Open Data Des Données Judiciaires: Entre Transparence De La Justice Et Droit À La Vie Privée

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Open Data Des Données Judiciaires: Entre Transparence De La Justice Et Droit À La Vie Privée Open data des données judiciaires: entre transparence de la justice et droit à la vie privée Mémoire Maîtrise en droit - avec mémoire Flora Dornel Université Laval Québec, Canada Maître en droit (LL. M.) et Université paris-Saclay Cachan, France Master (M.) © Flora Dornel, 2020 Open data des données judiciaires : entre transparence de la justice et droit à la vie privée Mémoire Maîtrise en droit – avec mémoire Flora Dornel Sous la direction de : Professeur Pierre-Luc Déziel, Université Laval Monsieur Benjamin Charrier, Université Paris-Saclay Résumé Le projet de recherche s’inscrit dans le contexte du mouvement d’open legal data, c’est- à-dire des données judiciaires ouvertes. En effet, que ce soit en France ou au Canada, les données judiciaires font l’objet d’une législation en faveur de l’open data. Les données judiciaires sont mises à la disposition des citoyens, de manière variable selon les systèmes juridiques. La question qui est au cœur du problème est l’affrontement de deux valeurs fondamentales : le droit du public à la transparence de l’administration de la justice, qui justifie que les données judiciaires soient consultables, et le droit de l’individu à la protection de sa vie privée. ii Abstract This research project is set within the broader context of the open data movement, namely that of open judicial data. This type of data has been subject to legislation in favour of open data both in France and in Canada. Each legal system has a different approach as to how judicial data is made available to the population. The underlying issue is the interplay between two fundamental rights: the collective right to an open and transparent justice system, which in turn justifies the openness of judicial data, and the individual right to privacy. iii Table des matières RESUME II ABSTRACT III TABLE DES MATIERES IV REMERCIEMENTS VII INTRODUCTION 1 I. Mise en contexte 1 A. Définitions 2 B. Délimitation du sujet 5 II. Problématique 7 III. Les objectifs 11 IV. Questions de recherche et hypothèses de travail 12 A. Question de recherche générale 12 B. La question de recherche spécifique 12 V. Méthodologie 12 PARTIE 1 15 L’ELECTRONIQUE, UN FACTEUR DE BOULEVERSEMENT DANS L’EQUILIBRE ENTRE LE DROIT A LA VIE PRIVEE ET LE PRINCIPE DE TRANSPARENCE DE LA JUSTICE 15 Chapitre 1. Une diffusion amplifiée et facilitée par la mise en ligne 16 Section 1. L’électronique, facteur de suppression de l’obscurité pratique 16 Section 2. Le principe de transparence de la justice comme fondement pour la mise en place de l’open data 17 I. L’open data au service du principe fondamental de transparence de la justice 17 II. Le principe de transparence, un principe à aménager de manière proportionnelle face au droit à la vie privée 21 A. La controverse autour de la question des plumitifs 21 B. Dérives dans l’utilisation des données judiciaires et solutions alternatives au procès 25 Conclusion du premier chapitre 29 Chapitre 2. Les risques de réutilisation des renseignements personnels 31 Section 1. L’électronique comme source d’augmentation de la facilité de réutilisation des renseignements personnels 31 iv Section 2. Hypothèse de la mise à disposition en ligne des dossiers judiciaires dans leur entièreté : analyse 34 I. La justification : analogie entre l’accès papier et l’accès en ligne aux dossiers judiciaires 34 II. L’obstacle des renseignements personnels contenus dans les dossiers judiciaires : étude d’une analyse empirique 36 A. Dossiers judiciaires divulgués et diffusion de renseignements personnels : une confrontation entre deux principes fondamentaux 36 B. Résultat de l’enquête : une distinction flagrante entre les dossiers pénaux et les dossiers civiles relativement à la présence des informations sensibles 38 C. La nécessité d’adapter la diffusion au public face aux risques 39 Section 3. Un cadre législatif existant dont l’efficience remise en question 40 Conclusion du deuxième chapitre 42 Chapitre 3. Différence d’approche entre la France et le Canada 43 Section 1. La mise en balance entre le principe de transparence de la justice et le droit à la vie privée des individus : la recherche d’un équilibre 43 I. Approche canadienne 43 II. Approche française 44 A. L’affaire Doctrine.fr 44 B. La nébulosité de la position française : de la nécessité de distinguer entre l’open data et l’accès aux décisions de justice 47 Section 2. Open data et principe de publicité 50 I. Divergence entre le Canada et la France quant à l’appréciation de la publicité et de la publication 50 II. Divergence entre la France et le Canada quant à la réutilisation des informations trouvées dans les documents judiciaires mis à disposition du public 51 Conclusion du troisième chapitre 53 Conclusion de la première partie 54 PARTIE 2 55 DES SOLUTIONS PARTICULIERES POUR LA PROTECTION DES RENSEIGNEMENTS PERSONNELS CONTENUS DANS LES DONNEES JUDICIAIRES 55 Chapitre 1. La solution française actuelle : la pseudonymisation des données à caractère personnel 56 Section 1. Définition de la technique de pseudonymisation 56 I. Généralités 56 II. Les techniques de pseudonymisation 58 A. Système cryptographique à clé secrète 58 B. Fonction de hachage 59 C. Fonction de hachage par clé, avec clé enregistrée 59 v D. Chiffrement déterministe (ou fonction de hachage par clé avec suppression de la clé) 59 Section 2. Une efficacité questionnée à juste titre 60 I. La pseudonymisation encouragée mais limitée dans son efficacité 60 II. L’existence des métadonnées 60 A. Définition 61 B. Analyse de l’étude de Mayer, Mutchler et Mitchell 61 Section 3. Pseudonymisation et open data 62 I. La pseudonymisation des décisions de justice : une tâche fastidieuse pour l’humain 62 II. Le recours à l’intelligence artificielle 64 A. Définition 64 B. IA et open data 66 Conclusion du premier chapitre 67 Chapitre 2. Les outils mis à disposition par le Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données 69 Section 1. L’approche privacy by design prévue par le RGPD 69 I. Définition 69 A. Généralités 69 B. Les techniques 71 II. Application dans le cadre de l’open data 71 A. Hypothèse de la privacy by design dans le cadre de l’open data 72 B. Limites techniques 73 Section 2. Le droit à l’oubli 74 I. Une reconnaissance hétérogène dans le monde 74 A. Une consécration d’origine européenne 74 B. Droit à l’oubli numérique au Québec : une récente inflexion vers sa reconnaissance 77 II. Open data des données judiciaires et droit à l’oubli numérique 79 A. Rôle du droit à l’oubli dans l’équation vie privée et open data 79 B. La qualification de données sensibles au soutien d’une protection accrue 81 Conclusion du deuxième chapitre 85 Conclusion de la deuxième partie 86 CONCLUSION GENERALE 87 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 89 vi Remerciements Dans un premier temps, je souhaite remercier mes directeurs de recherche, Monsieur Benjamin Charrier et le professeur Pierre-Luc Déziel, pour leurs précieux conseils, ainsi que pour leur disponibilité tout au long de cette période compliquée liée à la Covid-19. Cela a été un vrai soutien de savoir que, malgré cette situation inédite, vous étiez restés disponibles. J’en profite pour remercier l’ensemble des professeurs et du personnel qui ont tout mis en œuvre afin que la formation puisse se poursuivre dans les meilleures conditions possibles. J’aimerais remercier mes parents, pour m’avoir permis de faire les études que je voulais, dans les universités que je souhaitais (toujours un peu plus loin… je sais !). Un merci tout spécial à ma maman, pour sa présence, son écoute, ses encouragements, et sa confiance. Merci à mes amis, sur qui j’ai pu compter tout au long de mes études, à chaque moment, y compris lors d’un confinement à plusieurs milliers de kilomètres de la France. Merci notamment à Anna, Arthur, Julie, et Tom. À toi, Pauline, tout particulièrement, je te remercie pour ton soutien indéfectible, pour ta joie de vivre, pour tes mots lors de mes moments de doute (pas peu nombreux…). Je tiens également à remercier mes acolytes du PIFTN, pour les aventures « pré-covid », et pour la solidarité qui a pu s’installer dans la promotion. vii Introduction Le sujet de recherche se concentre sur la manière dont le droit à la vie privée et le principe de transparence de la justice cohabitent à l’ère du numérique, et il est très intéressant de voir d’emblée que le système juridique français et le système juridique canadien n’aboutissent pas à la même vision des choses, alors même que les principes sur lesquels ils s’appuient sont identiques. En effet, les principes en jeu sont la transparence de la justice et le droit à la vie privée. Ainsi, en France, les documents judiciaires publiés, telles que les décisions de justice, ne comportent pas les noms des parties, afin de garantir le droit à la vie privée. À l’inverse, au Canada, le principe réside dans la publication de décisions sans qu’elles ne soient dépersonnalisées. Le nom des parties n’est donc pas occulté. I. Mise en contexte Selon l’adage, « justice is not only to be done, but to be seen to be done » (« la justice ne doit pas seulement être rendue, il faut aussi que chacun puisse voir qu’elle est rendue »). À cette fin, le principe de publicité est un élément essentiel du procès équitable, venant renforcer le principe de transparence de la justice. À la question de savoir comment peut-on rendre les gouvernements plus transparents, une des réponses partielles consiste à la mise en œuvre de l’open data. Ce mouvement global prend de l’ampleur : le Partenariat Open Government Partnership, qui regroupe 78 pays dans le monde, et que la France a présidé en 2016-2017, en est la preuve.
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