . Trieste,” Rino Lombardi, Museo Archeologici del Veneto), “Paesaggi tale: tipologia e ideologia.” very often represent the most vital cul- . della Bora, Trieste. e architetture delle necropoli Maria Cristina De Angelis tural fabric and that nearest to the com- “La Lanterna Magica in Veneto,” Laura venete.” (Soprintendenza per i Beni munity. It is important that small muse- . Minici Zotti, Museo del Precinema, December 20 Archeologici dell’Umbria), ums not be regarded as “reduced . Padova. Daniela Locatelli (Soprintendenza per “Proposta per una lettura della copies” of the large museums, but insti- “Il Sistema museale del Lago di Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia- necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni.” tutions with their own specific charac- . Bolsena,” Pietro Tamburini, Siste- Romagna), “Nuovi dati sull’organiz- Vincenzo D’Ercole (Direzione Generale teristics and whose greatest strengths . ma museale del Lago di Bolsena. zazione degli spazi sepolcrali e delle Antichità del Ministero dei are the capacity to welcome and both “Il ruolo sociale dei musei: una nuova modalità di aggregazione delle Beni e delle Attività Culturali), “Lo culturally and socially to give life to the . sfida culturale,” Isabella Serafini, tombe dall’Orientalizzante all’età spazio funerario nell’area abruzzese territories of which they are a part. . Musei Capitolini, Roma. Page 22 “I piccoli musei della Sardegna: buone The conference thus offered a large Sociological and Historical Paulina Komar, “Wine, women and . pratiche,” Ilenia Atzori, APM Sard- group of scholars the opportunity of pre- Perspective.” honor killings: family relations in . egna, and Mario Paffi, Museo delle senting to an international audience the Fourth Session. Chair: Simeon Chavel archaic Rome.” .. Maschere Mediterranee e del Museo results of their own studies, as well as an Leire Olabarria, “Relatively speaking: Maciej Marciniak, “Roman field trophy: ... della Cultura e del Lavoro, Mamoiad occasion to compare their work and display and kin group development a short family tradition?” forge new collaborations on various in Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca. Eleventh session. Chair: Małgorzata projects. 1900–1700 BCE).” Zadka The conference ended on September Paulina Nicko, “Communication of the Maciej H. Dąbrowski, “Familia isiaca 21 with a field trip to Lake Lubans, and deceased with living members of and the Ptolemaic royal family.” visits to local archaeological sites and families in ancient Mesopotamia.” Tomasz Dziurdzik, “Emperor’s museums. June 12, 2014 Kinsmen: Family Ties as a Role- All the sessions were videotaped, and Fifth session. Chair: Stefan Nowicki Model for Relations Between can be accessed at: www.riga2014.org. Daniel Justel, “Children inside the Roman Emperors and Soldiers in A number of presentations dealt with Family in Late Bronze Age Official Propaganda, Social Order Etruscan and Italic amber. Present at the Mesopotamia and Syria.” and Religious Ceremonies.” conference, among many others, were Paweł Nowakowski, “Family Votive Ilze Loza, the organizer, Joan Todd, Strategies in Late Antique Asia Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, Simona Minor.” Rafanelli, Faya Causey, Larissa Sixth session. Chair: Joanna Janik Bonfante. Alessandro Naso’s report was Hugh Thomas, “’Greetings to you also, presented in absentia. dearest husband.’ The Dexiosis and Family: Interpreting Familial Sixth International Amber Relationships on Classical Attic Conference, Riga, Latvia Interdisciplinary International Tombstones.” 2014 Conference Brenda Griffith-Williams, “‘No-one is by Veronica Gallo Family and Family adopted out of his mother’s family:’ Relationships in inheritance through a female line in Riga was the Culture Capital of classical Athens.” Europe for 2014, and it was in this con- Antiquity Katerina Mandalaki, “Care of the text that the international scholarly con- University of Wrocław Elderly in Greek Antiquity.” ference, Baltic Amber Across Time and Wrocław, 11-13 June 2014 Seventh session. Chair: Brenda Borders, took place at the University of Griffith-Williams Latvia, on September 19 and 21, 2014. June 11, 2014 Joanna Janik, “Problematic Heritage: The event brought together scholars First Session. Chair: Gościwit The Cases of Alcibiades the Younger from all parts of the world: Latvia, Malinowski and the Son of Eucrates.” Estonia, and Lithuania (referred to as Yongliang Shang, Chengdan Wang, Roksana Chowaniec, “Small finds as a “Amberland”), Finland, Sweden, “Yijiu’s Abandonment. A Family- reflection of everyday life of family. Poland, Bielorussia, Slovenia, Austria, State Pattern in Antiquity China and Case study: Hellenistic-Roman France, Spain, Italy, Jordan, United its Adoption in Classical Chinese Akrai, Sicily.” States, and China. In the course of the Literature.” Eighth session. Chair: Hugh Thomas two days, numerous sessions dealt with Hanzhen Liu, “The Romanticism of Dominika Grzesik, “How to become a specific aspects of Baltic amber, such as Family, State and Universal.” hero? A case study of the most Rose-Marie Lewent its geology, its geographical range, and Alice Yu Cheng, “Family Relation and prominent family in Delphi.” its chemical nature, as well as the archa- Its Impact on the Political Gilles Andrianne, “Eurytos and his Conference eology of amber, from the Stone Age Landscape in the Western Zhou Progeny: an Archer Family in Greek Animals In Antiquity down to the Middle Ages and modern Dynasty (1046—771 B.C.) of Archaic Culture.” New York University times. ancient China.” Magdalena Myszkowska-Kaszuba, The Center For Ancient Studies Amber, and especially Baltic amber, Second Session. Chair: Wang “Defining Mothers of Sparta. The in conjunction with the has been the subject of study for a num- Chengdan Literary Portrait of a Spartan Animal Studies Initiative ber of years, because objects made of Teresa Miążek, “Emotional states and Mother.” and the this material found from the Baltic relations between them as leading to June 13, 2014 Department Of Classics coasts down to the Mediterranean and the aesthetical tastes of literature in Ninth session. Chair: Roksana beyond have allowed archaeologists to ancient India. The Rasa theory from Chowaniec trace some of the trade routes leading Nātyaśāstra and its applications.” Dobromiła Nowicka, “Family Relations across Europe and related maritime rou- Mateusz Kłagisz, “Incestuous Marriage in Cases concerning Iniuria.” February 13, 2014 tes. Amber has always attracted man’s in Ancient Iran.” Joanna Pieczonka, “Family Life in the Welcome and Opening Remarks: curiosity because of its warm colors and Third Session. Chair: Petr Charvát Atellan Farce – Few Remarks on the Matthew S. Santirocco, Senior Vice its brilliance, which early on related it to Daniele Umberto Lampasona, Influence of Fabula Palliata on Provost, Professor of Classics, and a solar cult and endowed it with thera- “Reconstructing Ur III family ties Atellana.” Angelo J. Ranieri Director of peutic and apotropaic properties, quali- through letter-orders.” Agnieszka Tomas, “Roman Military Ancient Studies, NYU; Joy ties that it is still thought to possess in Stefan Nowicki, “Legitimization of Family at the Borders of the Empire. Connolly, Dean for the Humanities the Baltic regions. It continued to be kingship and power through family A Case of the Legio I Italica.” and Professor of Classics, NYU. used well into the Roman and medieval relations in Ancient Mesopotamia.” Tenth session. Chair: Joanna Pieczonka Keynote Address: “Thinking With period, and is greatly valued even today Simeon Chavel, “The Biblical Idea of Aura Piccioni, “Domestic cults and fam- Animals: Hybridity And The Greek in various parts of the world. Intergenerational Punishment in ily religion in archaic Italy.” Imagination,” Jeremy McInerney, Page 23 University of Pennsylvania. Studiorum, Università di Bologna), Sacro Cuore, Milano), Gli dèi nel- February 14, 2014 Politeismo e Gender Studies: ricon- l’allegoresi teologica stoica: tra Session 1: Chair, Pam Crabtree, NYU siderando la maternità di Hera. politeismo e reductio ad naturam. “Images of Anthropomorphized Luigi Zotta (Universität Zürich), Anna Multari (Università degli Studi di Animals in Ancient Egyptian Dioniso. Identità, polimorfismo, Messina), Iside e Osiride nell’inter- Figured Ostraca and Papyri,” immaginario. pretazione platonica di Plutarco. Jennifer Babcock, Institute of Fine Session 5: Chair: Claudia Santi (SUN, June 13, 2014, Velletri Arts-NYU. Seconda Università degli Studi di Session 7: Chair: Alessandro Saggioro “Tracing Identity Through Pig Sacrifice: Napoli) (Sapienza Università di Roma) the Greco-Punic Cult of Demeter at Marios Kamenou (University of Sergio Botta (Sapienza Università di Selinunte,” Andrew Farinholt Ward, Cyprus), Costruzione e percezione Roma), Gli dèi in viaggio verso il Institute of Fine Arts-NYU. del divino a Cipro: il caso di Apollo Nuovo Mondo: appunti per una Session 2: Session Chair, Joan Breton Kyprios. genealogia del politeismo in Età Connelly, NYU Alessandro Coscia (Pinacoteca di Brera, moderna. “Are Animals Naked? A View From Soprintendenza per i beni storici Marianna Ferrara (Sapienza Università Greek Art,” Annetta Alexandridis, artistici di Milano), Gli dèi della col- di Roma), “Tremilatre, trecentotre, Cornell University. onizzazione romana in Gallia trentatre, sei, tre, due, uno e mezzo, Comment: Patricia Johnson, Boston Cisalpina: costruzione e definizione uno.” Il politeismo vedico come University. dei pantheon coloniali tra propa- “discorso” tra tradizione e inno- Session 3: Chair, David Levene, NYU ganda ideologica, koinè ellenistica e vazione. “Animals in Love: Images from Greek IV Incontro sulle Religioni del varianti locali. Giuseppina Paola Viscardi (Università and Latin Literature,” Craig Mediterraneo Antico Federica Fontana (Università degli degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”), Williams, University of Illinois at Politeismo Studi di Trieste), Ancora su Apollo Tra “esseri supreme,” “iddii supre- Urbana-Champaign. in Cisalpina tra Iperborei e misticis- mi” e “iddii unici.” Qualche osser- Comment : Mark Payne, University of Costruzione e Percezione mo orfico-pitagorico. vazione a margine della riflessione Chicago delle Divinità Lyuba Radulova (Università di Sofia pettazzoniana sulla natura e gli Session 4: Chair, David Sider, NYU “St. Kl. Ohridski”) and Rita Sassu attributi della divinità tra pensiero “Intellect and Morality in Animal nel Mediterraneo Antico (Sapienza Università di Roma), mitico e pensiero logico-causale. Emotions: Ancient and Modern June 10-14, 2014 Forme di ibridazione nella Santiago Montero (Universidad Views,” Stephen Newmyer, Velletri and Lanuvio costruzione di una divinità in un Complutense de Madrid), Gli dei e il Duquesne University. contesto multietnico: il culto di Male a Roma. Comment: Dale Jamieson, June 10,2014,Velletri Apollo Kendrisios a Philippopolis. Miriam Blanco (Universidad de NYU/Institute for Advanced Study. Sessions 1-3 Carla Del Zotto (Sapienza Università di Valladolid), Dèi, daimones, angeli e Marisa Tortorelli Ghidini (Università Roma), Iside e Nehalennia nel altri spiriti divini: il conflitto tra il Giornata di studio degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”), mondo germanico: interpretatio Uno e il Molteplice nella magia Produzione artigianale in Riflessioni sulle personificazioni Romana o culto straniero? greca antica. divine nella Grecia antica: la coppia Anna Gasparetto (Università Ca’ June 14, 2014, Lanuvio Grecia arcaica primordial. Foscari, Venezia), Politeismo e Teatro comunale di via S. Lorenzo Università degli Studi di Salerno Ileana Chirassi Colombo (Università politeismi alle porte dell’Impero Session 9: Chair: Giancarlo Rinaldi Fisciano, 28 May 2014 degli Studi di Trieste), Politeismo e bizantino. L’incontro culturale nella (Università degli Studi di Napoli mito: osservazioni intorno al “per- penisola balcanica nei secoli VII/IX. “L’Orientale”) Eleni Hasaki (Archaeological Institute fetto” caso greco. June 12, 2014, Velletri Talisa Tavella (Durham University), Le of America, University of Arizona), Nicola Reggiani (Universität “Ruprecht Session 6: Chair: Diana Segarra Crespo Dee Velate. Viaggio nella “Potters and Penteskouphia Pinakes Karl,” Heidelberg), Demokratia e (Universidad Complutense de “costruzione” simbolica delle at Ancient Corinth: From Practice Politeismo. La rifunzionalizzazione Madrid) divinità femminili. Pieces to Prayers.” delle divinità nell’Atene della “rivo- Jorge García Cardiel (Universidad Maria Grazia Palmieri (Università degli Bruno d’Agostino (Università degli luzione democratica”. Il caso di Complutense de Madrid), Los elegi- Studi di Napoli “Federico II”), Studi di Napoli “l’Orientale”), Hermes dos de la diosa: divinidad y elites Poseidon con il fiore di loto a “Poseidon Damasios e Hippios e il Ezio Pellizer (Università degli Studi di gobernantes en el mundo ibérico. Corinto: nota sulla simbologia di suo rapporto con gli artigiani.” Trieste), Politeisti, pagani, idolatri. Claudia Santi (SUN, Seconda una variante iconografica. Maria Grazia Palmieri (Università degli Riflessioni portative sui grandi temi Università degli Studi di Napoli), Mariafrancesca Berretti (Accademia Studi di Napoli “l’Orientale”), religiosi Demitizzazione e ritualismo nel delle Belle Arti, Roma) and Marco “Vasai e cavalieri sui pinakes arcaici June 11, 2014, Velletri politeismo di Roma repubblicana. Nocca (Accademia delle Belle Arti, di Penteskouphia.” Fabio Cavallero (Sapienza Università di Diego M. Escámez de Vera Roma), Le divinità antiche nella Albio Cesare Cassio, (Università degli Roma), L’altare come luogo e mezzo (Universidad Complutense de simbologia dell’arte cristiana. Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”), di comunicazione tra l’uomo e gli Madrid), La divinidad como legiti- “Atena, la fornace e i demoni (epi- dèi: le arae romane. madora del poder: prodigia e ide- gramma “omerico” 13).” Session 4: Chair: Ileana Chirassi ología imperial en época Flavia. Angela Pontrandolfo and Michele Colombo (Università degli Studi di Caterina Schiariti (Università degli Scafuro (Università degli Studi di Trieste) Studi di Messina), Il “problema” Salerno), “I pinakes attici: pro- Carmine Pisano (Università degli Studi Senofane. Riflessioni sulla critica duzione, contesti, iconografia.” di Napoli “Federico II”), Come “si del filosofo di Colofone agli dèi di Luca Cerchiai (Università degli Studi di costruisce” un dio in Grecia: l’e- Omero. Salerno), “Lo status di artigiano in sempio dell’Inno omerico a Hermes. Ilaria Ramelli (Università Cattolica del Etruria arcaica. Giulia Pedrucci (Alma Mater Page 24 Conference Animal and Profession Taboos.” Historical Consciousness Peter Machinist (Hebrew Bible/ Assyriology), Harvard University: and Historiography “Periodization in Biblical (3000 BC–AD 600) Historiography: With Help from Oxford, September 17-19, 2014 Mesopotamia.” Dirk Meyer (Chinese Studies), This conference brings together 20 University of Oxford: “Shangshu experts, representing 12 research insti- Speeches.” Workshop tutions, from Anthropology, Piotr Michalowski (Sumerology/ La digitalizzazione Assyriology & Sumerology, Biblical & Assyriology), University of del Sarcofago degli Sposi Jewish Studies, Classics, East Asian Michigan: Studies, Egyptology, Hittitology, and “The Domestication of Stranger Kings: Tecnologie e nuovi linguaggi Indo-European Studies to address three Making History by List in Ancient per un museo dinamico e main issues: Mesopotamia.” diffuso (1) the ways different traditions of Na’aman Nadav (Jewish Studies), Tel Auditorium CINECA, Rome historical consciousness informed or Aviv University: “Writing the Early 13 June 2014 contributed to the rise of formal histori- History of Israel as a Decisive Step ography; in the Formation of ‘Biblical Israel.’” Rita Cosentino, Maria Anna De Lucia (2) the ways formal historiography Christopher Pelling (Classics), (SBAEM), Antonella Guidazzoli and other traditions of historical con- Conference University of Oxford: “Waiting for (CINECA): Il Sarcofago degli sciousness interacted during their trans- Popular Medicine in the Herodotus: the Mindsets of 425.” Sposi: Storia di un capolavoro dal mission; and Tim Rood (Classics), University of Graeco-Roman World ritrovamento ad una nuova vita (3) the implications of such interac- Oxford: “Thucydides, Myth, and (NYC, April 18-19, 2014) nella dimensione digitale. tions for cultural heritage, collective Ethnography.” Center for the Ancient Mediterranean Giosuè Boetto Cohen (Giornalista RAI): memory, and later understandings of David Schaberg (Chinese Studies), Columbia University History Il padano APA e l’etrusca ATI si history. University of California, Los Department, incontrano: un progetto di gemel- Speakers and Presentation Topics: Angeles: “The Scene of Inquiry in Program in Classical Studies, and laggio transmediale tra Bologna e Nick Allen (Anthropology), University Early Chinese Historiography.” Stanwood Cockey Lodge Foundation Roma. of Oxford: “Secession of Plebs, Rosalind Thomas (Classics), University of the Classics Department Francesco Antinucci (CNR - ISTC): Secession of Achilles: Roman of Oxford: “Historical Considerazioni sul progetto Apa l’ Pseudo-history and Indo-European Consciousness and the ‘Aetiology.’” April 18th Etrusco sbarca a Roma. Heritage.” Henriette van der Blom (Classics), Opening Remarks: William Harris Fabio Remondino, Erica Nocerino, John Baines (Egyptology), University University of Glasgow/University of First Session: Religious and Fabio Menna (Fondazione Bruno of Oxford: “History and Oxford: “Mythmaking and Turning Psychological Aspects Kessler): Rilievo e modellazione 3D Historiography in the Material Points: Cicero’s Creation of an Session chair: Francesco de Angelis del Sarcofago degli Sposi con tecni- World: An Ancient Egyptian Oratorical Past at Rome.” Patricia Baker, “Conceptions of a ca fotogrammetrica. Perspective.” Tim Whitmarsh (Classics), University Salubrious Environment: Marco Callieri, Matteo Dellepiane, Emily Baragwanath (Classics), of Oxford/University of Cambridge: Construction and Design of Greco- Roberto Scopigno (CNR-ISTI): University of North Carolina, “Atheist Histories and the Roman Healing Sanctuaries.” Acquisizione laser e modello 3d del Chapel Hill: “Myth and History Resistance to Empire.” Olympia Panagiotidou, “Asklepian Sarcofago degli sposi. Entwined: Female Agency and Roger Woodard (Classics/Indo- Therapy as an alternative healing Andrea Adami, Emanuel Demetrescu, Fraternal Strife in the Greek European Studies), University of choice: A case of placebo effect.” Eva Pietroni (CNR ITABC): Historians.” Buffalo, SUNY: “Coriolanus: Session chair: Katja Vogt Valentina Albano (Leica): Il rilievo Richard Buxton (Classics), University Writing the Primitive Dysfunctional Chiara Thumiger, “Prometheus’ gift: 3d del Sarcofago degli sposi: solu- of Bristol: “The Cyclopes: Myth and Warrior into the History of healing and hope in popular and zioni a confronto. Historiography.” Republican Rome.” technical reflections on medicine.” Anna Maria Manferdini (Dipartimento Ken Dowden (Classics), University of Rebecca Flemming, “Anatomical Architettura Università di Bologna): Birmingham: “Tlepolemos, and the votives in Republican/Hellenistic Ricerca universitaria e didattica per Dialectic of Mythology and Premier colloque International Italy: How popular and how med- la valorizzazione del patrimonio cul- History.” Géographie historique du ical?” turale. La digitalizzazione del Amir Gilan (Hittitology), Tel Aviv Maghreb antique et Second Session: Recipes And Sarcofago degli Sposi. University: “The Hittites and Their Remedies Franz Fischnaller (F.A.B.R.I.CATORS): Past—Forms of Historical médiéval: état des lieux Session chair: Deborah Steiner Tecnologie per installazioni evocati- Consciousness in Hittite Anatolia.” et perspectives de Isabella Andorlini, “Crossing the ve. Jonas Grethlein (Classics), University recherches Borders between Egyptian and Tavola rotonda: Le tecnologie ICT tra of Heidelberg: “Alternative Versions Greek medical practice: papyri and reale e virtuale: dalla valorizzazione in Pindar and Herodotus.” Sousse, 14-16 March 2014 related archaeological tools.” dei capolavori antichi all’analisi Christina Kraus (Classics), Yale Julie Laskaris, “Metals in Medicine: delle percezioni sui visitatori. University: “Fabula and History in This international conferenvce features from Telephus to the Greek Magical Participants: Francesco Antinucci Livy’s Narrative of the Capture of our Etruscan colleague: Papyri.” (CNR-ISTC), Claudio Bocci Veii.” Jean Gran-Aymerich, “De Carthage à Laurence Totelin, “Pharmakopolai: a re- (Federculture), Carlo Infante Alasdair Livingstone (Assyriology), Malaga et au-delà. Les Étrusques et evaluation of the sources.” (Performing media). University of Birmingham: “The le réseau colonial punique.” Arsenio Ferraces Rodriguez, “Medical Page 25 recipes from Antiquity to the early Middle Ages: who made them, how, and for whom they were made.” LECTURES & SEMINARS Accordia Lectures on Italy Institute of Fine Arts April 19th Third Session: Some Major Texts 2014-2015 Seminar on Greek and Session chair: Rebecca Flemming Roman Art Heinrich von Staden, “The relationship January 14, 2014 and Architecture between ‘popular’ and ‘scientific’ “Writing on Etruscan walls: Vitruvius medicine in Celsus’ Medicina.” and the Tuscanicae Dispositiones,” The Seminar on Greek and Roman Danielle Gourevitch, “Popular Charlotte Potts, Somerville College, Art and Architecture invites scholars to Medicines and Practices in Galen.” Oxford. share their current research with the Vivian Nutton, “Popular medicine in the February 18, 2014 research community on Ancient Art and Galenic Corpus.” “Massive buildings, intangible prac- Archaeology at the Institute of Fine Arts Ann Ellis Hanson, “The barnyard and tices: making sense of the Tas-Silg and in the metropolitan area, and to the bedroom, the Geoponika and prehistoric megalithic sanctuary in meet and talk with IFA graduate stu- Hippocrates’ women.” Malta,” Giulia Recchia, University Fourth Session: Doctors And Others of Foggia. dents. The study of Greek and Roman Art Session chair: William Harris March 4, 2014 and Architecture is at a critical stage in Liz Irwin, “Imperial ambitions and the “Indigenous cults in Roman North its development. In recent years, this popularization of medical theory at Italy,” Ralph Häussler, University of field has been characterized by an ever- Athens.” Wales, Trinity St David. increasing range of approaches, under Catherine Hezser, “ ‘Honor Your May 6, 2014 the influence of various disciplines such Physician Even Before You Have “Perceptions of prophecy: divination as Sociology, Semiotics, Gender Need of Him’ (y. Taan. 3:6, 66d): made visible in Ancient Italy and Theory, Anthropology, Reception Representations of the Physician in Greece,” Nancy de Grummond, Theory, and Hermeneutics. The scope of Jewish Literature from Hellenistic Florida State University. this Seminar is to explore key aspects of and Roman Times.” October 21, 2014 Greek and Roman Art and Architecture, David Leith, “How Popular Were the “’...the columns are unfinished to this and to assess the current state of the dis- Medical Sects?” Centro Studi di Preistoria e day!’ - new excavations in the forum cipline by reviewing and subjecting its Ido Israelowitch, “Medicine in the Archeologia of Pompeii,” Christoph Rommel, current larger theoretical implications, Roman Army.” XII Incontro di Studi: Preistoria e German Archaeological Institute. Protostoria in Etruria November 4. 2014 methodologies, and directions of Ornarsi per comunicare “Art and death in Neolithic Sardinia: the research to critical scrutiny. con gli uomini e con gli dei decorated Domus de Janas rock-cut All lectures are on Thursday Gli oggetti di ornamento come status tombs,” Guillaume Robin, evenings at 6:00 PM. Please check back symbol, amuleti, richiesta University of Edinburgh. for RSVP information. di protezione December 2, 2014 September 12-13, 2014 Accordia Anniversary Lecture: Upcoming Lectures 2015 Valentano, Museo della preistoria della “Frattesina: an entrepôt in the pre- January 29, 2015 Tuscia e della Rocca Farnese historic Mediterranean world,” Anna Stefano Vassallo, Superintendency of Maria Bietti Sestieri, Emeritus Palermo, “The New Excavations in Professor, University of the Salento. the Necropolis of Himera.” February 26, 2015 January 13, 2015 Jenifer Neils, Elsie B. Smith Professor “Getting the bigger picture from a minor in the Liberal Arts, Department of site: the Roman and Late Antique Classics, Case Western Reserve mansio of Vignale (Tuscany),” University, “The Shield of the Enrico Zanini, University of Siena. Athena Parthenos: A New February 17, 2015 Reconstruction.” “Perfume, flowers and deities in the April 2, 2015 Western Greek World: the case study Verena Gassner, Professor, University of Gela,” Claudia Lambrugo, of Vienna, “The Hellenistic University of Milan. Sanctuaries of Velia.” March 3, 2015 April 14, 2015 Conference “Advertisement, marketing and compe- Paul Zanker, Professor of Storia Saeculum Aureum: tition: performing auctions in dell’Arte Antica, Scuola Normale Roman Italy,” Marta Garcia Superiore, Pisa: Lecture title forth- Tradizione e Morcillo, University of coming. innovazione nella religione Roehampton. April 29, 2015 romana di May 5, 2015 Michael Squire, Lecturer, King’s “Interpreting the Etruscans: between College, London, “Homer and the epoca augustea republicanism and princely rule Ekphrasists: Text and Image in the Velletri, July 8-12, 2014 (12th to 16th centuries,” Corinna Elder Philostratus’s Scamander Riva, UCL Institute of Archaeology. (Imagines I.1)” Page 26 Seminar, February 27, 2014, The Laurent Haumesser (Conservateur en Past lectures of interest Institute of Fine Arts, New York chef, Département des antiquités City. grecques, étrusques e romaines, Alessandro Naso (Direttore dell’Istituto Paolo Xella (Università di Pisa, ISMA- Musée du Louvre), “European di Studi sull’Oriente Antico del CNR), “Il tofet: tradizioni rituali e Architects and the rediscovery of CNR), “Verucchio fuori Verucchio: aspetti del culto nel mondo fenicio- Etruria in the 19th century: from Sir intagli in ambra dall’Artemision di punico,” May 9, 2014, Museo John Soane to Charles Garnier,” Efeso),” on the theme of Baltic Nazionale di Villa Giulia. Annual Eva Laurent Memorial amber, of which the excavations in Museo Civico Archeologico “Isidoro Lecture, May 2, 2014, British the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesus Falchi” Vetulonia: Archeologia sotto Museum. have yielded over 700 pieces, which le stele 2014: Circoli di pietra in Pontificia Accademia Romana di compare with Etruscan and Italic Etruria: Archeologia, April 3, 2014, Le ricer- manufacture. August 26, 2014, Giovannangelo Camporeale, “Tomba e che dell’Università “La Sapienza” a Museo di Verucchio. società a Vetulonia: dai pozzi ai Veio: Steve Lauritano (Yale University and tumuli monumentali,” August 2. Gilda Bartoloni, “Il cane di terracotta.” Fellow in the Berlin Program for Enrico Pelegrini, “Le tombe a circolo di Francesca Boitani, Folco Biagi, Sara Advanced German and European Grotte di Castro, nella Val di Lago,” Neri, “Mura e porte urbiche.” Studies, Freie Universität, Berlin), August 9. Ugo Fusco, “I culti nel sito di Campetti, “Have Caryatids, Will Travel: Karl Giuseppina Carlotta Cianferoni, “I gran- area S-O, dall’età arcaica a quella Lectures Friedrich Schinkel’s Architecture in di circoli femminili di Vetulonia,” imperiale.” Pontificia Accademia Motion,” May 1, 2014, Dahesh August 16. The Center for the Ancient Romana di Archeologia Museum of Art, New York.” When François Lissarague (Ecole des Hautes Mediterranean, The Italian Le ricerche dell’Università an unknown ancient craftsman first Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris; Academy, Columbia University: decided to substitute a sculpted 2014 Sather Lecturer, University of Angelos Chaniotis (Institute for “La Sapienza” a Veio female body for a load-bearing col- California at Berkeley), “Body and Advanced Study, Princeton), April 3, 2014 umn, a curiously contradictory ele- Armor: the Aesthetics of Heroic “Greece after Sunset: From night ment entered the architectural Warriors in Attic Vase Painting,” stories to a history of the night.” Gilda Bartoloni: “Il cane di terracotta.” vocabulary: a “caryatid” is a fixed, May 13, 2014, New York University. February 13, 2014. Francesca Boitani, Folco Biagi, Sara structural member who, by virtue of Giovani Belardi and Elvira Cajano T.V. Buttrey, “Caesar at Play: Three Neri: “Mura e porte urbiche.” her human form and gesture, sug- (Funzionari architetti Instances in 44 BC,” September 5, Ugo Fusco: “I culti nel sito di Campetti, gests a capacity for movement. Such Soprintendenza per i Beni 2014. area S-O, dall’età arcaica a quella figures appeared only rarely during Architettonici e Paesaggisti), Anna Boozer (CUNY, Baruch College), imperiale.” antiquity, yet the nineteenth century “Pantheon, Manutenzione e restauro “An Archaeology of Imperial witnessed a surge in the caryatid’s della cupola e della porta monumen- Borderlands: A View from Roman popularity, with female architectural tale,” and “Sant’Andrea della Valle: Egypt and Sudan,” September 12, The tumulus of San Jacopo, Pisa supports popping up across Argumentazione sul restauro e con- 2014. (Photo by Opaxir) European cities from London to servazione del travertino,” March 6, Berlin. This lecture follows a 2014, Museo Nazionale di Villa The tumulus is bordered by thin stone slabs inserted vertically into sequence of these “modern” cary- Giulia. the ground, beyond which are equidistant pairs of larger monoliths. atids in the projects of Karl Friedrich Irad Malkin (Tel Aviv University), Schinkel. “Mobility, migration, and the emer- Rocca Albernoz Lecture Series, Viterbo, gence of the polis: critical approach- Museo Nazionale Etrusco: es to Greek colonization,” October Simona Carosi, “Demetra in Grecia, 6, 2014, New York University. Etruria e Roma: storie dal mito e dal Nancy T. de Grummond (Florida State culto,” April 12, 2014. University), “Divination by Thunder Enrico Parlato, “Agnoscite heroes and Lightning in Etruscan vestros: Annio, Viterbo e le immagi- Religion,” Third Annual Mario del ni,” May 8, 2014. Chiaro Lecture, March 5, 2014, Stefano De Angeli, “Testimonianze University of California at Berkeley. della cultura artistica augustea e Massimo Osanna, “I santuari di Pompei giulio-claudia a Falerii Novi,” May in età augustea,” in Oebalus lecture 22, 2014. series VII, Piano di Sorrento: Una Franco Campus, “L’isola dei nuraghi e il storia di terra e di mare, November Mediterraneo tra II e I milennio 21, 2014, Città di Piano di Sorrento. a.C.,” February 26, 2014, Museo Jean Macintosh Turfa (University of Nazionale di Villa Giulia, in connec- Pennsylvania), “Foretold by tion with the exhibit “La Sardegna Thunder: An Etruscan Book of dei 10,000 nuraghi: simboli e miti Omens Revealed,” December 7, dal passato.” 2014, University of Pennsylvania. Ken Lapatin (Associate Curator of Pietro Pucci (Cornell University), Antiquities, J. Paul Getty Museum), “Iliad, Book 22: Hector and “What’s in a Name: Signatures on Achilles,” October 10, 2014, Classical Gems, Ancient and Fordham University, Lincoln Center Modern,” Greek and Roman Campus. Page 27 The Etruscans & European Culture, announce is now the Barker Etruscan The Etruscans at Oxford, Etruscan Art to continued from page 13 lecture, kindly funded by the Roman continued from page 1 Roman Art? also look at new evidence for the publi- numismatist and British Museum Bonfante delivering a fascinating talk A Reappraisal cation of Thomas Dempster’s De Member Graham Barker. The event was on “Runes and Amber: The Etruscans as Oxford University Etruria Regali by Thomas Coke in previously known as the Eva Lorant mediators between the Classical World October 1-2, 2014 1723, the role of the Etruscan Academy Memorial Lecture, but when the funding and Central Europe,” in June 2014, and at Cortona in promulgating the Etruscan from Ms. Lorant’s bequest expired, Prof. Jean MacIntosh Turfa scheduled to October 1, 2014 discoveries, and the curiously success- Graham generously stepped in and is speak in May 2015. ”Mid-Italic Hellenism,” Maurizio ful and adventurous nature of Etruscan also supporting the conference, one of Our most recent event was a work- Harari (Pavia). fakes during this period. (Fig.5) the principal benefits being that we are shop on October 1 and 2, 2014 entitled ”Etruscan Influence on Praenestine Needless to say, the important exhi- now able to offer twenty free places to “Etruscan Art to Roman Art? A Mirrors and Cistae,” L. Bouke van bition at the Museo dell’Accademia students. Reappraisal,” organized by the Classical der Meer (Leiden). Etrusca e della Città di Cortona in the The inaugural Barker lecture will be Art Research Centre with generous sup- “The Roman Scarab Beetle: The summer of 2014, “Seduzione Etrusca,” given by Dr. Tom Rasmussen, Emeritus port from Jean-David Cahn, the Thomas Reception of an Etruscan Tradition,” was a major influence in the choice of Professor, Manchester University, enti- Whitcombe Greene Fund, and the Lorne Claudia Wagner (Oxford). the theme for the conference. The tled “Burials, bandits and bucchero: Thyssen Research Fund for Ancient ”Architectural Mouldings and Latin British Museum loaned over 40 objects Dennis of Etruria.” It is a particular World Topics at Wolfson College. Identity,” Stephen Smith (Royal to the project, the largest single Etruscan pleasure to welcome Tom back as he Unlike a traditional conference designed Holloway). loan to any venue from the BM to date, gave the inaugural Lorant lecture fifteen to disseminate research via conference ”Etruscan, Faliscan, and Roman chosen by the Cortona organizers to years ago in 1999. proceedings, the workshop format was Portraits, 4th-2nd Century BC,” reflect the archaeology of the local Confirmed speakers at the conference chosen in order to bring scholars from Nigel Spivey (Cambridge). region. include Laurent Haumesser (Musée du different fields together to discuss freely ”Sources of Roman Hellenism: The essential theme of “Seduzione Louvre), Giovannangelo Camporeale new perspectives with the potential to Consuetudo Italica and Local Etrusca” was the attraction of the British (Emeritus Professor of Etruscology and influence future studies of ancient art. Reception,” Mario Torelli (Perugia). to Etruscology, while the role of the Italic Antiquities, University of Thought-provoking topics included the October 2, 2014 Accademia Etrusca di Cortona as the Florence, Chairman of the Istituto newest perspectives on “mid-Italic “The Triumph in Rome and Etruria,” earliest institution devoted to Etruscan Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici Hellenism,” the sophistication of Nancy de Grummond (Florida studies was fully explored. The two and Lucumo of the MAEC), Paolo patrons and artisans, the problematic State). institutions vie with each other as the Bruschetti (Soprintendenza ai Beni notion of identity, possibly indigenous ”Insights and Innovations of Etruscan earliest museums open to the public, the Archeologici di Orvieto), Nancy De elements of Augustan propaganda, and Wall Painting and its Influence on MAEC opening in 1727 and the British Grummond (Florida State University), connections between Etruscan and Roman Art,” Lisa Pieraccini Museum in 1759. The British Museum Suzanne Reynolds (Fitzwilliam Roman wall painting. It was shown that (Berkeley). was proud to support the exhibition as Museum), Ingrid Rowland (University the Republican and early Imperial peri- ”Etruscan Influence in Roman Wall- part of its significant loans program, of Notre Dame, Indiana), Susanna Sarti ods are particularly engaging contexts Painting,” Katharina Lorenz since it is the foremost lender of antiqui- (Soprintendenza per I Beni Archeologici for studying the Etruscans and their (Nottingham). ties in the world. della Toscana), Corinna Riva legacy and offer much for scholars of ”The Mausoleum of Augustus and The conference will include the (University College London), Judith both pre-Roman and Roman Italy. Etruscan Precedents,” Peter British Museum’s annual Etruscan lec- Swaddling and Dirk Booms (both Over the next five years we aim to Holliday (California State ture, which we are very pleased to British Museum). consolidate these advances and to con- University, Long Beach). tinue to increase the number of students ”The Corinth Puteal and Etruscanizing working on pre-Roman material in In 2014, the National Archaeological Museum of Tarquinia, Roman Art,” Susan Walker Oxford. To that end, approaches from launched "12 faces of the Etruscans, year at the Museum of (Oxford). Tarquinia" free monthly tours, and a series of beautiful posters. prospective students are most welcome, particularly at masters and doctoral level; please help us to spread the word! International Conference An Etruscan affair: the impact of early Etruscan discoveries on European culture British Museum May 29 - 30, 2015

This conference considers how rich and exciting Etruscan discoveries in Tuscany, Lazio and Umbria inspired artists, architects, scholars, and some of the earliest tourists. The conference includes 15 papers and the Barker Etruscan lecture, kindly funded by Graham Barker. The lecturer, Dr. Tom Rasmussen of the University of Manchester, will present “Burials, ban- dits and bucchero: Dennis of Etruria.” Page 28 JOURNALS In the Journals nella Valle del Reno attraverso lo studio dei materiali del sito del Herom: Journal on Hellenistic and Sassatello (Marzabotto), con Nota di Roman Material Culture (2-2013 Luisa Mazzeo Saracino.” Leuven University Press), thematic Simone Rambaldi, “La chiave romana a issue on, “Artefact Variability, testa di cane da Mevaniola.” Assemblage Differentiation, and Andrea Valmori, “Frammenti di deco- Identity Negotiation: Debating razione architettonica romana dal Code-Switching in Material sito di S. Maria Maggiore a Trento.” Culture,” composed and edited by Massimiliano David, “Un nuovo comp- Kristina Winther-Jacobsen. Also lesso edilizio pubblico a Ostia anti- includes Kathryn Lomas, “Language ca. Prime annotazioni sulle Terme and Iconography: the Identity of del Sileno.” Subgroups in Italian Funerary Antonio Curci, “Working with 3D data Monuments.” in Zooarchaeology: potential and TARQUINIA (VT) - Necropoli Scataglini: from left, Stephan Ralph M. Rosen, “Homer and Jazz,” perspectives.” Steingräber, Adele Cecchini, Beatrice Casocavallo, Chiara Scioscia New Ohio Review 7 (Spring 2010) Margarita Gleba, Jean MacIntosh Turfa, Santoro, Sara Costantini. “I DIAVOLI ROSSI” organizational staff of 153-161. “Digging for archaeological textiles one of the events that the Association "Friends of the painted tombs Journal of Intercultural and in museums: New Finds in the Interdisciplinary Archaeology (JIIA) of Tarquinia" promoted in 2012 to raise funds for the preservation and University of Pennsylvania Museum announces the forthcoming thematic maintenance of the painted tombs of Tarquinia, in accord with the of Archaeology and Anthropology,” issue: “Consumption of perfumed Proceedings of the 9th North Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’ Etruria Meridionale. oil in the ancient Mediterranean and www.amicitombeditarquinia.eu European Symposium for Near East: funerary rituals and other Archaeological Textiles (2005). Previous Haynes Lectures case studies / Consumo di olii profu- Tomaso Di Fraia, “Alle origini di uno Human Sacrifice in Ritual and Myth.” mati nel Mediterraneo e Vicino e status symbol etrusco-romano: la at Oxford 2014: Larissa Bonfante: “Runes and Medio Oriente: riti funerari ed altri tessitura in Etruria tra Bronzo Finale Amber: The Etruscans as Mediators 2009: David Ridgway: “Greece, Etruria, usi,” Antonella D’Ascoli, editor. e primo Ferro,” Preistoria e Between the Classical World and and Rome: relationships and reciproci- Ocnus 21 (2013): Protostoria in Etruria: Atti del Central Europe.” Available as podcast: ties.” Michele Scalici, “I cantaroidi in area Decimo Incontro di Studi, L’Etruria see “Online” section. 2010: Jette Christiansen: “The Etrusc- nord-lucana. Proposta di classifi- dal Paleolitico al Primo Ferro: lo 2015: Jean McIntosh Turfa, “’Pirates of ans in their Mediterranean Setting.” cazione.” stato delle ricerche, volume II Populonia?’ The myth of Etruscan pira- 2011: Friedhelm Prayon: “Tombs and Franco Cambi, Caterina Xue Hai (Centro Studi di Preistoria e cy in the Mediterranean.” Jean Turfa Palaces in Archaic Etruria and Latium.” Chiesa, Enrico Maria Giuffré, Luisa Archeologia Milano). will also be speaking in May 2015 in Available as podcast: see “Online” sec- Zito, “Le mura dell’acropoli di Giovanni Verri, Margarita Gleba, Judith London, for the classical seminar at the tion. Populonia. Inquadramento crono- Swaddling, Timothy Long, Janet Institute of Classical Studies, on “The 2012: Stephan Steingräber: “Five logico ed elementi per una nuova Ambers and Tomasina Munden, Brontoscopic Calendar: Melding Centuries of Etruscan Painting, 700– datazione.” “Etruscan Women’s clothing and its Etruscan wisdom with Mesopotamian 200 BC: Recent discoveries and Giuseppe Lepore, Federica Galazzi, decoration: the polychrome gypsum tablet texts;” and in Cambridge, again research.” Michele Silani, “Nuovi dati sulla statue from the ‘Isis Tomb’ at Vulci,” on “The myth of Etruscan piracy.” 2013: Nancy De Grummond: “Etruscan romanizzazione dell’ager senogal- Technical Research Bulletin, British liensis: un pagus a Madonna del the ceremony representing the ancient Museum 8 (2014) 59-71. Piano di Corinaldo?” The Pyrgi Plaques: peoples of both Carthage and Phoenicia. Paola Di Silvio, “L’incanto perduto.” Gaia Roversi, “Contributo alla They then planted near the archaeologi- On Norchia, the Etruscan “Petra.” A ceremony to celebrate conoscenza del popolamento antico the 50 Year Anniversary of cal site two trees as a harbinger of peace ARCHEO 30 (2014) 40-50. in the Mediterranean: a cedar of Lebanese diplomats, local authorities group for the territory of Cerite, who their Discovery Lebanon and an olive tree. The superin- (mayors were present from Cerveteri, had restored for the occasion the circuit The plaques were found in July 1964 tendent for southern Etruria, D.ssa Ladispoli and Santa Marinella, also rep- of polygonal walls surrounding Roman by Prof. Giovanni Colonna. The Alfonsina Russo, introduced the cere- resenting the people of ancient Kaisra), Pyrgi. She also introduced the re-enact- anniversary of the important discovery mony bt thanking the Tunisian and volunteers from the archaeological ment of the discovery. was celebrated in June during a ceremo- ny organized by the current director of the archaeological superintendency, D.ssa Rossella Zaccagnini, the Superintendent for the archaeological sites of southern Etruria. Considering the plaques’ bilingual significance, the maintainance of strong friendships between peoples on opposite sides of the Mediterranean is key. To this end, the Ambassador of Tunisia and the Lebanese consul in Italy were invited to On beach at Santa Severa, Alfonsina Russo and ambassadors from Carthage and Lebanon plant trees. Page 29 Archaeology in Roman Venetia.” ANNOUNCEMENTS Session 4 - Experimental archaeology Cristina Lemorini (Roma) and Assunta Perilli: “Textile tools and experi- Workshop (such as ancient DNA studies, isotopic mental archaeology.” The Fabric of Life: tracing) that can be applied to gain new Ettore Pizzutti: “Textile tools from Approaches to knowledge about ancient textiles on an Verucchio.” “ Textile Resources, unprecedented scale. The interdiscipli- Jacopo Tabolli (MAVNA): “From the nary workshop will gather specialists Economy and 1890 notebooks to the MAVNA together to discuss the various methods Museum: the identity of Narce Production in Ancient Italy and approaches to textile and fibre stud- through spinning and weaving at La British School at Rome/ Villa Giulia ies in ancient Italy. The overall aim of Petrina.” 26 February 2015 this session is to demonstrate the poten- tial of archaeological textiles for the Call For Papers Abandoned tomb at Narce. Organizers: Margarita Gleba and investigation of ancient Italian econo- Motherhood Romina Laurito my, technology and agriculture and to AIA Site Preservation and Polytheism discuss new methods that can be applied Grant Awarded to Ancient In the past few years the field of to the investigation of ancient textiles. The multi-author volume will analyse archaeological textile research has wit- some of the ways in which a polytheistic Necropolis Site in Italy nessed a major dynamism as demon- AM - British School at Rome system is constructed and represented, strated by numerous conferences and Introduction with a focus on the issue of divine moth- The Archaeological Institute of publications on the topic, as well as Christopher Smith (Director, BSR): erhood. America awarded its most recent “Site establishment of large-scale interdisci- Welcome. When a deity is represented in anthro- Preservation Grant” to “Adopting plinary collaborative programs, such as Margarita Gleba (Cambridge): pomorphic form, is it male or female? Narce,” a preservation and outreach the Centre for Textile Research funded “Archaeological textiles of Italy.” And if represented as a female being, is project at the ancient Faliscan town of by the Danish National Research Susanna Harris (UCLA) : “Textile it also a mother? A long-lasting tradition Narce, Italy; it is directed by Dr. Jacopo Foundation (2005-2015) and the pan- iconography.” defines a divine category as female Tabolli of the Archaeological & Virtual European project Clothing and Session 1: Raw materials based on women’s characteristics, Museum of Narce. The grant will sup- Identities - New Perspectives on Mauro Rottoli (Musei Civici di Como): focusing on the most important aspect port a series of programs to encourage Textiles in the Roman Empire (DressID) “Flax, hemp and wool: new data on of women’s life, motherhood. However, the rediscovery and adoption of the funded by the European Union iron age from pollen, macroremains the meaning of such an apparently uni- archaeological site by the local commu- Education, Audiovisual and Culture and fabrics in Northern and Central versal concept as “mother” can signifi- nity. Executive Agency (2007-2012). These Italy.” cantly change depending on historical Narce is home to over twenty activities demonstrate not only that the Angela Trentacoste (Sheffield), on and geographical context. What we, call necropoleis, the longest used and most field holds great potential in elucidating Archaeozoology, sheep. maternal might not match what ancient important of which is La Petrina. La many aspects of past cultures, such as Session 2: Textiles and texts people and/or people from other geo- Petrina, used consistently from the 8th economy, technology, trade, fashion and Marta Bazzanella (Museo Trento): graphical zones call maternal. to the 3rd centuries BC, includes a series religion, but also that at the moment “Prehistoric textile production in How is divine motherhood represent- of tombs that provide a wealth of infor- there is a developing energy, expertise northern Italy.” ed in other polytheistic religions? mation on the evolution of the town and collaborative will to draw from. The Annemarie Stauffer (Fachhochschule The goal of this volume is to con- from its foundation to its ultimate necessary next step is to lead this grow- Koeln): “Men’s garments from tribute to a better understanding of destruction in Roman times. Despite its ing field into answering some of the Verucchio 700 BC.” mechanisms used in the construction of rarity and importance, La Petrina faces fundamental questions of archaeology, Peder Flemestad (Copenhagen): “Italic polytheistic religions. We have perhaps several serious threats, including lack of where evidence for textiles has hitherto textile terminologies.” focused our attention too much on poly- funding for maintenance, looting, litter- been virtually unexplored. Berit Hildebrandt: “Roman statues and theism as it presents itself in the ing, and plant overgrowth. AIA support Compared to Central and Northern their clothing: What can we deduce Mediterranean Basin, too little on poly- will help distinguish the boundaries of Europe, textile research in Italy has been about textiles from our evidence?” theism elsewhere. We especially wel- this necropolis through the creation of a rather neglected field. The reason most come contributions that offer a glimpse an archaeological trail with interpretive often cited for the absence of studies on PM – Museo Archeologico Nazionale of polytheism outside the classical signage and establish a volunteer-based ancient textiles in Italy is their extreme- Etrusco di Villa Giulia world and / or help to enrich the debate maintenance crew that will help in the ly poor preservation. Textiles, however, Introduction on the desirable theoretical encounter cleanup and general protection of the are much more common finds than gen- Alfonsina Russo (Soprintendente between religious studies, gender stud- site year round. erally thought and survive in original dell’Etruria Meridionale): Welcome. ies and motherhood studies. In addition to involving the local organic state but also as carbonized and Romina Laurito (Sopr. Etruria The proposals, which should not community in direct preservation of the mineralized traces, as well as in the Meridionale/Uni CPH): “Strumenti exceed 500 words, must be received by site, the Adopting Narce project will form of imprints. In addition, there are da filatura e da tessitura nell’Etruria March 31, 2015 to the following email provide residents and visitors with numerous other sources of evidence, meridionale.” addresses:[email protected]; opportunities to delve deeper into the such as textile tools, palaebotanic and Session 3 - Textile Production [email protected]. rich history of Narce through a series of archaeozoological remains, as well as Hedvig Landenius Enegren: “Archaic The accepted papers must be submit- archaeology activities for school iconographic and literary sources, Sicily - loom weights and identity.” ted in final form by September 2015. groups, site tours, and seminars for which permit us to gain valuable infor- Francesco Meo ( Salento): “Textile pro- The final publication, from the publisher adults. The project’s goal is to encour- mation about many and varied aspects duction in pre-Roman southern Aracne, is scheduled for the end of age the local community to establish a of textile production in ancient Italy. Italy”. 2015. Organized by Giulia Pedrucci connection with its ancient heritage that The scientific methods have been or are Maria Stella Busana and Annarita Chiara Terranova, and in Florence I. will lead to the long-term preservation being developed within archaeology Tricomi (Padova): “Textile Pasche Guignard. of the necropolis. Page 30 characters of the different cities; Gilda gious and social roles represented on the Dominique Frère and Laurent Hugot, REVIEWS Bartoloni (with Acconcia and ten vases (Fernando Gilotta). Simona eds., Étrusques. Les plus heureux des Kortenar) compares the grave goods Rafanelli’s careful inventory of a tomb hommes. Études offertes au pro- from Veii, Cerveteri, Tarquinia, and group from Vetulonia says much about fesseur Jean-René Jannot. Presse Brief Book Reviews Vulci in order to better understand the the continuity of styles and types in Universitaire de Rennes 2014. by Larissa Bonfante ways that the custom of wine drinking Vetulonia in the Classical period. In the first section on Etruscan music, was taken over from the Greeks by the Finally, the fourth section on the Dominique Briquel leads the way with Two French Festschrifts honor Mario Etruscan aristocracy in southern Etruria. Hellenistic period brings us to red-fig- an essay on the story of the invention of Del Chiaro and Jean-René Jannot, two Closely related is a study of amphorae ure and Genucilia plates. The vases the trumpet by Tyrrhenos. This is fol- scholars who have made their mark on from Veii (Francesca Boitani, Folco studied here include two new works by lowed by Claire Joncheray’s note on the Etruscan studies and advanced the disci- Biagi, and Sara Neri). The recovery of the red-figure Painter of the relation of the trumpet to the goddesses pline in meaningful ways. a group of Etruscan objects in America Centauromachia (Stefano Bruni), a red- Juno and Athena, and Jean-Paul lets us participate in a museum detective figure crater from Casole d’Elsa Thuillier’s note on music and sports in story. Part of the material from a tomb (Benedetta Adembri), and the Boston Etruria. at Vulci had been bought by the Field crater with Admetus and Alcestis Section 2 takes up archaeological Museum in Chicago from Arthur (Françoise-Hélène Massa-Pairault); the excavations and the study of the materi- Frothingham in 1896; over a hundred last discusses Del Chiaro’s interpreta- al: Françoise Gaultier updates the sur- years later, twenty-eight more vases tion of side A as showing Servius vey of Etruscan material found in were found in the University of Tullius, and compares it to the historical Greece with a report on the history of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, art of the François tomb. An unpub- two recently cleaned Orientalizing and the tomb group was recovered in lished red-figure oinchoe in the bronze bands from Capena found at full (Richard De Puma, Ann Brownlee). Capitoline Museum is presented by Tiryns, and Jacques Santrot and Marie- Articles on the distribution of White on Vincent Jolivet, with his usual unusual Hélène Santrot study an Etruscan Red pottery in Italy (Marina Micozzi), title, “The Usual Suspects.” Two contri- bronze olpe in the context of Etruscan and of bucchero in Etruria and the west- butions deal with the Genucilia plates: finds in Western Gaul and exchanges ern Mediterranean (Jean Gran Mario Torelli takes up the question of between the Atlantic and the Aymerich) are followed by my personal their function, the identity and meaning Mediteranean. Two contributions report favorite, the Etruscan “leg in mouth” of the female head, and the name of on the excavation of La Castellina, motif (Tom Rasmussen), which was Genucilia, while the related study of south of Civitavecchia, Gran Aymerich, eagerly taken up by Celts to the north, Laura Ambrosini connects the striking and Jean Jacques Maffre, who studies Laura Ambrosini and Vincent Jolivet, and proliferated in the decoration of image of an eye seen in profile in the some fragments of Attic red-figure ware eds., Les Potiers d’Étrurie et leur Romanesque churches. Etruscan pot- middle of a plate with the frontal face, from the site. Armando Cherici exam- monde. Contacts, échanges, transferts. tery at Gabii (Gabriel Zuchtriegel), and examines the possible significance ines some charming images of domestic Hommages à Mario A. Del Chiaro. Etrusco-Corinthian amphorae of this motif. Dominique Briquel finds, animals in Etruscan art often neglected Paris 2014, Armand Colin, (Vincenzo Bellelli), and Etrusco- among the Etruscan inscriptions of the by scholars. Recherches. Corinthian and Etrusco-Geometric pot- Louvre, an askos stamped with the name In the third section, on sanctuaries The volume, dedicated to Mario A. tery in the Marche (Alessandra Coen), Atrane, a gentilicium from Perugia, and religion, Bouke van der Meer sug- Del Chiaro, whose works on the round out this rich section. probably the owner of the workshop gests the gloss arse verse was a prayer; Genucilia plates marked a turning point The Archaic period sees the use of whose askoi (now numbering 25 or 28) Vincent Jolivet looks at the use of the in the study of Etruscan pottery and stamped decoration of braziers and were distributed in northern Etruria. aedes for gods, men and the dead; workshops, opens with a brief biogra- pithoi from Caere (Luigi Donati, Lisa The last contribution brings us into Françoise Hélène Massa-Pairault phy by Lisa Pieraccini and a bibliogra- Pieraccini), the adventurous travels of Etruria in the Roman world, with a remarks on Etruscan elements in the phy by Laura Ambrosini, one of the co- the works of the Codros Painter (Jean study of the origin and influences of archaic temple of Apollo in Pompeii and editors, and ends with a welcome MacIntosh Turfa), and many contribu- metal, thin-walled pottery and glass on the meaning of the hydra; and Marie- Conclusion by Vincent Jolivet, the other tions on Black Figure (Charlotte the popular skyphos and Kantharos Laurence Haack considers some eco- half of the editorial team. Scheffer, Anna Maria Moretti Sgubini shapes. nomic aspects of the Etruscan sanctuary The 32 contributions are organized and Laura Ricciardi, Marina Martelli, of Gravisca. chronologically in four parts: I. Giulio Paolucci). I was intrigued by the The later history of Etruscan monu- Orientalizing period, the banquet and account of the market for Attic vases in ments, motifs and ideas in Section IV the symposium; II. Archaic period, Vulci (Adriano Maggiani), and Etruscan includes the story of sale of the frescoes Etruria conquers new markets; III. features of architecture represented on of the François tomb (Laurent Classical period, craftsmen and com- Etruscan vases (Ingrid Edlund-Berry). Haumesser), the idea of the mundus in missions; IV. Hellenistic period, The third section has four contribu- Dante’s Inferno, Canto 31 (Jane K. towards mass production. tions. Marta Scarrone suggests that the Whitehead), and Romanesque lions on The focus on the banquet and sympo- inscriptions on the Praxias vase, arnthe the capitals of the church at sium gives a unity to the first section, and praxias, usually taken to be signa- Montefiascone that continue the which includes the study of metal and tures, actually record the gift that the Orientalizing motif of the leg-in-mouth impasto kantharoi (Giovannangelo naturalized Etruscan citizen Arnthe (Larissa Bonfante). There follow logi- Camporeale), and the medical observa- gives his Greek friend Praxias. In the cally, in the section on Rome and the tion that reclining on the left side helps fifth century, stamnoid amphorae are East, Etruscan elements transmitted in the digestion and avoids acid reflux typical of Vetulonia (Mario Cygielman). Roman education of the youth (Thierry (Maurizio Harari, on the Aristonothos The complicated relationship between Piel), Mezentius and wine vase). The importance and function of Etruria, Greece and Magna Graecia in (Giovannangelo Camporeale), and how drinking wine has been much studied in the “Interimzeit” is reflected in the reli- Lycian and Etruscan sports contrasted recent times, as have the individual Page 31 with Greek athletic traditions (Fabienne exports and trade; the striking photo- originally accompanied the 2013-2014 Index. What sets this one apart is that Colas-Rannou). graphs of Etruscan bridges, hills and exhibit at the Musée Maillol in Paris, the author was quite appropriately Jean-René Jannot’s bibliography clos- rivers, roads with tagliate in the rocks sponsored by the UNESCO, in collabo- allowed to have illustrations – there are es the volume. His publications, which that we see in this and other books doc- ration with the Italian Ministero dei 17 of them, including useful maps, of are elsewhere described as adding color ument various instances of this varied, Beni Culturali e del Turismo, and con- Italy and Etruria, and of some of the and perfume to archaeological studies, dramatic and picturesque landscape. tains essays by specialists in the field. cities, all of them in sober black and include Jane Whitehead’s translation of The volcanic nature of the land carved The first chapter, by Francesco white, but important in that they remind his Devins, dieux et demons (1998) as deep gorges for the rivers that they Buranelli, surveys the Villanovan revo- the reader that most of the evidence for The Religion of Ancient Etruria (2005). bridged, and created the possibility of lution and the beginning of Etruscan the Etruscan past is archaeological and using the thermal waters that came to civilization. Chapter 2 deals with the visual. the surface. But on a deeper level, it contacts with other Mediterranean civi- The book is organized into twelve influenced Etruscan life and thinking. lizations, and includes a section by Anna brief sections, the first dealing with the Volcanic soil favors lightning. The Maria Moretti Sgubini followed by obligatory account of the question of the author, aware of the importance of thun- Enrico Benelli’s observations on the origin of the Etruscans and the second der and lightning in Etruscan religion, birth of writing. In Chapter 3, on the language, including a table of cites recent discoveries in this area, Francesca Boitani introduces the topic alphabets. Historical sections follow, on which provide an interesting back- of princely luxury, and she and Anna the development of the city state, the ground for Jean MacIntosh Turfa’s Maria Moretti Sgubini, her collaborator Villanovan revolution, and the transfor- recent study of their Brontoscopic for so many years at the Villa Giulia, mation of Etruria, which looks at Calendar. The cuniculi, the rock-cut tackle the introduction to the section on Verucchio, the arrival of the Greeks and tombs, the thunderbolts of Tinia and Etruscan achievements. These include Pithekoussai, natural resources, the Jove all take on a deeper meaning – they the temple (Claudia Carlucci), the gods Etruscan and the sea. Chapter 6, on come from the earth, and the sky. and the etrusca disciplina (Luigi Etruscan tomb painting and Etruscan The book also examines the travels of Malnati), houses (Claudia Carlucci), art, and Chapter 8, on religion, is inter- Vergil in the Underworld in the light of and daily life, including banquet and rupted by a historical tour de force, geological phenomena. The author illus- symposion, eros, and sports (Laura Empire, crisis and response, 600-300 trates this section with a charming set of Ambrosini). Finally, Michel Gras BC. Chapter 10, entitled “Clothing and medieval miniatures showing naked writes about the Etruscans and interac- the Roman Body,” has a good deal to women frequenting the baths that will tions in the Mediterranean, with contri- say about Etruscan women, citing Ann C. Pizzorusso. Tweeting Da Vinci. cure infertility, as well as with the butions by Francesca Boitani on Theopompus’ account of Etruscan cus- New York, Da Vinci Press, 2014. Also descriptions of poets who came to visit, Gravisca and Caterina Cornelio on toms, which seem to include orgies, but published in Italian, with the title, and experience, Vesuvius. A chapter on Spina. may actually have some factual basis, Twittando Da Vinci. gems is inspired by a passage in Dante; skewed by fourth-century Greek moral- The author is a professional geolo- there is a short, beautifully illustrated ity and prejudice. Chapter 11, Imperial gist, formerly with the EPA, who turned chapter on Leonardo and the Nature of Epilogue, offers some interesting her technical talents to art historical and Things, and one on caves and their psy- instances of continuity. And finally, the archaeological questions. An ardent chology. All in all a wonderful read, chapter looks at the past, present and lover of Italy and an Etruscophile, she whose often curious information and future of Etruscan studies. now lives in Naples. She famously new ideas come from a different disci- Readers of Etruscan News will enjoy solved the long-standing controversy pline to intrigue and enrich us. this bird’s eye view of the field by a his- about the two versions of Da Vinci’s torian. One hopes, too, that some who Madonna of the Rocks, one in the are not aware of the existence of this Louvre in Paris and the other in the classical civilization will come away National Gallery in London; she came with a basic idea of their geography, down decisively on the side of the character and importance, and will be Madonna in the Louvre on the basis of curious enough to read D.H. Lawrence’s the perfect mastery of geology of the Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, and rocks represented. This article, and sev- perhaps even follow Dennis of Etruria eral others, equally intriguing, are in his exploration of the Etruscan coun- included in the book, which has as its tryside, where olives and grapes are still subject the geology of Italy. The title Christopher Smith, The Etruscans. A transformed into prized wine and olive refers to her remark that Leonardo, if he Very Short Introduction. Oxford, oil, and where much is the same as in were alive today, would be in the fore- Oxford University Press, 2014. the days of the Etruscans, and of the front of technological and scientific At last, the Etruscans have their very artists of the Renaissance who found innovations. own Very Short Introduction, written by there their inspiration. “Italy, Born from the Sea” sets the a Roman historian, who as Director of First Words continued from p.33, stage. Then the reader is taken to the the British School at Rome, is in a land of the Etruscans, characterized by favored position to keep up with the lat- context. Those from Rome and Carthage “gases, radiations, thermal waters, mag- est conferences, controversies, lectures were first thought to be tesserae hospi- netic anomalies and thermodynamic and discoveries, as well as being a next tales, pledges of hospitality for travel- effects.” The geological make up of the Étrusques. Un Hymne à la vie. 2013. door neighbor of the Etruscan Museum ers. Because they were found in such Etruscan area provided them with their Paris, Fondation Dina Vierny - Musée at Villa Giulia. The Very Short different contexts, the authors suggest mineral resources, and grew the vines Maillol. Introduction format calls for extreme that they were used at a variety of social and olive trees that nourished their This volume of essays on the Etruscans brevity, a bit of Further Reading and an functions, which would explain the presence of women’s names. Page 32 BOOK REVIEWS

Anthony Tuck and Rex Wallace, First Words. The Archaeology of Language at Poggio Civitate. Catalogue of Exhibition in Murlo, Poggio Civitate, 2013. This brief (50 pages) catalogue offers Paolo Xella, ed. The tophet in the information on the inscriptions from Phoenician Mediterranean. Studi Murlo exhibited at the site in the Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino summer of 2013. The Classics Oriente Antico 30 (2013). Department of the University of In “Tophet: An Overall Interpretation,” Massachusetts Amherst and the Poggio Vincenzo Bellelli, ed., Le origini degli Josephine Crawley Quinn, Nicholas Paolo Xella, the editor, introduces the Civitate Excavation co-sponsored the Etruschi: Storia, archeologia, C. Vella, eds., The Punic volume with the following abstract: exhibit at the Murlo Archaeological antropologia. (Studia Archaeologica Mediterranean. “This study aims at offering a general Museum, the antiquarium in the 186). L’Erma di Bretschneider, Rome Identities and Identification from interpretation of the tophet-phenomenon Comune of Murlo, dedicated to the 2012. Phoenician Settlement to Roman Rule. in the light of present knowledge. Direct Poggio Civitate excavation site. Reviewed by Eóin O’Donoghue, AJA British School at Rome Studies. as well as indirect sources are reexam- Anthony Tuck, the director of excava- Reviews Online, July 2014 (118.3) Cambridge University Press, 2014. ined, and the hypothesis of the tophet as tions at Poggio Civitate, curated the The volume under review emerged The role of the Phoenicians in the child-necropolis is excluded. On the exhibition with the assistance of from a conference held in Agrigento in economy, culture and politics of the contrary, it is analyzed as a cult-place Classics faculty and students at the 2011. The theme was dedicated to the ancient Mediterranean was as large as where newborn or very young children University of Massachusetts Amherst. old, and highly controversial, question that of the Greeks and Romans, and (and lambs and kids) were sacrificed to The exhibit presented materials recov- of Etruscan origins. Traditionally this deeply interconnected with that “classi- the gods as a consequence of a vow, ered from the University of topic has been studied singularly, typi- cal” world, but their lack of literature made by a single, a family or a collectiv- Massachusetts Amherst excavation site, cally with historians, archaeologists, lin- and their oriental associations mean that ity. To be sure, ritual infant killings were an aristocratic Etruscan settlement of guists, and others offering their own they are much less well-known. This not the only ceremonies carried there, the 8th though 6th centuries BCE. interpretations independently of one book brings state-of-the-art internation- but archaeological evidence testifies Unlike most Etruscan sites, which are another. Here Bellelli has successfully al scholarship on Phoenician and Punic that the very core of the rites was the known mainly through their cemeteries, brought scholars from these and other studies to an English-speaking audi- child-sacrifice. As a consequence, an Poggio Civitate preserves evidence of a disciplines together to discuss new evi- ence, collecting new papers from fifteen interpretive model is proposed, based on range of different types of monumental dence and interpretations. This in itself leading voices in the field from Europe the vowing-dynamics: if a vow was architecture. Over many years of exca- is worthy of note and represents a much- and North Africa, with a bias towards made, and the prayer was fulfilled by vation, different types of inscribed welcomed new standard in investigating the younger generation. Focusing on a the gods, the promise must be kept at all objects have been recovered from the contentious subjects in Italian archaeol- series of case-studies from the colonial costs. This interpretation matches with various buildings. Their archeological ogy. The aim of the volume is to inves- world of the western Mediterranean, it all our sources and can explain both the context provides the texts, and evidence tigate Etruscan origins in light of the asks what “Phoenician” and “Punic” votive character of the inscriptions and that helps us understand the social, scholarship of Massimo Pallottino and actually mean, how Punic or western the eventual (even if rare) presence of political and economic forces that drive others. Pallottino had argued the Phoenician identity has been construct- foetuses in the urns, i.e. children vowed the adaptation of literacy. Etruscans were autochthonous, but he ed by ancients and moderns, and to the gods already before the birth, and The companion catalog presents the allowed for a limited migration of Near whether there was in fact a “Punic dead during the pregnancy, but carried various inscribed objects. Particularly Eastern groups and ideas to Italy. It is world.” to the tophet, sacrificed and burnt to the intriguing are the eight inscribed bone the extent of this latter contact and pos- Museo Nazionale Etrusco gods all the same.” and ivory pieces, two of them inscribed sible small-scale migration that this “Pompeo Aria” The function of the tophet, has with women’s names. Two fragments book investigates… e area archeologica aroused a great deal of controversy, belong to a piece in the shape of a lion, dell’antica città di Kainua especially in the context of the recent inscribed on the back. It is remarkably Via Porrettana Sud n. 13 Marzabotto interest in human sacrifice. Two articles similar to such lions from Rome and in recent issues of Antiquity have taken Carthage, which interestingly enough, Inverno con gli Etruschi opposing views of the infant burials in come from completely different social Appuntamenti legati alla mostra the “Tophet,” the precinct at Carthage, contexts: the one from the sanctuary of “Il Viaggio Oltre la Vita. sacred to the goddess Tanit, that con- San Omobono, in Rome, was found in a Gli Etruschi e l’Aldilà tra capolavori tained funerary urns of thousands of cre- votive deposit, the Carthage example e realtà virtuale” mated infants. The first (Smith et al. came from a burial, the Poggio Civitate at the Museo della Città di Bologna 2011) held that these must be evidence example was found in a residential left until February 22, 2015 of the infant sacrifice that was so loudly Page 33 Tophet continued from page 34 fice is still (in their view) the most likely condemned by Greek and Roman writ- interpretation of the data, based on the OBITUARIES ers, since the infants were not perinatal, age distribution of the deceased. In the although most were under two months second, Paolo Xella and colleagues, too, Stephen G. Daitz old at the time of death. In a rejoinder, are convinced that infant sacrifice took Schwartz et al. (2012) argued that the place. They step aside from the details 1926-2014 Carthage Tophet was the place of burial of the cremated remains, however, to for the very young regardless of the emphasize a range of other social and Stephen G. Daitz died June 19, 2014 cause of death. They estimated age at archaeological aspects of the Tophets in at home. He was Professor Emeritus of death between prenatal and six months, Carthage and elsewhere that are critical the Department of Classical Languages consistent with the recorded incidence for understanding these sanctuaries and and Hebrew at The City College and the of perinatal mortality in certain societies their rituals. See Paolo Xella, Josephine CUNY Graduate Center. in recent periods. Here we close the Quinn, Valentina Melchiorri and Peter His principal interest was the oral debate with two related papers. In the van Dommelen, “Phoenician bones of reading of ancient Greek and Latin, with Superieure inspired the creation of first of these, Patricia Smith and her co- contention.” Antiquity 87 (338) 2013, great attention given to the “restored Theatre Demodocos, which presents authors return to argue that infant sacri- 1199-1207. pronunciation” of those languages as staged productions of Classical drama in well as the metrics of their poetry. Silent near the top of the list for books on the original language. A confirmed reading had no place in the study of the History or Greece. The author, a Francophile, he spoke French at home, Classics, he maintained; their literature Professor of Art History and Classics at teaching all his children to speak the was composed to be recited aloud. He New York University, once received a language. recorded the entire Iliad and Odyssey, Mac Arthur “genius” award for her A lifelong outdoorsman, reaching Euripides’ Hekabe, Aristophanes’ Birds, interpretation of the central scene of the the summits of the Matterhorn and Mont Plato’s Portrait of Sokrates, as well as Parthenon frieze, later published in AJA Blanc were among his proudest achieve- selections of ancient Greek poetry and 100 (1996) 53-80. ments. He spent forty-five summers at oratory. His recordings, made between A child hands a folded cloth to the Great East Lake in Acton, Maine, near 1978 and 1998, are still available from priest. Up to now most scholars have New Hampshire’s White Mountains, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, as are seen here a scene connected with the where he enjoyed hikes with family and those teaching the pronunciation and Panathenaic festival – the little boy friends. Stephen Daitz was born on reading of Ancient Greek and Classical hands the new peplos of Athena to the August 16, 1926 in New York City. Latin. He gave recitals and workshops at priest as a gift to the goddess. In con- He is survived by his wife, Mimi S. universities and scholarly meetings trast, Joan Connelly interprets the scene Daitz of New York City, his son throughout North America and Europe as related to a story of early Athens told Maurice and daughter-in-law Sharon as well as in Australia and Argentina. In in a play of Euripides. King Erechtheus, Jaycox Daitz of Scarsdale, NY, his son 1999 his recital of Greek literature was a founder of Athens, gives up his Benjamin of New York City and presented at the Metropolitan Museum youngest daughter to be a human sacri- Gardiner, NY, and his sister, Sonia of Art to celebrate the opening of the fice for the good of the new city. Her Lazar of Culver City, CA. He was pre- newly restored halls displaying ancient well argued, controversial interpretation deceased by his daughter, Francesca. A Greek art. He was the first president of sees the little girl taking the tunic in memorial gathering was held Sunday, SORGLL, the Society for the Oral Joan Breton Connelly, The Parthenon which she will be dressed for the sacri- September 21, 2014. Reading of Greek and Latin Literature Enigma. New York, Knopf, 2014. fice from her father, Erechtheus, while (see their web site). A group of students The year 2014 saw the appearance of the women around them represent the and teachers studied the Homeric hexa- what would seem at first glance an rest of the family. meter with him on Saturday mornings in unlikely best seller, a book about the In this scenario, the girl who is sacri- his Upper West Side apartment. Parthenon. But Joan Breton Connelly’s ficed is as much a heroine as the youth Stephen Daitz’s education at Yale, The Parthenon Enigma was widely who is killed in war. The book tells the the Sorbonne, and Harvard initially lead praised – by Mary Beard in The New story of the Parthenon from both the his- him to the publication of critical edi- York Review of Books, among others -- torical and the art historical point of tions, but his love of music underpinned and widely bought, ranking in the low view, and is a very good read as well as his resuscitation of the sounds of five figures in Amazon’s rating, and a remarkable scholarly contribution. Classical literature. He taught at CUNY from 1957 to 1991 and at the University Giants, continued from page 36 of Paris in 1971-73 and 1979-80. His found in the Mediterranean. Greek the Nuragic civilization responsible for teaching at the Ecole Normale sculptures of the type did not arise the sculptures was allowed to survive all until several centuries later. the way to the modern day. Nicholas On a more speculative level, Castangia told La Repubblica that Donald Bailey researchers have questioned what grooves along the giants’ faces, among about these most recently discovered other elements, suggest that they were 1931-2014 sculptures prevented them from being wearing masks quite similar to those by Catherine Johns shattered by the Phoenicians of still worn in traditional Sardinian cele- Carthage that are currently believed brations. While Castangia cautions that My husband Donald Bailey, who has to have been responsible for the site’s it is unlikely that the masks were identi- died aged 83, was an internationally destruction between the 10th and 8th cal, it suggests that certain ancestral respected scholar of classical archaeolo- centuries B.C. rites have been passed down on the gy, especially in the field of Roman Culturally, it seems, remnants of island for more than 3,000 years. ceramic studies. He combined meticu- Page 34 lous curatorial work with research and marily to metals, weapons, jewelry and publication of the highest quality, A thirty year dream: coins. In these the theoretical or inspired by, but by no means confined Memories of research-based papers were followed by to, the unrivalled collections of the practical activities: the reconstruction of British Museum, where he was a curator Angelo Bartoli, kilns, forges, or ancient villages. The from 1955 until his retirement in 1996. Experimenter of life and archaeology international experimenters would bring His work made accessible large and by Francesca Ceci their research to life and more deeply important areas of the collections and penetrate the soul of the times by dress- will have laid the foundation for There are many people who dream of ing like the ancients. research projects by archaeologists and living in a world of their own dimen- Angelo has made Civitella Cesi and historians in the future. He also pub- sions; few are those who manage to Blera better known internationally than lished widely, and wrote the exhaustive have this dream and turn it into a suc- perhaps in Italy. The present town four-volume A Catalogue of the Lamps cessful and long-lasting reality. One council has not fully exploited this free in the British Museum (1975-96). In who able to create and achieve this goal advertising; no official telegram was 1992 he received a doctor of letters was Angelo Bartoli, who passed away at degree based on a Council for National on the night of February 25 at age 70. Academic Awards assessment of his He was known to all readers, editors and published work. columnists of the publication La Donald was born in London. His Loggia; they appreciated him for his education was disrupted by the Second activities in the cultural and economic World War; when he attended William development of archeology in Viterbo Ellis school in Highgate, it was known and Etruria generally. I will not speak as the North London Emergency sec- of my decades-long friendship with this ondary school for boys. His interest in exceptional person, but what he built archaeology started as a pupil there and during his intense and passionate life. he first became involved in fieldwork In 1987 in Civitella Cesi, a remote while still a teenager, taking part in the village near Blera, Angelo conceived of 1947-49 excavations of the Iron Age the idea for the Center of Experimental hillfort of Blewburton Hill, and also in Archaeology “Antiquitates,” which he Ivor Noël Hume’s pioneering postwar then created and directed. The center is urban archaeology in London. But there still a national and international land- was no academic or professional tradi- mark in experimental archaeology, a Angelo and his crew forging bronze using the Etruscan technique. tion in Don’s family, so the possibility discipline that is still little known in duced textile looms and musical instru- read at the funeral. The international of a university education never even Italy but very strong in other nations. ments; he re-enacted ancient cere- scope of Antiquitates results from a long occurred to him. Experimental archaeology is based monies. friendship with the Swedish Institute, After leaving school and completing on the practical approach to the ancient And he recreated one of the most experiments carried out at the site of his national service, he started work in technology: how to mint a coin, how to beautiful first gestures made by man in Pyrgos in Cyprus, the convention in Ptuj Paddington public library. It was there, forge a weapon or a metal tool, how to the history of human development, the in Slovenia, and Angelo’s frequent trips in 1955, that he saw a newspaper adver- craft a piece of jewelry or glass cup, lighting of fire. Whenever I led a group to conferences around the world from tisement for museum assistant posts in decorate or paint ceramic vases, or how of friends and scholars around the cen- the United States to Japan. It has been the British Museum, and decided to to recreate ancient essences and cosmet- ter, I saw how this technique, the cre- further enhanced by collaborations with apply. ics. All are objects of daily life familiar ation of fire from some dry straw or fun- the Capitoline Museums, the Markets of From the mid-1970s he regularly to archaeologists. Experimentation, gus, is essential to understanding the Trajan, the National Etruscan Museum took part in fieldwork in Libya, Greece, teaching, research practice, sharing and value of fire, and of how the knowledge of Viterbo, and the Etruscan Museum of Italy and above all in Egypt, becoming debate characterize the spirit in which of managing it was always surrounded Villa Giulia. recognised as one of the leading schol- Angelo Bartoli wanted to bring forth by a silent aura of sacredness. Perhaps Angelo left us, but the Center of ars in the formerly somewhat neglected and develop “Antiquitates.” each of us who has aassisted in this Experimental Archaeology Antiquitates field of Romano-Egyptian archaeology. He chose to build it in an isolated operation has experienced the same “Angelo Bartoli” remains and progress- His expertise included not only ceramic and almost untouched landscape, nes- thrill and reverential awe that ancient es. It offers a rare opportunity of studies, including lamps and terracottas, tled between valleys and necropoleis, in man had to feel before this act of domi- employment for many archaeologists but also many other aspects of classical the tiny village of Civitella Cesi, with its nation over nature. and trained personnel, but also contin- art and architecture in Egypt and else- clean streams, wild animals and still Angelo Bartoli, with his staff of ues to be a point of reference for schol- where. His final publication, a report on unpaved ancient roads. Here, after first young archaeologists, always said yes to ars and students. Evidence of this is the the pottery from several seasons of dedicating the center to horseback rid- anyone who wanted to share and experi- Fifth Congress on Experimental field-survey work in the Faiyum oasis in ing, he developed and expanded his pas- ence fundamental aspects of ancient Archaeology “Angelo Bartoli,” which Egypt by a German papyrologist, sion for archaeology and research into technology; confirmation of this is the was held on April 25-26, 2014, and ded- Cornelia Römer, is due to be published ancient techniques, with the support of regular attendance and participation of icated to weapons technology. this year. the scientific community, archaeologist schools and universities in the activities I want to conclude with a thought: at Donald was a gentle, generous and friends and experts in the field. Out of of the Center, either for a day or a week. the Center one can leave the misery and modest man, with a quirky sense of this passion came the Villanovan huts These experiences have not only worries of everyday life, forget one’s humour. He is survived by me, his three and the reconstructions of proto-historic enriched knowledge but also created troubles and thus return to daily life children, Alison, Justin and Laura, from houses with their complete furnishings; indelible memories. recharged, calm, and with a smile born his first marriage, to Beryl, four grand- he dedicated technical labs and work- Other events that took place at the from the dear and exceptional company children and one great-grandson. shops to the production of fragrances; Center were international congresses in of Angelo Bartoli. he simulated excavations, and repro- experimental archeology, dedicated pri- Page 35 New finds from the thousand miniature black glaze vases from the 3rd century BC were found, Pantanacci Votive Deposit may not be related to a temple structure by Luca Attenni supposedly built nearby, of which no trace has been found, but the to the In July 2012, the intervention of the sacred grotto of the serpent. Archaeological Heritage Protection The votive deposits at the Pantanacci Group of the Guardia di Finanza halted site therefore provide a framework that a clandestine excavation at the site of allows, even with the evidence gathered Pantanacci in Lanuvio and recovered in the investigation of the excavation, to Fig.1 hundreds of votive offerings destined outline a well defined sacred context, for the international antiquarian market. We know from the testimony of and up to the present day. whose connections to the territory can Given the emergency situation related to ancient authors; Propertius (IV 8, 3-14) Nevertheless, the cave of the serpent only be deepened by further investiga- the find, together with the unquestion- and Aelian (On animals XI, 16), of cer- has never been located with certainty; it tions. able archaeological interest of the site, a emonies in honor of the serpent sacred has been speculated that it was in a tun- The destination of the material from first excavation campaign was promptly to the goddess Juno Sospita which were nel whose entrance is at the end of the the deposit, as written by the initiated under the scientific direction of held annually in Lanuvio . These cere- north side of the late Republican Portico Superintendent Elena Calandra, "is an Giuseppina Ghini and Luca Attenni. monies consisted, specifically, of a pro- located on the western part of the sanc- example of the synergy between the dif- (see Etruscan News vol.15). This year in cessions of young virgins wrapped in tuary of Juno Sospita. Alberto Galieti, a ferent public entities that have collabo- 2014 a new investigation at the site strips of cloth making offerings of spelt 19th century historian from Lanuvio, rated and participated in the entire revealed an astounding new find: bread to the serpent located in a cave theorized, that the cave of the serpent operation: the Superintendency for the Recently found, on the perimeter of located in a lucus sacred to the goddess was in a place called Stragonello, a Archaeological Heritage of Lazio has the cave, were four blocks of granite of Juno Sospita. If the serpent ate the name derived from the corruption of already exhibited a small part of the (peperino) of a trunco-conical shape, of offering it was a sign of future prosperi- Dragonello. finds at the Museum of the Roman about 30 cm. in diameter and bearing ty; to the contrary, if the girl who had Returning to the three blocks of gran- Ships of Nemi, to quickly present an engraved scales (Fig.1). The four blocks offered the bread to the serpent was not ite, without doubt scientifically signifi- anthology of all the votive offerings of may well date chronologically to the a virgin and therefore impure, there cant, it cannot be not be ruled out that the area, while entrusting most of the third century BC and pertain to parts of would be a bad harvest. If impure, the they are integral parts of one of the cult Pantanacci votive deposit to the Civic a large statue of a serpent. girl was sacrificed in order to propitiate statues of the serpent, from the above Museum of Lanuvio.” the favor of the goddess Juno. The mentioned ancient sources. If this words attributed to the ancient sources hypothesis turns out to be true, the that describe this impressive ritual of the archaeological site of Pantanacci could serpent sacred to Juno Sospita, represent only be this famous cave. From this it one of the main pillars underpinning the follows that not only that the Pantanacci attraction and the importance of the city cave, but also a tunnel on the Ajello of Lanuvium whose echo spread property, about 80 meters to the east of throughout time through the centuries the cave, where in the mid-1970s a few A silver denarius from 64 B.C with the head of Juno Sospita wearing a goat's skin. On the reverse it shows the ritual of a female standing right feeding an erect serpent coiled before her. “FABATI” in exergue. The new pair of Mont’e Prama Ancient Sculptures in Giants is estimated to date to the 8th Sardinia Rewrite century B.C. and are approximately two meters in length (6 feet). Their near- Mediterranean History complete state has led researchers to by Alexander Forbes already make several significant suppo- sitions that pundits have said could The Mont’e Prama archeological rewrite the history of the Mediterranean site, located in Sardinia’s Oristano region. province, is not exactly a fresh find for Most significant is the position in the archeological community. The site which the two giants are depicted. The was discovered 40 years ago by a farmer earlier, fragmented sculptures were named Battista Meli whose plow hit a found to be holding their shields above particularly stubborn rock in 1974. That their heads. However, these latest rock turned out to be one of an estimated examples hold their shields next to their 33 fragmented statues, which have come torsos. According to archeologists with They might be giants, a new boxer emerges in Sardinia. (photo ansa) to be known as the Giants of Mont’e whom La Repubblica spoke, the posi- Prama. Archeologists recovered over covery. But little has been proven. researchers. The scans have produced tion is strikingly similar to that of an 5,000 pieces of the statues over the next That changed at the end of last what they have thus far only qualified as Etruscan bronze from the same period five years and have reconstructed many month, according to La Repubblica, as “anomalies.” But with the initial pair found in Italy’s Viterbo province on the of them. Many suppositions about their two new giants were found at the site, having been lifted from the site and mainland, north of Rome. If the link can origins and significance to the island’s almost entirely intact. A third giant may transported to the Museo civico di be proven, it would make the pair the ancient Nuragic culture (18th c. BC – still lie beneath the first pair, according Cabras, further deeper excavations can oldest examples of colossi (giant sculp- 2nd c. AD) have arisen since their dis- to ground-penetrating radar used by now begin. tures)..ever continued on pageever 34 Page 36 LATE NEWS ONLINE News from the Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia

The year 2014 was another busy time for the Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, whose beautiful setting in the Renaissance papal villa of Julius III makes it one of Rome’s jewels. There have been lectures, workshops, tours, evening openings, and events too numerous to list. Visitors can now see two actual tombs, one from Cerveteri All this activity has been carried out and the newly installed Tomb of the Roma opened in Rome at the same time for the benefit of enthusiastic visitors, in Funeral Bed from Tarquinia. We can as the Journey to the Afterlife as part of spite of the looming specter of the elim- only note a few special projects, organ- the special relationship with Bologna, ination of the Soprintendenza of ized and carried out by the inventive and includes technological innovations, Southern Etruria – the Soprintendenza Director and Soprintendente, Maria and a 3D film. that includes Vulci and Falerii, and such Alfonsina Russo, with the assistance of New museum galleries include the famous sites as Cerveteri and Tarquinia, the energetic Marco Sala. Museo virtuale della valle del Tevere, an which were inserted onto the UNESCO Three projects were particularly innovative exhibition inaugurated World Heritage list ten years go, in important. The digitalization of the December 16, 2014. Likewise inaugu- 2004, because they constitute a unique Sarcofago degli Sposi took place as part ly appropriate given the importance that rated December 16 were the newly rein- and exceptional testimony of the ancient of the gemellaggio between Villa Giulia the Underword had in the world of the stalled galleries with the remarkable Etruscan civilization. We can only hope and the Museo Civico of Bologna. It Etruscans. It will be on view in Bologna architectural sculptures from the Temple that the public outcry will persuade the was included in a project, Il Viaggio in the Palazzo Popoli, Museo della of Falerii. Both old favorites and new government to change its mind and real- oltre la vita – Journey to the Afterlife. Storia di Bologna, from October 25, sculptures can be seen in the Faliscan ize the importance of having an archae- Between Masterpieces of Etruscan Art 2014, to February 2015. The multidisci- galleries, featuring Gli Dei di Falerii — ological Soprintendeza that looks after and Virtual Reality. The exhibit is high- plinary project, APA l’etrusco sbarca a The Gods of Falerii. and protects these unique sites.

look like in motion” – a suggestion of Unleashing Harvard’s exchanges. Second, the new building what “people can really experience a lit- Art Museums has brought the three separate collec- tle bit in the study center,” where these (From Harvard Magazine, November- tions – the Fogg, the Busch-Reisinger, ancient objects may be handled. December 2014, p. 21) and the Arthur M. Sackler museums – On the fifth floor, one up from the together in one location, so that, as study center, the so-called lightbox Abundant light and glass will greet Lentz describes it, “they can finally gallery offers the visitors the opportuni- visitors to the Harvard Art Museums, begin talking to one another. We can ty to explore the museum’s collections which re-opened at 32 Quincy Street on now begin to establish the multiple visu- digitally. November 16. al, intellectual and historical linkage … The cultural exchange illustrated between these collections.” Light from Calderwood Courtyard in the American gallery is emblematic Thus sculptures by Auguste Rodin ancient works of art displayed, but open is ideal for the display of ancient of the way art is considered throughout and Louis Bourgeois are woven into a them up to the twenty-first century.” sculptures, like this Etruscan the museum, and was made possible by display of Roman sculpture organized In the adjacent gallery of Greek vases, Sphinx (above) and Roman work two major changes. First, the museums’ around themes of dynamism, the human the installation reflects how these cere- (below). Photos by Jim Harrison. 10 tiny curatorial departments were body, and materials. A spirit of experi- monial objects would have been seen combined into three larger divisions – mentation, even playfulness, character- when used. A krater for mixing wine Asian and Mediterranean, European and izes some of the newly installed gal- and water, its decorations depicting American, and Modern and leries. High on the wall above the Dionysus and a procession of misbehav- Contemporary – to facilitate scholarly Roman sculptures, a word portrait by ing satyrs, has been “consciously placed Félix Gonzales Torres acts like a frieze. at the center of the gallery, just as it “I was very excited about this guest, as would have been placed at the center of it were,” says Hanfmann curator of the ancient Greek drinking party,” ancient art Suzanne Ebbinghaus. “Word Ebbinghaus says. A nearby case dis- portraits are actually something that we plays drinking bowls on their sides, as have a lot of in the ancient world. Think they would have been seen when raised of the deeds of Augustus or inscriptions to the lips, revealing the interior design in the palaces of Assyrian kings.” visible to the drinker. The display also Because “the frieze is an element that is shows the bottom of the cup when Greek drinking vessels displayed so derived from classical architecture, I raised, what your companions see as the decorations can be seen as they thought [it] would fit very well and you are drinking,” she continues. “It would have been when in use. chime in very interesting ways with the shows you how these objects would Page 37 Rome’s Colosseum could dors, replicating a third of the original arena floor. The space was used for a again host shows — but handful of small concerts, including one first it needs a floor by Paul McCartney, who played for 400 by Tom Kington, people in 2003. Now, if Franceschini WorldNewsEuropeArchaeology gets his way, that floor will be extended to cover the entire arena, allowing larger A tweet by Italy’s culture minister events. has Rome talking about bringing shows But one concern, Rea said, is how back to the Colosseum. A proposal to many visitors would then be able to see install a new floor over the ruins of the the old animal chambers, pulley systems basement to allow for concerts and other and boat docks. Visitors would have to events has the government’s backing. climb down steps underneath a new In a subterranean corridor of the arena floor to get a look at them. “We Colosseum, a guide pointed to an can only take groups of 25 down at a innocuous-looking lead plate fixed to time, so of the 24,000 visitors we get a the floor. “That once formed part of a day in peak times, very few would be pulley system, operated by 16 men, that The partial reconstruction of the floor in the arena of the Colosseum. able see the corridors if they are covered hoisted wild animals in a cage up remains of the two-story warren of cor- Opened in AD 80, the Colosseum over,” Rea said. “And that’s a shame, through a trapdoor in the arena above ridors and chambers beneath the arena, held its last gladiator battle in AD 508, because after being buried for centuries, during gladiatorial shows,” he said. A from which animals and scenery could according to the Colosseum’s director, they are the best-preserved part of the few yards on, the guide stopped again be raised through any one of 80 trap- and it was later used as temporary hous- Colosseum, a monument within a mon- by a dark, cavernous space where boats doors dotted around the original wood ing, a fort, even a place of worship ument.” once lined up to enter the arena when it floor. That floor was removed in the 6th thanks to an in-house chapel — not to Then there’s the water. Gurgling its was flooded for mock naval battles. century after the last gladiator battles mention as a hangout for prostitutes way through the underground corridors In a city of iconic structures, the cylin- were staged, before the basement was who once loitered under the street-level is a stream that emerges inside the bow- drical Colosseum looms large, its arched filled in with earth. Today, visitors look arches. The arches were so handy for els of the Colosseum before disappear- tiers a symbol of ancient Rome. But straight down into the excavated, liaisons that scholars believe the Latin ing into an ancient drainage pipe. At only when you get up close do you labyrinthine basement area and struggle word for “arch,” fornix, gave us the least most of the time. “The old Roman appreciate the staggering efforts that to get a feel for where the gruesome word “fornicate.” drainage pipe was wide, but was went into keeping 35,000 bloodthirsty fighting took place. In the 1800s, archaeologists began to blocked by construction of the nearby Romans entertained almost two millen- Though not calling for the return of excavate the corridors under the arena, subway line,” Rea said. “A bypass pipe nia ago. full-blown gladiators, Manacorda said and dug up half of it, though they left was installed, but it is much narrower.” This month Rome has been talking “contemporary events” could be held; enough for fascist dictator Benito The result is that heavy rains cause about bringing regular, less bloody, this comment spurred U.S. investor Mussolini to hold rallies in the the flooding of the Colosseum, with shows back to the Colosseum, thanks to James Pallotta, owner of pro soccer Colosseum and for Roman waiters to water rapidly rising 18 feet, right up to a tweet by Italy’s culture minister, Dario team AS Roma, to boast that he could stage races around it, dressed in white the level where Franceschini wants the Franceschini, in which he backed the draw millions of viewers for a pay-per- coats and holding laden trays. “Let’s new arena floor. Fixing that, said Rea, idea of resurfacing the full surface of the view soccer match in the arena. say it’s always been lived in,” said would involve widening the water pipes, ancient oval arena. “All it will take is a Franceschini scotched that idea last Colosseum director Rossella Rea, who an expensive job at a time when the bit of courage,” he tweeted. week, but did suggest plays and classi- is overseeing an overdue scrubbing — cash-strapped government is reduced to Franceschini was echoing the senti- cal music concerts, which, with an with brushes as small as toothbrushes — proposing crowd funding to pay for the ments of Italian archaeologist Daniele “intelligent” reconstruction of the arena, of the pollution encrusted on the arches. upkeep of other historical sites. Said Manacorda, who has urged construction could raise vital funds for upkeep of the In the 1990s, a section of wooden Rea: “Tunneling down under the sub- of a new surface over the excavated monument...... floor was laid over the basement corri- way line to widen that drainage system would incur biblical costs.” From the arena of the idea very much. We just need the Colosseum to the history courage to do it.” Elsewhere, the reac- of Ferrara tion in Italy to the proposal by the archaeologist Daniele Manacorda was Reflections on the Promotional comparable to that aroused by the news Potentialities of Reenacting of walls collapsing in Pompeii. by Valentino Nizzo, Technical and historical reasons were Soprintendenza per i Beni marshaled against the suggested restora- Archeologici dell’Emilia Romagna tion, and it was argued that the results of an improper exploitation would be inad- “The Colosseum is not a play- equate and even catastrophic for the ground:” this was the title of an article emblematic role and the dignity (Italian of the celebrated art historian Cesare De “decoro”) of the monument. Seta in an Italian newspaper. A major The Ministry adopted a reassuring cultural polemic in the fall of 2104 start- tone, rejecting bizarre sports options ed with a tweet from the Italian Ministry like soccer, and looking into proposals of Culture, Dario Franceschini. His that were “more appropriate for the site, comment on the idea of restoring the During the event Spina rivive in the Archaeological Museum of such as classical music or ancient arena of the Colosseum was, “I like the Ferrara, the author explains a reenacted Etruscan symposium. Page 38 drama,” that take place in the arena of cal point of view — of relativism. (After rated as dynamic and suggestive means Verona and the theater of Taormina. all, drama and music have similar logis- for presenting the wonders of the The lack of imagination of such tic problems to those of the dreaded soc- Etruscan town of Spina to a bewildered examples encourages us to reflect about cer…). public (Spina Rivive). At another event, deeper problems, such as the manage- Such issues have been debated on 7000 years of the history of Ferrara — ment of the Italian cultural heritage, and the occasion of an important event of from the Neolithic Age to the the fact that the general public perceives historical reenactment that took place in Renaissance — were staged as a contin- it as something alien to everyday life. November in Ferrara (Usi & Costumi). uous narrative with the help of more The attitude towards antiquities often Several experts in the field of reenact- than 120 actors (Echi del Tempo). ranges from considering them as relics ment reacted favorably to the idea of The results of these experiments to be shown to a selected public of initi- reenacting gladiator shows in the have been extraordinary, both in terms ates, to letting them become degraded as Colosseum, thus making it a center of of public reactions and of high-level wrecks, overwhelmed by the surround- excellence for such cultural events. This contents, reviving historical narratives ing urban landscape that ignores them. idea, too, looks trivial, though it is suc- in their original setting and context. All It is therefore surprising that such a cessful in the media, as shown by the this is quite removed from the concept reaction followed upon the harmless, if renewed interest for the Roman world of a “playground,” and though an aura not trivial proposal of restoring a monu- that followed Ridley Scott’s “Gladiator” of fun remains, it is legitimate and nec- ment of the past to its original function. movie. essary in any educational experience. It seems as if the emblematic value of As a functionary of the Any attempt at separating education the Colosseum could generate a positive Soprintendenza, I have recently had the from fun would result in a future haunt- emulative trend that would save our past of memory” such as the Colosseum. opportunity of taking part in the “histor- ed by spectres like the old blind Jorge in from oblivion. Mixing different cultural languages is ical choreography” of popular events, Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose, In my opinion, however, we should certainly positive; but the lack of shared such as the Bundan Celtic Festival at who preferred to die rather than to let ask ourselves whether activities such as intentions and policies highlights not Bundeno and reenactments in the Aristotele’s manuscript on comedy and ancient drama and classical music — only methodological problems, but also Museo Archeologico in Ferrara. In the humor survive — symbol of a knowl- certainly high-toned — are effectively historical questions, as well as issues of latter case, for instance, reenacting and edge that many would like to prevent more fitting than other options in restor- contents, and — from an anthropologi- archaeological narrative have collabo- being shared. ing the meaning and function of “places

Etruscan necropolis in loc. Lauscello – Municipalities of Castel Giorgio and Orvieto by Claudio Bizzarri Top, The tombs at excavation. Right, Pottery from Tomb 10. The tombs of Lauscello are located Far right, a recently discovered along one of the most important routes The hypogea consist of an uncov- Orvieto was thinned. At the time, the that run through the District of Orvieto, bronze hippocamp. ered dromos leading to an underground objects recovered, aside from numerous connecting Orvieto and Bolsena, the set- film meant to reproduce the color and corridor. Originally closed by tufa slabs ceramic finds, included the remains of tlement subsequently called Volsinii by appearance of silver. (Egg white was and/or ashlars, it leads to the inside of two clay cremation ollas, one that of a the Romans. The entire area is charac- probably used in applying it to the exte- the funerary chamber, which is almost woman with a cap-like hair ornament in terized by an imposing volcanic deposit rior of the vase). always square with funerary beds along bronze wire, and lead weights, and one that made it easy to dig hypogeum Subsequently in 1889 fourteen the sides. There are also tombs with an of a child, with an achrome ceramic tombs, although there were a few prob- chamber tombs were discovered on land upside down “T”-shaped chamber. In feeding bottle. Of note also a bronze lems regarding the stability of the soil. belonging to Count Eugenio Faina, hon- some cases niches for the deposition of thymaterion (censer) and ceramic forms The earliest tombs in the necropolis date orary inspector of Monuments and the burials were dug into the funerary with painted decoration. to the end of the fourth century BC. Excavations. Almost all were no longer bench. Tomb 10, the last one to be stud- The data available permit the identi- Initially investigated in 1865 by intact and had been plundered. The ied, yielded objects in iron (a knife, fire- fication of a widespread burial complex Giovanni Paolozzi, the burials found on hypogea located north of the Roman Via dogs), a bronze fibula and an abundance consisting of more than a score of cham- the property of the Marchese Gualterio Cassia yielded a considerable quantity of pottery (whole forms in achrome ber and fossa tombs. The necropolis contained rich tomb furnishings, includ- of ceramics, some silvered and some purified clay, a patera in silvered clay). was in use between the end of the fourth ing bronze vessels. Outstanding among with black gloss, a cippus with an The pottery had survived because it had and the middle of the second century the many finds are two oinochoai with unidentifiable inscription, objects in been deposited in the entrance corridor, BC. The rather homogeneous tomb fur- beak-like spouts and three situlae, all in bronze (of particular note a mirror and a which the robbers had overlooked. nishings are characterized by the pres- bronze lamina and bearing the inscrip- casket or cista with the inscription “śuti- In the summer of 2014 collaboration ence of ceramics and bronze finds of tion “larth methies śutina” (CIE 10876- na” and iron firedogs, knives and spits). between the Soprintendenza, the Parco excellent quality, which makes it possi- 10880); these are now in the British After almost a century of neglect, sys- Archeologico ed Ambientale ble to speculate that the burials Museum. The word “śutina” indicates tematic excavations were carried out dell’Orvietano, the Gruppo belonged to a moderately upper middle- that they were funerary objects. Further between 1993 and 2007 by the Archeologico Alfina and St. Anselm class family group, which settled in the investigation carried out around 1870 on Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici College in New Hampshire (USA) led area before the destruction in 264 BC by the Gualterio property yielded “sil- dell’Umbria. It was thus possible to to the partial recovery of two tombs, dis- Rome of Orvieto-Velzna, whose fate vered” vessels, clay vases decorated in clean ten chamber tombs that had been covered when woodland belonging to they probably shared. relief and overlaid with a white-grey tin seriously damaged by tomb robbers. the Fondazione per il Museo C. Faina in Page 39 A Surprise from right side and a number of funerary Norchia: the Tomb goods on the ground. “a casetta” of Vel at Even though the excavation of the Sferracavallo chamber and the dromos still remains to by Francesca Ceci and be completed, a fragmented bronze Daniele F. Maras strigil and 17 vases of the late 4th to early 3rd century BCE have been col- In 2010, during a survey promoted by lected. Among these a fine Faliscan red- the association Archeotuscia of Viterbo, figure skyphos stands out, decorated Mario Sanna discovered a new rock cut Funerary goods found in the tomb after their restoration. with the heads of a satyr and a maenad. tomb at Sferracavallo, in the north-east tridimensional effect. The false door in ]c̣ạnaṣ. As usual, the lack of funding for sector of the necropolis of Norchia. The the front is decorated by a relief frame- In the following, albeit with many archaeological institutions jeopardized tomb is shaped like a house (“a caset- work reproducing the architrave with uncertainties, it is possible to integrate a the possibility of restoring the finds. But ta”) and has been carved out of the tufa side T-projections curving down patronymic formula: presumably in this case, following personal contacts walls of the Biedano valley, on the (“becco di civetta”). The funerary cham- [larθ/t]ịaḷịṣḷa (“the (son) of Larth”), or, at scientific meetings, Lorenzo Benini’s slopes of the so-called Casone plateau, ber lies under the monument, and was less probably, [lar]ịṣaḷịṣḷa (“the (son) of Kostelia group supported the rescue within a funerary area with several accessible through a dromos that has not Laris”). project, and thus allowed the team to tombs of diverse types, all already pro- restore quickly the funerary goods of the faned by tomb robbers. tomb. Consequently, a permanent exhibition of the tomb was inaugurated on December 7, 2014 in the Etruscan National Museum of the Rocca Albornoz in Viterbo: an impressive, for- tunate case of synergy and cooperation of public and private institutions and volunteer associations for the cause of archaeology.

yet been excavated. The monument dates from the mid- In the upper part of the frame of the fourth century BCE, and constitutes a false door, an inscription on three lines new example of the rare attestations of has been incised with letters 7-10 cm. the house-shaped type in the region high. Damages to the tufa surface make (known at Tuscania, Blera, Barbarano reading difficult, especially as regards Romano, Castro). the second line: A fortunate collaboration of the owner Daniele Maras studies the Etrus- eta śuθi velus of the estate where the tomb stands can inscription on the false door. ××(×)c̣×naṣ[-]×××[?] (Pietro Stelliferi), and of the local asso- More about the new tomb can be The new funerary monument belongs ×ạ××ṣ(×)a ciations Archeotuscia and Terzo found in: L. Proietti, M. Sanna, D.F. to the semi-”dado” type, with false door The first line is better preserved and Millennio with the Soprintendenza Maras,”Ager Tarquiniensis: Norchia,” and pitched roof on the façade (3.15 x consists of the standard opening formula made the excavation of the tomb possi- in Studi Etruschi LXXV (2011) 245- 2.30 m.); three beam-ends at the upper of funerary inscriptions: “this (is) the ble in 2013. Archaeologists and mem- 248. F. Ceci, ed., Dallo scavo al museo. corners imitate the columen and the tomb of Vel.” Unfortunately, the family bers of the associations took part in a La tomba a Casetta dalla necropoli di mutuli. An overhanging edge protects name (gentilicium) that followed in the cleaning operation, which unearthed the Sferracavallo di Norchia. Un esempio the sidewalls, and the roof top continues second line is almost completely lost, underground funerary chamber, and riuscita sinergia tra pubblico e privato in depth for a brief distance, providing a except for the possible ending [—- brought to light a funerary bed on the (Firenze 2014).

11° Incontro Nazionale Rovereto) Franco Nicolis, (Soprintendenza per i di Archeologia Viva Presentation and projection of the film Il Beni Culturali di Trento), “La storia Perú millenario: la storia inesplo- nel ghiaccio. Archeologia e memoria tourismA l’apertura al turismo e la rinascita rata, di José Manuel Novoa, della Prima Guerra Mondiale.” Florence, February 21 - 22, 2015 del patrimonio culturale.” Spagna, 52’. Dedicato a Riccardo Francovich Cristiano Tiussi (director, Fondazione Maria Fancelli, (Università di Firenze), Alessandro Barbero (Università del February 21 Aquileia), “Aquileia rinasce in 3D. “Winckelmann, Firenze e gli Piemonte Orientale e Vercelli), Franco Cardini (Scuola Normale Il passato con gli occhi del futuro.” Etruschi: due giubilei per il padre “Raccontare il Medioevo: viaggio di Superiore), “Cavalieri nel Alberto Angela (author), “Pompei: il della storia dell’arte antica.” riflessione nei cosiddetti ‘secoli Medioevo: fra mito e realtà storica.” giorno prima e il giorno dopo.” Giovanni di Stefano (Museo regionale bui.’” Presentation of the book Alle radici Presentation of the book I tre giorni di di Camarina), “La storia dal mare: Giuliano Volpe (Consiglio Superiore dei della cavalleria medievale. Pompei (Rizzoli). naufragi anonimi nel Mediterraneo Beni Culturali), “Una vita per capire Elisabetta Susani (Accademia di Belle February 22 tardoantico.” e comunicare il Medioevo: Riccardo Arti di Brera), “Ritorno in Vietnam: Dario di Blasi (Museo Civico di Cento anni dalla Grande Guerra Francovich.” continued on page 41 Page 40 The Institute for Mediterranean 2015 issue.) In the interest of interna- archaeological sites are combined with Archaeology: a new tional cooperation, the IMA aims to pro- the promotion of the local food and society for Orvieto mote mainly North American and north- wine. There are also ongoing contacts and its territory ern European research institutes, and with a North American museum to by Claudio Bizzarri attract various economic resources, explore the possibility of organizing an including private and overseas founda- exhibition related to the Etruscans and The IMA, or Institute for tions, toward projects within the area of the history of the district of Orvieto, Mediterranean Archaeology, a nonprofit Orvieto. In the past, the IMA has col- with an eye to the neighboring areas organization for the development of cul- laborated with the University of Ghent, outside the region. tural activities and promotion of archae- Belgium, in the archeometric analysis of It is no coincidence that the logo of ological tourism, was finally recognized mobile materials (ceramics) from the the IMA is the famous terracotta head in Italy, in January 2015, in affiliation excavations of the territory, as well as representing the face of the Gorgon that with the institute of the same name analysis of the pigments used in the is located at the Foundation for the established in the US a few years ago municipality of Castelviscardo (an frescoes in the chapel of St. Ansano in Museum C. Faina; it is a symbol of (http://www.imarchaeology.com/). The Etruscan-Roman site) and in via Ripa the town of Allerona. The recognition of power chosen by Athena for her aegis. latter had already begun to collaborate Medici in the historical center of the operating unit in Italy of this non- The hope is that the goddess of wisdom through PAAO on a series of projects in Orvieto. The latter exposed a hollow in profit organization will then convey the will guide the steps of the Institute the territory of Orvieto; among these the shape of a truncated pyramid of the strong potential of Orvieto and its area toward the development and promotion were the excavations of Coriglia in the Etruscan period. (See Archeo, January in archeoturismo, in which visits to of this richly complex cultural area.

Etruscan scholars gather breed dormice, an Etruscan delicacy. in New Orleans for The scholars, however, were not eating Archaeological Institute of mice with their Etruscan beer. They had America conference and gumbo. drink an ancient ale Nancy de Grummond, who is from by Todd A. Price Lake Charles, La., and Professor at NOLA.com/Times-Picayune Florida State University, was the guest of honor. The day before, she had won The scholars of ancient cultures were the AIA award for undergraduate teach- in town Saturday (Jan 10) for the ing at the group’s annual meeting, which Archeological Institute of Americas ran through Jan. 11. De Grummond annual conference. As happens when wasn’t interested in the beer. The travelers descend on New Orleans, their Etruscans, she said, drank wine. thoughts turned to drinking — but not Etruscologists salute! (front l-r) Fabio Colivicchi, Lisa Pieracini, Nancy just any drink. They had brought a case de Grummond, M.Lynette Thompson, Orlando Cerasuolo, Matilde Nancy de Grummond of Dogfish Head’s Birra Etrusca, a Marzullo, Claudia Piazzi, Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni. (rear l-r) wins Excellence in recreation of what got people buzzed in undergraduate teaching the area now called Tuscany before the Francesco Cini, unknown reveler, Stefano Valtolina, Andrea Garzulino. award from AIA era of the Romans. in the interview, “so they took whatever Gary Enea, an editor of the Etruscan An archaeologist named Patrick they had that contained sugar and mixed News, explained how the beer illustrates FSU Classics Professor Nancy de McGovern worked with Dogfish Head them together.”The Birra Etrusca had a shift in recent decades in how archae- Grummond, one of the nation’s leading to create that beer. As he explained in an barley, wheat, hazelnut flour, honey, ologists treat artifacts. “It used to be you scholars of Etruscan studies, has interview for the latest issue of Etruscan pomegranates and even myrrh. It was take the pot out, you clean it, you put it received the Archaeological Institute of news, ancient alcoholic drinks were rich, balanced, a little sweet and proba- in a museum,” Enea said. Now archae- America’s 2015 Excellence in more complex than modern ones, com- bly tastes better than anything the ologists preserve and analyze the organ- Undergraduate Teaching Award for her bining grapes, honey and grain. “They Etruscans ever drank. (Dogfish Head ic matter in the pot. They might find a invaluable service to the archaeological wanted to be sure they had enough sugar beers are not currently distributed in vessel was used to store beer or even community as an educator. The award, to get the fermentation going,” he said Louisiana.) which is the only teaching award given in the field of Classical archaeology, Il caso dei Marmi di Elgin Andrea Augenti (Università di was presented Jan. 9 during the insti- Louis Godart (accademico dei Lincei), Bologna), “Nella grande storia di tute’s annual meeting, held in New Dusan Sidjanski (Università di Ravenna. Dalla villa al monastero: Orleans. De Grummond is FSU’s M. Ginevra), “Sculture del Partenone: archeologia del complesso di San Lynette Thompson Professor of Classics quando il ritorno ad Atene?” Severo a Classe.” and a Distinguished Research Professor, Simona Rafanelli (Museo archeologico Andrea Pessina (soprintendente archeol- famed for her 31 years of archaeological “I. Falchi” di Vetulonia), Elena ogo della Toscana), “La Toscana dal excavations at Cetamura del Chianti, Rodriguez (Museo archeologico di cielo. Meraviglie dell’archeologia Italy. Verucchio), “Sovrani etruschi dei nelle foto di Paolo Nannini.” due mari. Tesori d’oro e d’ambra da Valerio Massimo Manfredi (archaeolo- Vetulonia e Verucchio.” gist and author), “Questa volta par- Nancy de Grummond receives Raimondo Zucca (Università di liamo delle Sette Meraviglie.” her AIA award together with Sassari), “Un caso archeologico in Presentation of the book Le meraviglie gold medal winner Brian Rose in Sardegna: Mont’e Prama e il santu- del mondo antico (Mondadori). New Orleans. ario degli eroi infranti.” Page 41 Some Etruscan BC. While Roman activity is well docu- vided the anthropologist with nursery Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia. One mented, the pre-Roman cultures and rhymes, short poems, and unusual anec- is the Olpe Chigi, the most famous Publications, 2013-2014 many tribes must have adapted or them- dotes. Leland was struck by the coinci- example of Proto-Corinthian vase paint- selves introduced new ideas and tech- dence of many names mentioned in this ing, reproduced in every manual of Luca Cerchiai. 2014. “Una festa etr- niques into north Italy. The human oral material with the names of the Greek art. The other is the so-called usca per Dioniso?” In F. Fontana and activity in this last period in the alpine/ ancient Etruscan deities. He started to Formello abecedarium, a small buc- E. Murgia, eds. Sacrum facere. Atti del subalpine zones, it is suggested, were believe that an entire, intact “alterna- chero amphora covered with inscrip- II seminario di Archeologia del sacro. connected to seasonal farming, with tive” religious system was emerging tions — including two abecedaria, a Contaminazioni: forme di contatto, production of dairy products like cheese from the mist of history, having sur- gift-text, and a craftsman’s signature — traduzione e mediazione nei sacra del in the Val Febbraro area, mining in oth- vived the end of the Etrusco-Roman civ- that make it one of the most precious mondo greco e romano. Trieste, 95- ers. The initiating factor needs to be ilization within the Italian country cul- Etruscan epigraphical documents of the 105. found within the cultures in the lowland, ture. 7th century BCE. Sophie Bergerbrant and Sølvi Helene with an increasing population. It is sug- The new monograph dedicated to Fossøy, eds. 2014. A Stitch in Time: gested that the Etruscans with their Annalisa Tasso, Pylai Aidao: Un per- the tumulus has been edited by Laura M. Essays in Honour of Lise Bender advanced mining, their agriculture with corso iconografico e letterario sulla Michetti and Iefke van Kampen, with Jørgensen. Gotarc Series A. intensive farming, and their trade activ- diffusione del tema delle Porte dell’Ade contributions by Marisa Di Bisceglie Gothenburg Archaeological Studies. ity have played an important role in da Oriente a Occidente (BAR and Daniele F. Maras. It accounts for Humanities Department, Department spreading elements of their culture out- International Series, 2524.), Oxford: what we know today on the discovery of of Historical Studies, Gothenburg side the traditional Etruscan area Archaeopress. 2013. the tomb in 1882, and for the funerary University. towards higher latitudes and altitudes. According to its title, this book goods, about 120 items. The objects, In this volume, the article by wants to present a kind of encyclopedic which have long been part of the unpub- Margarita Gleba on “Italian textiles M. Vencato, S. Zala, A. Willi, eds, overview on the theme of the “Gates of lished Chigi collection, are now present- from prehistory to Late Antique times” Ordine e trasgressione. Atti del Hades” in ancient cultures ranging from ed for the first time in their entirety, demonstrates once more how much can Convegno (Istituto Svizzero, Roma the Near (or Middle) East to the along with the findings of some minor be learned from a careful study of tex- 2005). Viella. 2008. Mediterranean West. After dealing tombs that came to light in the area of tiles, a subject that is arousing much rather cursorily with Egypt, Monte Aguzzo in the course of the same recent interest (see elsewhere in this Massimiliano Di Fazio. “La trasgres- Mesopotamia and Phoenicia, however, excavations, directed by Rodolfo issue). sione del survival: Charles G. Leland it devotes most of its space to the con- Lanciani. These materials were also pre- e l’antica religione etrusca.” Pp. 125- ceptions of the ancient Greeks and the served in the Chigi collection, as well as Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2013. 145. in the Villa Chigi of Ariccia, south of “Alphabetic and non-Alphabetic “There is in Northern Italy a moun- Rome. Characters on Roof Tiles from Poggio tain district known as La Romagna Ultimately, the excavation report Civitate (Murlo).” Etruscan Studies Toscana, the inhabitants of which speak and the complete catalog of the finds 16: 210–262. a rude form of the Bolognese dialect. provide the long-awaited and indispen- These Romagnoli are manifestly a very sable information on the context of the Rex Wallace. Forthcoming. “Writing ancient race, and appear to have pre- celebrated Olpe Chigi, which in the past and Literacy.” Oxford Handbook of served traditions and observances little has been dealt with as an isolated, out- Pre-Roman Italy. changed from an incredibly early time. standing masterpiece of Greek art, with […] Among these people, stregheria, or little reference to its Etruscan context. Carlo de Simone and Simona witchcraft – or, as I have heard it called, Thanks to the cooperation of the Marchesini, eds. 2013. La lamina di ‘la vecchia religione’ (or ‘the old reli- authors, who shared the results of their Demlfeld. Mediterranea. Pisa, Rome, gion’) – exists to a degree which would work before the publication of the vol- Fabrizio Serra Editore. even astonish many Italians. This ume, certain reevaluations of the new The linguistic study of an inscription stregheria, or old religion, is something data were recently presented in two on a bronze tablet from a sanctuary in more than a sorcery, and something less books on the subject: Eliana Mugione, the Raetic area, near Innsbruck, Austria. than a faith. It consists in remains of a ed., L’Olpe Chigi. Storia di un agalma, After an account of its archaeological mythology of spirits, the principal of Proceedings of the Conference context, a close study of the text shows whom preserve the names and attributes L. M. Michetti and I. van Kampen, (University of Salerno, 2010), Salerno: the connection of this Raetic language of the old Etruscan gods […].” eds., Il Tumulo di Monte Aguzzo a Veio Pandemos, 2012; Matteo D’Acunto, Il both to Etruscan and to the language of With these words of Charles G. e la Collezione Chigi. Ricostruzione del mondo del vaso Chigi. Pittura, guerra e the Lemnos inscriptions. Leland, Di Fazio begins this article on contesto dell’Olpe Chigi e note sulla società a Corinto alla metà del VII seco- the controversial figure of the American formazione della Collezione archeolo- lo a.C., (Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter, Dagfinn Moe, Montagne incise. Pietre anthropologist of the late 19th century, gica della famiglia Chigi a Formello 2013.) incise. Archeologia delle risorse nella who has been defined as an “explorer of (Monumenti Antichi dei Lincei, serie On November 25, 2014, the publica- montagna mediterranea. Atti del sub-cultures.” In the last decades of the misc., 16), Rome, Giorgio tion of this volume as the 16th of the Convegno (Borzonasca, 20-22 ottobre century, Leland lived in a hotel in Bretschneider, 2014. miscellaneous series of the Monumenti 2011). Università degli Studi di Florence with his wife and collected The tumulus of Monte Aguzzo con- Antichi dei Lincei was the occasion for a Genova, Laboratorio di Archeologia e information on the “old religion” that he stitutes the most conspicuous monu- meeting, at La Sapienza University in Storia Ambientale, pp. 311-322. believed to have discovered among the mental and visual landmark of the terri- Rome, which focused on the tumulus of During the Bronze Age (between agricultural population of the Italian tory of the Etruscan city of Veii. Monte Aguzzo and on the phenomenon 2000-1400 BC) a marked increase in inland. A number of farmers of the Therefore, it is not surprising that the of the tombs “a tumulo” in the territory human impact is found in several places. Tosco-Romagnolo Appennine moun- only tomb that has been discovered is of Veii. Participants in the symposium Increased pressure and stress on the tains, along with some strange middle- the find spot of two outstanding objects, were Gilda Bartoloni, Francesca vegetation is found at about 800-500 persons, and a self-declared witch, pro- which are displayed in the Museo Boitani, Giovanni Colonna, Anna De Santis, and Enzo Lippolis. Page 42 Strandberg Olofsson, University of Museum and Site: A new and drawings with images of finds and Gothenburg, who fulfilled the dream of reconstructions, accompanied by phase in the real and many of us by initiating and completing detailed explanations. Since the finds virtual history of this project, and Stefania Renzetti, from the excavations are still under Swedish Institute in Rome and many the Etruscan town of study, the material presented in these others, inclluding the landowner, panels provides an extremely valuable Acquarossa (Viterbo) Raffaele Rocchi, for making Acquarossa synthesis of the importance of the site by Margareta Strandberg Olofsson come alive, and for allowing all of us to for our understanding of Etruscan enjoy and to learn more about the socie- urbanism and architecture, as well as the The important finds from the Etruscan ty and culture of this fascinating commercial and cultural role of town of Acquarossa, north of Viterbo, Etruscan city! Acquarossa within Etruria. Although have for some time been beautifully And, as eager as all the readers of many of the individual finds and build- exhibited in the Museo Nazionale Etruscan News will be to visit the site of ings are well known from excavation Etrusco di Viterbo, Rocca Albornoz. Acquarossa in person, we are apprecia- publications and general handbooks, it Individual objects are placed in a recon- tive of the fact that the informative text is very useful to be able to stand at the structed context of how they would have and accompanying pictures on the web- exact location of an individual house been used in daily life, and the architec- page allow us to enjoy a virtual visit at and to study the plan and the find con- tural terracottas are mounted to indi- any time! text of architectural terracottas as well cate the roofing systems of the many Viterbo. For more information: as other finds, according to the excavat- houses uncovered at the site. The itinerary at the site of Acquarossa Web page: http://www.acquarossa.org/ ed area or zone (for example, Zone F) or Until very recently, however, the site takes the visitor from the entrance on (includes an instructive video of all the by the names of the houses. In addition itself has been more or less inaccessible, the west side of the city hill up to the material exhibited in the Museo to the Monumental Area, the houses and even difficult to read for the occa- plateau known as Pian del Sale. The text Nazionale Etrusco di Viterbo, Rocca include the House of the Rams, the sional visitor. But, thanks to the initia- (in Italian and English, supplemented Albornoz} House of the Acroterion, and The House tive of many individuals and the support with QR links) of the ten panels Web page for the Swedish Institute in of the Soprintendenza per i Beni explains the history of the site (mid-7th of the Griffins. Rome: www.isvroma.it Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale c. B.C. to ca. 550 B.C.) and the build- Our thanks go to Alfonsina Russo and museum: and the Swedish Institute in Rome, the ings excavated there in the 1960's and Roberto Caruso, Soprintendenza per i Museo nazionale etrusco di Viterbo, site has been reopened and enhanced by early 1970's by the Swedish Institute in Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Rocca Albornoz, piazza della Rocca, a set of informative posters to be Rome. Each panel focuses on one area Meridionale, Kristian Göransson, Viterbo Hours: Tuesday-Sunday 8:30- enjoyed by visitors to the area of or type of building, and combines maps Swedish Institute in Rome, Margareta 19:30 entrance: € 6 (reduced € 3)

The first museum dedicat- Left, Terracotta sarcophagus ed to Etruscans has from the late third - early second century B.C, formerly housed at opened in Naples Collegio alla Querce, Florence.

At the Istituto Denza in Posillipo, ics originate from Caudina, the site of the new “Leopoldo De Feis” Etruscan Montesarchio, one of the most flourish- Archeological Museum has opened. ing of the Samnite cities. Another group The collection originated in the nineteenth century, and was linked to of objects, including Roman imperial the Florentine College Alla Querce, inscriptions, comes from smaller sites. where Father Leopoldo De Feis, profes- The museum’s showpiece is an Etruscan sor of Latin and then Rector of the terracotta sarcophagus depicting an Institute, chose, for educational purpos- unknown woman; it is dated between es, archaeological examples of Etruscan late third and early second century BC. culture. Over the years he expanded the The museum is open to the public by collection with artifacts of different appointment. types and historical periods. The Alla Querce closed in 2005 and later merged with the Istituto San Paolo Barnabiti. Since July 2014, at the request of Father Pasquale Riillo, Rector of the Neapolitan institute, the artifacts have been relocated to a wing of the Istituto Denza in Naples. The collection, curated by Neapolitan archaeologist Fiorenza Grasso, includes roughly 800 pieces that span a period of time between the Bronze Age and the third century AD. Of these objects, 250 come from Orvieto; these include many bucchero A big turnout for the new Etruscan interest group at the 2015 AIA ceramics. Another 47 red figure ceram- meeting in New Orleans.(www.facebook.com/etruscaninterestgroup). Page 43 Princely Celtic tomb from other valuables from the Celts whose 5th c. B.C. found in elites then acquired artifacts of excep- tional quality from Greece. Lavau, France The city of Massalia, today’s Marseille, The History Blog was founded as a Greek colony in 600 B.C. and became an important center for Not content with digging up mass luxury imports from Greece like Attic graves under Paris supermarkets, black-figure pottery and massive bronze France’s National Institute for cauldrons. So valued were these objects Preventive Archaeological Research that they were buried in monumental (INRAP) announced at the begining of tumuli with their owners. The Vix krater March 2015 that archaeologists have is probably the most prominent Greek unearthed a large princely tomb from bronze object found in a Celtic grave the early 5th century B.C. in the from the late Hallstatt, early La Tène Champagne region town of Lavau. Burial monument complex for Hallstatt elite, with the oldest, external period. This massive volute krater is Excavations on the site began in cremations tombs dating to the Late Bronze Age and two interior bur- 5’4″ tall and weighs 450 pounds. (see October 2014 in advance of construc- ial mounds, with valuables, dating to the Early Iron Age. The central issue of Etruscan News 16, p.3) It is the tion of a new commercial center. The largest metal vessel known to survive tumulus, containig the burial chamber of the fifth century prince, team found a tumulus 40 meters (130 from antiquity. The krater was discov- feet) in diameter that had been used as a dates to the Halssstadt Late Iron Age. All are unified into a single ered in the grave of a woman who was funerary complex for more than a thou- burial monument joined by trenches nearly 10 feet deep. buried around 500 B.C. in Vix, northern sand years. The earliest tombs are cre- ber is a bronze cauldron one meter der in a meander design. The vase is of Burgundy, about 40 miles south of mation burials and small mounds encir- (three feet) in diameter. This is a metal- either Greek or Etruscan manufacture Lavau. lurgic and artistic masterpiece, each of and is the northernmost discovered to four circular door knocker-like handles date. decorated with the bearded, behorned, The Champagne-Ardenne region in bull-eared and moustachioed visage of northeastern France on the border with the Greek river-god Achelous. Eight Belgium marked the westernmost reach lion heads adorn the rim of the cauldron. of the Hallstatt culture, the Late Bronze Inside the cauldron are more treas- Age, Early Iron Age predecessor of the

Head of Greek god Acheloos on One of eight lion heads adorning carrying ring of wine cauldron. the rim of the wine cauldron. Just as we have no idea who the Lady cled by moats that date to the end of the of Vix was, we are unlikely to ever put a Bronze Age (1,300-800 B.C.). Next are name to the occupant of the princely early Iron Age inhumations of an adult tumulus. He was a person of august rank male warrior buried with an iron sword and great fortune: that much is made and an adult woman buried with solid undeniable by the rich contents of his bronze bracelets. grave and the fact that he was buried in At the center of the tumulus archaeol- the center of an already sacred funerary ogists found a burial chamber 14 square complex. His burial and the ones that meters in area containing adult human predate him were only united into one remains, a chariot and extremely sump- monument in around 500 B.C. when tious grave goods. At an angle from the ditches were dug deep around the skeletal remains are a group of vessels, perimeter to create a single large enclo- a bronze bucket, fine ceramics decorat- sure. The complex was still in use dur- ed with a fluted pattern, and a knife still Excavation of the bronze wine cauldron, Hallstatt prince tumulus. ing the Gallo-Roman era when people in its sheath. At the bottom of the cham- below left, Iron wheel and chariot parts. below right, Gold bordered black-figure oinochoe. (All photos by Denis Gliksman, INRAP) were buried in the tumulus’ moat. ures: a perforated silver spoon, likely La Tène culture. The presence of Greek used to strain wine into drinking cups, artifacts in the wealthiest burials in smaller bronze vessels, and most signfi- Hallstat-period Gaul are evidence of a cantly, an Attic black-figure oinochoe vigorous trade in luxury goods between (wine jug) depicting the wine god Greece and its colonies and pre-Roman Dionysus sitting beneath a vine across France. The end of the 6th century and from a comely lass. It would be precious beginning of the 5th saw the city-states just as the rare Greek vase it is, but of Attic Greece, Etruria and the Greek someone went above and beyond with colonies develop new economic ties to this example by gilding the lip and foot western Europe. Greek traders sought of the jug and adding a gold filigree bor- slaves, metals, gemstones, amber and Page 44