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No. 81

W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Ohio State University.

Columbus, Ohio, Septe,,zber, 1907.

Last year a paper was published in the Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, New York, by H. J. Banker, a student of the . The treatment amateurs at least would regard as revo lutionary, and this suggests that a number of the Bulletin be de voted to the subject as there presented. No illustrations were included in the paper. The substance is given below.

NOTES FROM MUSHROOM LITERATURE. VII. W. A. KELLERMAN. The paper that will be discussed here is entitled: A Contribuition to a Revision of the North American Hydnaceae, by Howard James Banker. It was ptublislhed as No. 2, Vol. 12, of the Memoirs of the Torrey Botani cal Club. Professor Banker is the first American botanist to take a hanid in the splitting up of the old Hydn7um. Several Eulropeani iiivcologists have uindertaken the task, some of their work beinlg accep-ted in the paper under discussion. After this carving out of the Linnaeani genuis Hydinuim the nuitmerous genera, which Professor Banker recognizes, there remain oflyx six of the American species, namely albo-magnutim,Hydnumn albumiii,Ilyditutu repandum, Hydnum caespitosum, Hydntum wvashingtoniantutm and Hydnum sublamellosum. A "Hydnum" then to be a true Hydnunz, muist be terrestrial, meso podous [i. e., with a or stem attached at the mliddle, of the pileus], and fleshy; the plants are white, red or yellow; and the spores -re smooth, not roughened. A list is here compiled to show the new names proposed for the North American species: 352 Mycological Bulletin No. 81 [Vol. V.

Fig. 262. F1s-7u-L1'-NA HE-PAT'-I-CA. Blcefsteak . Edible. This is a soft fleshy, red species belonging to the famiily Polyporaceae; but the tubes are. separate and free-see Fig. 264 of the tubcs magnified. It grows in decaying parts as crevices of trees and stumps, from midsummer to carly autumni. It is a widely distributed species; rarely common in any region and not often abundant. Photographs were made from specimens collcctcd at Sugar Grove, Ohio. September, 1907] Mycological Btulletin No. 81. 353

NEW NAMES FOR OLD HYDNUMS as given in Professor Banker's Monograph

Hydnum abietinum-now given as I-lericiuim laciniatum. Hydnum adustuim-now given as Stecclierintim adustumn. Hydnmtm agaricoides-now given as Steccherinium agaricoides. Hydnum albonigrum-now given as Phellodon alboniger. Hydnum atroviride-now given as Sarcodon atroviridis. Hydnum aurantiacum-inow given as Hydnellurm floriforme. Hydnum blackfordae-now giveni as Sarcodon blackfordae. Hydnum boreale-now given as Hydnellutii suaveolens. Hydnum brunneo-leucumn-now given as Granidiniodes flavutm. Hydnum caput-ursi-now given as Hericiuim caput-ursi. Hydnutm carbulnculus-now given as carbunculus. Hydnum cervinum-now given as Sarcodon imbricatus. Hydnum compactum-now giveni as Hydnelluxtn floriforme. Ilydnum conchiforme-now given as Steccherintim ochraceum. Hydnum concrescens-inow given as . Hydnum conigenumn-low given as Hydnelluini conigenum. Hydnum coralloides-now given as Hericium coralloides. Hydnum coriaceo-membranacetim-now given as Plielloclon coriaceo-memli branaceus. Hydnum crispum-inow giveni as Hericitim coralloides. Hydnum cristatum--now given as Sarcodon cristatus. H-lydnum crocetum-now given as Hericium croceutm. Hydnum cyathiforme-niow given as Phellodon, tomentosus. fHydnum cyaneotincturm-now givenl as Hydneliltm cyanieotiulcttim. Hydnum daviesii-now given as Steeclierinium ocliracetim. Hydnum delicatum--now given as Pliellodoon delicatus. Hydnumn discolor-now given as Steccherilium agaricoides. Hydnum erinaceus-now given as Hericitim erinaceus. Hydnum fasciatum-now given as Phellodon fasciatus. Hydnum fasciculare-now given as Hcriciumn fascictilare. Hydnum fennicutm-now given as Sarcodon feinnictim. Hydnum ferrugineumn-now given as Hydnielliim sanlgtlilnaritim. Hydnum flabelliformiie-now given as Steccherinium rhois. Hydnum flavumn-now given as Grandiniiodes flavum. Hydnum floriforme-now given as Hydnelluin floriforme. Hydnum fuligineo-violaceum-now givenl as Sa.rcodon fuliginieo-violaceus. Hydnum glabrescens-now given as Stecclherilitim reniiforme. Hlydnum graveolens--now giveni as Pliello(loni graveolens. Hydnum humidum--now given as Hydnellum liumidtim. Hydnum hybridum-now given as Hydnellunm floriforme. Hydnum ninbricatum-now given as Sarcodon imbricatus. Hydnum laciniatum-now given as Hericium laciniatum. Hydnum laevigatum-now given as Sarcodon laevigatus. Hydnum nigrum-niow given as Phellodon niger. 354 Mycological Bulletin No. 81 fVrA.

Fig. 263. FiS-TU-LI'-NA HE-PAT vI.CA. The Beefsteak fungus. The same plant shown in Fig. 262, thcre the upper, here the lower side. Unfortunately the tubes forming the fruiting surface cannot be seen, but Fig. 284 shows them plainly. September, 19071 Mycological Bulletin No. 81. 355

Hydnum ochraceum-now given as Steccherinum ochraceum. Hydnum parasiticum-now given as Steccherinum strigosuim. HIydnum plumarium-now given as Steccherintm ochraceum. Hydnum plumarium--now given as Steccherinum plumarium. Hydnum pulcherrimum-now given as Steccherinum pulcherrimum. Hydnum putidum-now given as Phellodon putidus. Hydnum ramosum-now given as Hericium laciniatum. Hydnum reinforme-now given as Steccherintim reniforme. Hydnum reniforme-now given as Steccherinum reinforme. Hydnum rhois-now given as Steccherinum rhois. Hydnum scabripes-nIow given as Sarcodon scabripes. Hydiium schiedermayeri-now given as Hericium croceum. Hydnum scrobiculatum-now given as Hydnellum scrobiculatum. Hydnum septentrionale-now given as Steccherinum septentrionale. Hydnum spongiosipes-now given as Hydnellum velutinum. Hydnum stratosum-now given as Leaia stratosa. Hydnum strigosum-now given as Steccherinum strigosum. Hydnum suaveolens-now given as Hydnellulm suaveolens. H1ydnum tinctorium-now given as . Hydnum tomentosum-now given as Phellodon tomentosus. Hydnum vellereum--now given as Phellodoni vellereus. Hydnum velutinum-now given as Hydnellum velutinum. Hydnum zonatum-now given as Hydnellulmn zonatum. The purpose and nature of the monograph, the general remarks, and the distribution of the Hydnaceae will be given in Professor Banker's own words, which are as follows: "The following paper is intended to incluide a revision of all the pileate forms of the family of the lHydnaceae. which have been found oii the continent of North America and its adjacent islands north of the Isthmus of Panama. A few resupinate forms have been included by reason of their close relationship to pileate forms, but in general they have been excluded. The reason for this arbitrary limitation of the scope of the work is the impossibility of adequately treating the resupinate forms and referring them to their proper species until such time as the Berkeley types can be thoroughly examined by one familiar with our American plants. "The Hydnaceae represent one of the smaller families of the Basi diomycetes, there being not more than five hundred known species in the family, and of these not more than two hundred have been reported within the geographical limnitsof this paper. With a few exceptions the species are not common and generally appear to be quite local in distribution. The task, therefore, of getting suitable material on which to base a revision ot the family has proved more difficult than was at first anticipated. Nor are the herbaria of collectors as helpful *as one would have a right to expect. The published descriptions of species of this family are frequently incomplete and inadequate to fully discriminate the species, so that it is possible often to include several different species under the one descrip tion. Collectors are inclined to refer specimens according to some con spicuous feature, such as a scaly pileus or a zonate pileus, and then pay little attention to other apparently minor characters. Owing to the local character of the distribution of these plants, combined with the com parative rarity with which they are found, few discover that the plants 356 Mycological Bulletin No. 81 [Vol. V. which they are referring to a given species are very different from the plants wlhich others are referring to the same species. Moreover, asstim ing that the species is common an(d well knownl, no field notes are con sidered necessary. As a restult mutch confuisioln has arisen in otur con ception of these species. Occasionally mycologists, who lhave received specimens from all parts of the couintrv, have noted that certain species present remarkable -ariationls, but as the material thlus received is uisually fragmentary, withouit suitable notes, and is received only at rare inter vals, they have gcnerally contented themselves with noting that the form is an unusual one. "In the extensive collections of the New York Botanical Garden, brought together from very manv differenit souirces, the confuision in species is very evident. This is conspicuiouisly seeni in the forms referre(d to Hydnitunt imibricatum L. and H. Voniatum Batsch. As to the former species, nearly everything with a scaly pileuis has been referred to it, wliile the latter has been made to inclulde almost everything with a zonate pileus. "While herbariuim specimens ofteni clearly slhow that they represenit distinct species, so great is the change that these plants uindergo in the process of drying that one rarely feels juistified in attempting a descrip tion of new species from suclh material withouit satisfactory field notes. On the other hand, the secuiring of fresh material or at least of ample and accurate field notes is a difficult and discouiraging task. Dturing six years of careful watching for specimens of the H. inmbricatumiiallies, it has been the writer's fortuine to find buit two of the scaly-capped fornms in the field; likewise butt one of the forms commonly referred to H. zonatutati, lhas colile within his observation. Of more than forty specimens fouind in the her

Fig. 264. The tubes forming the fruiting surface of FIS-TU-LI'-NA HE-PAT'-I-CA, considerably magnified as shown by the millimeter scale. See Figs. 262 and 263. September, 1.9071 M1cological Bullctin No. 81. 357

baria referred to these two species, niot one Nvasaccompanied by descriptive niotes tl at were ot any valuie. Yet we have at least a half dozen good species lhere represenited, could the distilnctive characters be clearly es tablished. "Tlhe species of this family are not only comparatively rare aind loc-al in distribution, but they are often initermittenit in appearanice. The writer onice fouind tllree dlifferelrt species in a space not over teni feet squiare, and *a fouirth in tle sanie woodls a slhort distanice away. Bult not onie of the four was fourd aiiywlere in that region in the next foulr suiccessive years. altlhouigh tlhe grouniidwas searclhed over repeatedly each year.

DISTRIBUTION.

"T1 e geographical distribultion of these planits appears to be largely irfluenced 1b latitude. Puit collections of Basidiomiycetous flungi fromn tlhe region wect of the Mississipi river have been so few and incomplcte tlht gelneral coEclu,sions respectingo distribution in this region can not be conifidenltly drawii. Th e following areas may be recognized as possessing eachl a characteristic and somewhat distinictive hvdnaceouis flora. (1) Tlle niortheasterni United States souitlh to Nortlh Carolina and Teninessee and wvest to the Great Plaiiis. (2) The Southern States west to Louisiana. (:) Th-e Gtulf region inclulding the West Indie.s anid the immediate borders of the Guilf. (4) Th-e nortlh Pacific coast inciludinig Oregoni anid Wash ingtoni. It secns probable that Canada and nortlherni New England to Greenlanid may represent anotlher distinct floral distribution, but collectionls in this region h-ave been too meager to suiggest more than a possibility. Th-ese remarks on distribtition are l)ased oni specimeins actually seen by tthewriter. ancd do not incluide the variouis species reported in cataloguies anid local floras witlhotut accompanying specimenls. The material examined ha,s come chiefly from the following- states: lMaine, MVassachusetts, Con lierticut, New York, New Jersey, NWTestVirginia, Ohlio, Inidiana, Kentucky, .Alabanma.Loulisiaina, Cuiba, Honduras, Oregoni, Washitngton. This study of distributioin caniniot be satisfactorily suipplemenlted by published local floras, for in consiequenice of the confused coniception of species in this family, suclh lists are wlholly tuireliable except wh-en verified by actlual specimlenis, anid these are often lacking. A comparison of two collections bn whlichi stuclh floras have beenl based, qulickly reveals how uitterly uintrust wvortlhy are these lists of species as a mealns of determining distribution. Tl-e plallts referred lo Hvdnmum i',ubricatvin bv Alabama collectors are tat;>llv distiiict from the pliant referred to t1le same species by the New F1.1Elrid botaniists. Professor Earle has noted thct Hvdntvm repandum as collected by h-im in Conniiecticuit.was a very differenit thing from the plant of tha.t alliance with which he had been acquiairted in Alabama. "It is hoped thbt the preseiiit contribultion may lead to a clearer con ception respectirig the species of thlis familv anid be a meanis of stimullating a more exact sttudv of tlhe distribution of these plants. It can hardlv be expected tl'at all confusion has been removed or thst all errors have been avoided. The source of maiiy of outr present difficulties is to be traced hack to tlle work of early Euiropean l)otanists. wl'ose material is either inaccessible or has long since passed into an irrecoverable oblivion. The auithor believes that in the majority of cases, with respect to the species iiicluded in tl'is paper, he I-as formed a clear conceptioni of them in his O'Wlmind and has endeavored to present that conlception as definitely and djstinctly as he was able in the accompanying descriptions and synopses. Whether he has in all cases made an absoluitely correct determination, especially in the case of species referred to old Eturopean tvpes, he cannot state with complete confidence." 358 Mycological Bulletin No. 80. [Vol. V.

Fig. 265. flo-LE-TI'-NUS PO-RO'-sus. A flcsby rcddish-brown plant, bclonging with the preceding species illustrated in this Number to the family Polyporaceae. The hymenium or fruiting layer is described as composcd of' broader radiating lamellae connected by very numerous more narrow anastomosinig branches or partitions anid forming large angular pores. Collected in the woods at Sugar Grove, Ohio.

The Mycologi cal Bulletin is issued Monthly, Price 25c. Copies of Vol. 11 (19O4), Vol. III (1905) and Vol. IV (1906) may be had for 50 cents each, or cloth bound copies for 75 cents No copies remain of Vol. I (1902). Address W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio