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Metadata of the book that will be visualized in SpringerLink Publisher Name Springer Singapore Publisher Location Singapore Series ID SeriesTitle Book ID 435878_1_En Book Title The Hackable City Book DOI 10.1007/978-981-13-2694-3 Copyright Holder Name The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) Copyright Year 2019 Corresponding Editor Family Name de Lange Particle Given Name Michiel Suffix Division Department of Media and Culture Studies Organization Utrecht University Department of Media and Culture Studies Address UTRECHT, Utrecht, The Netherlands Email [email protected] Editor Family Name de Waal Particle Given Name Martijn Suffix Division Organization Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Address DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Email [email protected] Layout: T1 Standard Book ID: 435878_1_En Book ISBN: 978-981-13-2693-6 Chapter No.: FM 1 Date: 16-10-2018 Time: 7:43 pm Page: 1/15 1 The Hackable City PROOF ED Editor Proof NCORRECT U Layout: T1 Standard Book ID: 435878_1_En Book ISBN: 978-981-13-2693-6 Chapter No.: FM 1 Date: 16-10-2018 Time: 7:43 pm Page: 3/15 • 3 Michiel de Lange Martijn de Waal 4 Editors 5 The Hackable City 6 Digital Media and Collaborative 7 City-Making in the Network SocietyPROOF 98 10 ED Editor Proof NCORRECT 123 12 U Layout: T1 Standard Book ID: 435878_1_En Book ISBN: 978-981-13-2693-6 Chapter No.: FM 1 Date: 16-10-2018 Time: 7:43 pm Page: 4/15 13 Editors 1519 Michiel de Lange Martijn de Waal 1620 Department of Media and Culture Studies Play and Civic Media Research Group, 1721 Utrecht University Faculty of Digital Media and Creative 1822 Utrecht, The Netherlands Industries 23 Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences 24 Amsterdam, The Netherlands 25 26 PROOF 27 28 29 3031 ISBN 978-981-13-2693-6 ISBN 978-981-13-2694-3 (eBook) 32 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2694-3 ED 33 34 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956276 35 36 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is published open access. 37 Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Editor Proof 38 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap- 39 tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to 40 the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if 41 changes were made. 42 The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons 43 license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s 44 Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the 45 permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 46 This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s), whether the whole 47 or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, 48 recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission 49 or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar 50 methodology now known or hereafter developed. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive 51 license has been granted to the publisher. 52 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi- 53 cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the 54 relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 55 The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this 56 book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the 57 authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or 58 for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to 59 jurisdictional claimsNCORRECT in published maps and institutional affiliations. 60 This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 61 The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, 62 SingaporeU Layout: T1 Standard Book ID: 435878_1_En Book ISBN: 978-981-13-2693-6 Chapter No.: FM 1 Date: 16-10-2018 Time: 7:43 pm Page: 5/15 63 Foreword: Tackling the Challenge of Speed 64 65 What are cities? Some people say they consist of networks (transport, water, 66 electricity, waste), and other think they are made of structuresPROOF (houses, roads, pipes 67 and wires). Most fundamentally, though, they consist of people. We are the city. 68 The way we are the city has been changing lately, assisted by smart gadgets most 69 people have started to use, and the ubiquitous platformisation of almost any 70 business from groceries to insurance. The speed of this change has created the 71 pressure for city organisations to change the way they manage the city, deliver 72 urban services and renew urban spaces. ED 73 Currently, most cities cannot cope with the speed of change. Legacy systems— 74 physical infrastructures, outdated IT systems, organisational models and practices— 75 are notoriously slow to change. Cities lack competence in understanding digitisation, 76 fl Editor Proof experimenting with technologies and approaching challenges exibly. Business 77 models, funding models and procurement practices are underdeveloped, do not 78 support technological innovation and are often unsuitable for multi-stakeholder 79 strategic collaboration. 80 City governments are used to lead by strategies and policies. Those are still 81 needed, but the process of developing them must become much faster. If planning 82 takes five years, plans are out of date before they are even ready. Joy’s law says that 83 “no matter who you are, most of the smartest people work for someone else”. 84 Shifting the mindset from “city as governance” to “city as an enabler” can help the 85 city administration to tackle the challenge of speed. This book covers many 86 examples of renewing the city by open collaboration, experiments, design 87 methodologies and agile development, which can deliver results faster and in an 88 iterative manner. 89 In order to create the digital and physical infrastructure which can accommodate 90 a crowdsourced way of problem-solving and solutions from different developers, 91 cities must also change the way they work with technology. Traditional city sys- 92 tems are monoliths—proprietary, complex, costly, and locked in to their vendors. 93 Instead, citiesNCORRECT need technologies and infrastructure which can connect different 94 sectors together in a lightweight, modular manner, with components provided by 95 multipleU vendors, sharing enough core protocols and data to be interoperable. v Layout: T1 Standard Book ID: 435878_1_En Book ISBN: 978-981-13-2693-6 Chapter No.: FM 1 Date: 16-10-2018 Time: 7:43 pm Page: 6/15 vi Foreword: Tackling the Challenge of Speed 96 Such horizontal systems are necessary, for example, for data clearing, management 97 and sharing; user dashboards; secure identification; capturing, managing and 98 exchanging value; and digital security. 99 Horizontal integration between systems must be done wisely, though. Cities are 100 not machines, for which you can develop an operating system. They are much more 101 like organisms, as complex as the range of human activities in them. Cities are not 102 companies, either—they do not operate like big corporations. The level of com- 103 plexity in an average city far exceeds that of any company. 104 Cross-domain harmonisation of city systems should be done by using loosely 105 coupled interfaces and “bring your own service” approach. Different subdomains 106 can develop and run services which are just right for them. These systems are 107 connected over a shared backbone only when the connection is necessary and only 108 harmonising the minimum amount of data and interfaces. Maximum interoper- 109 ability and resilience to future needs should be achieved with the minimum level of 110 integration, focusing on data models and APIs which are connected using, for 111 example, microservices and other flexible architectures. PROOF 112 Working with technologies and innovation should be seen as a core activity of a 113 city, as much as urban planning. Cities and companies should systematically share 114 good practices, replicate working solutions, exchange information with each other 115 and develop solutions together. Lastly, cities need to understand investment and 116 business models and become informed clients and partners for the companies. This 117 volume serves as a fundament for such a FutureED Cities agenda. The notion of a 118 hackable city provides an alternative to the relentless and rapid platformisation 119 mentioned above and entails a people-centric view of city-making with the help of 120 technologies and innovation. AQ1 Editor Proof 122123 Jarmo Eskelinen 124 Chief Innovation and Technology 125 Officer at Future Cities Catapult 126 NCORRECT U Layout: T1 Standard Book ID: 435878_1_En Book ISBN: 978-981-13-2693-6 Chapter No.: FM 1 Date: 16-10-2018 Time: 7:43 pm Page: 7/15 127 Acknowledgements 128 This book presents the results of the ninth edition of the Digital Cities workshop, 129 titled Hackable Cities: From Subversive City-Making to SystemicPROOF Change held at 130 Communities & Technologies Conference in Limerick, Ireland, in 2015. The 131 Digital Cities workshop series started in 1999 and is the longest running academic 132 workshop series that has followed the intertwined development of cities and digital 133 technologies.