DOCSLIB.ORG

Eritrea ASMARA POWER DISTRIBUTION and RURAL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eritrea ASMARA POWER DISTRIBUTION and RURAL Public Disclosure Authorized THE GOVERNMENT OF ERITREA MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINES Public Disclosure Authorized ASMARA POWER DISTRIBUTION AND RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Report Including Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Public Disclosure Authorized January 2004 FILE COP Executive Summary Introduction The Ministry of Energy and Mines of the State of Eritrea has requested the World Bank and other donors to finance the Asmara Power Distribution (Voltage Conversion and Rehabilitation) and Rural Electrification Project. IVO Power Engineering Limited of Finland and Electrowatt Engineering Ltd of Switzerland conducted the Feasibility Study in 1998. According to this study it was found that the present power distribution system in Asmara, which is 40-50 years old, is incapable of meeting additional loads, power failures and voltage fluctuations are frequent and losses are unacceptably high. Thus the main motive is to alleviate the acute weakness and shortcomings of the old distribution networks in Greater Asmara. A latest estimate of the electrification level in rural Eritrea is 3% and the poverty level is around 70%. As modem energy and in particular electricity is a requirement to stimulate rural development and eradicate poverty, an intense government and donor support is required to change the way of life of the rural people and meet the Millennium Development Goals. This is the driving force behind the rural electrification component of the project. The Ministry of Energy and Mines has requested the World Bank (WB) and other bilateral development partners to finance the project. It reached an understanding with the WB mission to take the responsibility to conduct an Environmental and Social Assessment of the proposed project, which is a requirement for appraisal. This report is an outcome of this exercise and has been carried out by complying fully with the Eritrean and World Bank standards for environmental and social impact assessment. It was agreed that the proposal components constitute a Category B project in terms of environmental impacts. The report is produced in two volumes, the first being the main Environment and Social Assessment (ESA) Report that includes the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) and the second is the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). Socio- economic, legal and administrative framework Socio-economic Environment Eritrea is a young country, which was liberated in May 1991 from Ethiopia after a thirty-year war of liberation. Two years later, a UN supervised referendum was conducted to ascertain the wish of the Eritrean people. In that referendum, 99.8% of the people voted for independence, and the Sate of Eritrea was officially proclaimed. It has a total land area of 2 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 124,320 kM , and a marine exclusive economic zone of 121,000 kmi along its 1200-km long coast line in the Red Sea, of which about 56,000 km2 is territorial water over which the country exercises exclusive sovereignty. The country has also more than 350 small and medium sized islands. The resident population (i.e., excluding the Diaspora) of Eritrea was estimated to be around 3.2 million in 1999, and it is growing at a rate of 3.0% per annum. There are nine tribal groups in the country, namely Afar, Bilen, Hedareb, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Saho, Tigre, Tigrigna. Tigrigna and Arabic are the most frequently used languages for commercial and official transactions. English is widely spoken and used by government offices and is also the language used for middle, secondary and university education In 1997, Eritrea registered the highest GDP and GNP since independence of 700 and 900 million US $ respectively. Per capita income is low averaging at 200 USD in the latter years. Agriculture contributed about 16 percent of Eritrea's GDP in 1999, much less than most other African countries, while industry accounted for 27.3% and services 56.7%. Administrative environment The Government is headquartered in Asmara although efforts are being made to decentralise. For administrative purposes, the country is divided into six regions or Zobas, 57 sub-Zoba administrative districts, 701 administrative units, which on the average consists of 3-4 villages. There are 2606 villages in the country according to the 2001 report of the Ministry of Local Government. The administrative units are headed by elected officers from among the village communities. Legislation of relevance to the project The government's strong commitment to sustainable development is reflected by its ratification of the three most important environmental conventions, namely the UNFCCC, CBD and CCD and the follow-up activities in this line. Eritrea's strategy for sustainable development, of which environmental management is among its pillars, is encapsulated in several national documents. Eritrea is soon to proclaim an umbrella law on the environment. The Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment is responsible for implementation of the national environment policies and programmes in collaboration with other relevant institutions. The main objective of the environmental policy is to harmonise sustainable economic growth and development with proper environmental protection and use. In March 1999, The Department of Environment launched the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Procedures. These procedures lay out the general principles, approaches and instruments and the EIA licensing procedures. These guidelines are similar in content to the World Bank operational policies and guidelines on Environmental Impact Assessment. The basic law governing land use is the Land Reform Proclamation of 1994, which vests ownership of land to the Government. This essentially mandates the Government to develop the principles and criteria for classifying land and planning for the various competing uses, such as use for agriculture, tourism, wildlife conservation, housing, public amenities, mining and so on. An Electricity Proclamation has been prepared and submitted to the Government for approval. The purpose of the Proclamation is to promote efficiency, safety, environmental protection and the private sector involvement in the power sector. This Proclamation has provisions for rights and duties of licensees in the electricity business and users with respect to the use of land for electricity infrastructure in urban and rural areas. The Ministry of Energy and Mines has separate Directives on the procedures of cost sharing between Government and benefiting communities in rural electrification and on the role of electricity co-operatives. With regard to electricity supply, the Department of Urban Planning standards and guidelines recognise the space requirements for the sources of electric supply and necessary premises for the network system and main power station and substations mandating the engineering design responsibility to the Eritrea Electric Authority. The Approach is similar to the other infrastructures like water, telecommunications and road networks. iii Although, digitized map for all underground networks of water, electricity and telecom lines can not be secured as they are non-existent, information is available in maps for each specific area within Asmara. Eritrea is blessed with perhaps 20,000 to 40,000 heritage sites, many of them having global, continental, and national importance. Many areas of the country can be considered extremely sensitive to development. Knowledge about the most sensitive zones is growing every day. However, many potentially sensitive areas are not yet known because archaeologists and heritage managers are only beginning to document the presence of cultural heritage sites. Background to the Energy Sector Biomass forms of energy are still the major sources in Eritrea. The energy balance for the year 2002 showed that total primary energy supply was around 787,730 tons of oil equivalent (toe), of which 499,750 toe, or 63.4%, was derived from local biomass fuels, and the remaining 287,980 toe, or 36.6%, from imported oil products. From the oil products, 59,160 toe was used for the thermal generation of 249.1 GWh of electricity at conversion efficiency of 38% from the public electric utility EEA systems alone. The total final energy supply was 702,360 toe, of which 66.8% was consumed by the household sector, 13.2% by transport, 10.1% by the public and commercial, 7.5% by the energy industry, and 2.4% by the manufacturing industry. The share of the electricity consumption was only 2.6%. At national level, the 2002 Eritrean demographic and health Survey indicates that access to electricity for Asmara, other urban and rural areas are 99%, 61% and 3% respectively. Per capita electricity generation was 72.1 kWh while consumption was 60 kWh in 2002. In comparison, this shows nearly four-fold increase in the per capita electricity generation and consumption since 1991. There is about 600 kW solar PV system in the country, installed mostly for welfare focussed applications like water pumping, powering health centres, schools, communications, etc. The Asmara Power Distribution and Rural Electrification Project DistributionSystem in Asmara: Strengthen and make reliable the old substations at Asmara Centre, Gejjeret, Belesa, Denden, Tsada Kristian and Mai Nefhi by extending the new 66 kV transmission and installing new transformers; * Convert the existing 5.5/.23 kV system to 15/0.4 kV system,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statement by Ms. Daniela Kravetz, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human in Eritrea
    [Check against delivery] STATEMENT BY MS. DANIELA KRAVETZ, UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN IN ERITREA Seventy-fifth session of the General Assembly Third Committee Item 72(c) NEW YORK 26 October 2020 1 Mr. Chairperson, distinguishes delegates, ladies and gentlemen. It is with great honour that I present my oral update on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. It has been two years since the peace agreement with Ethiopia and the lifting of the UN sanctions on Eritrea. In this period, Eritrea has strengthened its cooperation with neighboring countries. Yet, Eritrea’s increased engagement at the regional level has not translated into reforms in the country. In my May 2020 report, I set out five benchmarks for progress in human rights and noted the lack of meaningful and substantive improvement in relation to these areas. Since the publication of my report, there have been limited signs of progress. On the issue of political prisoners, there has been no progress. This lack of progress was most recently acknowledged by the European Parliament in a resolution adopted earlier this month, which focused on the case of Dawit Isaak and noted the pervasiveness of arbitrary detentions and enforced disappearances in Eritrea. Dawit Isaak is a Swedish-Eritrean journalist who has been held for over 19 years in Eritrea, without charge or trial. His case is not an isolated one. This December will mark the 8th year since the arrest of Ciham Ali Abdu, an American-Eritrean woman who has been held incommunicado since the age of 15. She was arrested as she tried to flee the country in December 2012, and has not been heard of since.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Administration Reform in Eritrea: Past Trends and Emerging Challenges
    Vol. 6(3) pp. 44-58, September 2014 DOI: 10.5897/JPAPR2014.0285 Article Number: 1CFE3AB47302 Journal of Public Administration and Policy ISSN 2141-2480 Copyright © 2014 Research Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JPAPR Full Length Research Paper Public administration reform in Eritrea: Past trends and emerging challenges GebreMichael Kibreab Habtom College of Business and Economics, University of Asmara, Eritrea. Received 6 May, 2014; Accepted 18 August, 2014 Public administration has always been the tool available to African governments for the implementation of developmental goals and objectives. It is seen as being crucial to the growth and development of African economies. To this end efforts have been made in many African countries to increase efficiency through decentralization, restructuring and privatization. This study presents Eritrea’s public administration reform experience, and assesses the extent to which Eritrea has taken up New Public Management reforms. The aim is to show the outcome of reforms on civil service, public enterprises and local government management. It is found that in Eritrea there is a need for periodic review and continuous administrative reform. In the civil service there are absence of promotion, retirement, and lack of competitive wages and salary increments. In local government there are lack of administrative capacity, absence of clear accountability lines and fiscal decentralization, and lack of coordination and information sharing among local government units and line ministries. The Eritrean government should now emphasize on investment in developing human capital towards effective policy formulation, analysis, implementation and evaluation, and on the reform of the public sector itself besides privatization aimed at allowing public enterprises to operate more efficiently and effectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea: Fact-Finding Mission to Ethiopia
    ERITREA: FACT-FINDING MISSION TO ETHIOPIA IN MAY 2019 20.11.2019 Fact-finding Mission Report Country Information Service Raportti MIG-205841 06.03.00 07.04.2020 MIGDno-2019-205 Introduction This report has been prepared as part of the FAKTA project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF).1 Researchers of the Finnish Immigration Service’s Country Information Service conducted a fact-finding mission regarding Eritrea to Ethiopia in May 2019. The purpose of the fact-finding mission was to gather information on the effects of the peace agreement between Eritrea and Ethiopia, the situation at the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and the situation of Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia. Another objective of the mission was to create a contact network with international and national operators. During the fact-finding mission, the researchers visited the Tigray Region near the border with Eritrea, and the capital city of Addis Ababa. The researchers interviewed international organisations and Ethiopian operators as well as Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers who had arrived in Ethiopia. The parties interviewed for this report did not want their names revealed in the report, due to the sensitive nature of the subject matter. Some of the interviewees wished to remain completely anonymous. 1 Development Project for fact-finding mission practices on country of origin information 2017–2020. PL 10 PB 10 PO Box 10 00086 Maahanmuuttovirasto 00086 Migrationsverket FI-00086 Maahanmuuttovirasto puh. 0295 430 431 tfn 0295 430 431 tel. +358 295 430 431 faksi 0295 411 720 fax 0295 411 720 fax +358 295 411 720 2 (52) Contents 1 The effects of the peace agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea in Eritrea .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Tackling the Root Causes of Human Trafficking and Smuggling from Eritrea
    TACKLING THE ROOT CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING FROM ERITREA The need for an empirically grounded EU policy on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa NOVEMBER 2017 The International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI) was founded in 2004 to inform and improve responses to the cycles of violence and displacement. IRRI has developed a holistic approach to the protection of human rights before, during, and in the aftermath of displacement, by identifying the violations that cause displacement and exile; protecting the rights of those who are displaced; and ensuring the solutions to their displacement are durable, rights respecting, safe and timely. The Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) is a network of civil society organisations from Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Uganda, and the coastal area of Kenya. Established in 1995 by a coalition of women’s rights activists with the aim of strengthening the capacities of women’s rights organisations and addressing women’s subordination and violence against women and girls in the Horn of Africa, SIHA is now comprised of close to 75 members. The Centre for Human Rights Law, SOAS, University of London, provides a forum for scholarship and collaborative approaches on human rights law in practice. It has hosted a number of events, made submissions and provided expert testimony on human rights in Sudan and policies on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa, with a particular focus on the Khartoum Process. This report was written by Dr. Lucy Hovil (IRRI) and Dr. Lutz Oette (SOAS), with significant input from Yotam Gidron (IRRI).
    [Show full text]
  • The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community
    NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 24 Number 2 Article 7 Winter 1999 The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Wendy Pitcher Wilson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Wendy P. Wilson, The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community, 24 N.C. J. INT'L L. 451 (1998). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol24/iss2/7 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/ vol24/iss2/7 COMMENT The Deportation of "Eritreans"from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community I. Introduction After Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia in 1993, the two countries publicly enjoyed a peaceful and supportive relationship.' On May 6, 1998, however, fighting began between the two nations in a conflict over their common border.2 They engaged in six weeks of hostilities, including air attacks,
    [Show full text]
  • An Inter-State War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000)
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE An Inter-state War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000) Alexandra Magnolia Dias A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2008 UMI Number: U501303 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U501303 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 v \& & > F 'SZV* AUTHOR DECLARATION I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Alexandra Magnolia Dias The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without prior consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I understand that in the event of my thesis not being approved by the examiners, this declaration will become void.
    [Show full text]
  • Response to Eritrea: Initial REPORT
    A Submission on the Initial Report of the Government of Eritrea (1999 -2016) To the African Commission for Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) 62nd Ordinary Session 25 April – 9 May 2018 By: Human Rights Concern – Eritrea (HRCE) [email protected] http://hrc-eritrea.org Table of Content Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Map of Eritrea ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary............................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 B. Background............................................................................................................................... 10 C. Rule of Law - Legal and Institutional Drive for Development - Establishing Political base 11 Transition of Provisional Government of Eritrea (PGE) .......................................................................... 11 EPLF/PFDJ 3rd Congress 1994; G15 Dissidents (2001) ............................................................................. 13 PGE, Constitution, National Assembly Elections....................................................................................... 16 1997 Ratified Constitution
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized THE GOVERNMENT OF ERITREA MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINES Public Disclosure Authorized ASMARA POWER DISTRIBUTION AND RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Report Including Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Public Disclosure Authorized January 2004 FILE COP Executive Summary Introduction The Ministry of Energy and Mines of the State of Eritrea has requested the World Bank and other donors to finance the Asmara Power Distribution (Voltage Conversion and Rehabilitation) and Rural Electrification Project. IVO Power Engineering Limited of Finland and Electrowatt Engineering Ltd of Switzerland conducted the Feasibility Study in 1998. According to this study it was found that the present power distribution system in Asmara, which is 40-50 years old, is incapable of meeting additional loads, power failures and voltage fluctuations are frequent and losses are unacceptably high. Thus the main motive is to alleviate the acute weakness and shortcomings of the old distribution networks in Greater Asmara. A latest estimate of the electrification level in rural Eritrea is 3% and the poverty level is around 70%. As modem energy and in particular electricity is a requirement to stimulate rural development and eradicate poverty, an intense government and donor support is required to change the way of life of the rural people and meet the Millennium Development Goals. This is the driving force behind the rural electrification component of the project. The Ministry of Energy and Mines has requested the World Bank (WB) and other bilateral development partners to finance the project. It reached an understanding with the WB mission to take the responsibility to conduct an Environmental and Social Assessment of the proposed project, which is a requirement for appraisal.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea, September 2005
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Eritrea, September 2005 COUNTRY PROFILE: ERITREA September 2005 Formal Name: State of Eritrea (Hagere Ertra). Short Form: Eritrea (Ertra). Term for Citizen(s): Eritrean(s). Capital: Asmara (alternate spelling Asmera). Major Cities: Asmara, Keren, Assab, Massawa, Afabet, Teseney, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adekeieh, Barentu, and Ghinda (according to decreasing size, 2005 estimates). Independence: Eritrea officially celebrated its independence from Ethiopia on May 24, 1993. Public Holidays: Eritrea observes the following public holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), Independence Day (May 24), Martyrs’ Day (June 20), Anniversary of the Start of Armed Struggle (September 1), and Christmas Day (December 25). The following holidays with movable dates determined by the Islamic or Orthodox calendar are celebrated as well: Eid al Fitr, Eid al Adha, Epiphany, and Easter. Flag: Eritrea’s flag is a rectangle divided into three triangles: a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side, and a green upper and blue lower right triangle. A gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the Click to Enlarge Image hoist side of the red triangle. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Colonial Era: Until the late nineteenth century, the high plateau of present-day Eritrea was a part of the Ethiopian province of Tigray. Its inhabitants, racially, culturally, and linguistically Tigrayan, were subjects of the Ethiopian crown, whereas the surrounding lowlanders were for the most part independent. The boundaries of modern Eritrea were established during the period of Italian colonization that began in the late 1800s. An Italian shipping company, Rubatinno Shipping, purchased the port of Assab from a local ruler.
    [Show full text]
  • ERITREA COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
    ERITREA COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 17 August 2011 ERITREA 17 AUGUST 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN ERITREA FROM 15 JULY 2011 TO 17 AUGUST 2011 Useful news sources for further information Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.04 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY ................................................................................................................. 3.01 From British rule to national independence (1949 to 1993) .............................. 3.01 Domestic political developments (1991 to 1997) ............................................... 3.04 International and domestic developments (1998 to March 2011) ..................... 3.08 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (APRIL 2011 - AUGUST 2011) ............................................. 4.01 Protests in Ethiopia ............................................................................................. 4.01 International relations .......................................................................................... 4.03 Narbo volcanic eruption ...................................................................................... 4.06 5. CONSTITUTION .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Eritrea June 2010
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT ERITREA 8 JUNE 2010 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE ERITREA 8 JUNE 2010 Contents Preface Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.06 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Independence and Transitional Government 1991-1993 .......... 3.02 The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice and constitutional developments 1994-2001 .................................... 3.04 Border conflict with Ethiopia 1998-2000 .................................... 3.07 Border tensions with neighbouring countries, 2005-2009 ....... 3.09 Domestic political developments from September 2001 to August 2009 .................................................................................. 3.15 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (DECEMBER 2009 - JUNE 2010) ...................... 4.01 Useful sources for further information...................................... 4.05 5. CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community, 24 N.C
    NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMMERCIAL REGULATION Volume 24 | Number 2 Article 7 Winter 1999 The epD ortation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Wendy Pitcher Wilson Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Wendy P. Wilson, The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community, 24 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 451 (1998). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol24/iss2/7 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The epD ortation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol24/iss2/7 COMMENT The Deportation of "Eritreans"from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community I. Introduction After Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia in 1993, the two countries publicly enjoyed a peaceful and supportive relationship.' On May 6, 1998, however, fighting began between the two nations in a conflict
    [Show full text]