Draft Magazine Field Merevale Warwickshire
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DRAFT MAGAZINE FIELD MEREVALE WARWICKSHIRE Results of a Desk-Based Assessment, Walkover Survey & Historic Visual Impact Assessment The Old Dairy Hacche Lane Business Park Pathfields Business Park South Molton Devon EX36 3LH Tel: 01769 573555 Email: [email protected] Report No.: 150626 Date: 26.06.2015 Author: S. Walls E. Wapshott Draft Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire Results of a Desk-Based Assessment, Walkover Survey & Historic Visual Impact Assessment For Kirsty Gibson Of Aardvark EM Ltd. (the Agent) By SWARCH project reference: MMZF15 National Grid Reference: 428407 297056 Planning Application Ref: Pre-planning Project Director: Dr. Samuel Walls Fieldwork Managers: Dr. Samuel Walls Project Officer: Dr. Samuel Walls Fieldwork: Emily Wapshott Research: Emily Wapshott; Dr. Samuel Walls Desk Based Assessment: Dr. Samuel Walls HVIA: Emily Wapshott Report: Dr. Samuel Walls; Emily Wapshott Report Editing: Natalie Boyd; Dr. Samuel Walls Graphics: Bryn Morris; Victoria Hosegood June 2015 South West Archaeology Ltd. shall retain the copyright of any commissioned reports, tender documents or other project documents, under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved, excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the client for the use of such documents by the client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the Project Design. South West Archaeology Ltd. 2 Draft Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire Summary This report presents the results of a desk-based assessment, walkover survey and historic visual impact assessment carried out by South West Archaeology Ltd. on Magazine Field, Merevale as part of the pre- planning documentation for a proposed solar farm. The proposed solar farm would be located on the edge of the Merevale Park estate, historically part of the lands held by a Cistercian monastery founded c.1148 at Merevale. Very little archaeological fieldwork has taken place in this area and as a result our understanding of the development of this landscape and the character of settlement in the fringe of the Forest of Arden in the Prehistoric, Romano-British and early medieval periods’ is corresponding poor. In this instance, this is clearly absence of evidence rather than evidence of absence, especially given the proximity of the site to Watling Street, and the extensive medieval activity in the area. The walkover survey and desk-based assessment suggest that the former Deer Park pale formerly crossed the proposal site but had been removed pre-1740, suggesting that it belonged to the 16th century Deer Park (and potentially an ‘infield’ for the monastery), rather than the 19th century restoration of the Park. The archaeological potential of the sites is likely to be medium. There are three Grade I and nine Grade II* Listed buildings within 5km of the site that fall within the ZTV or the fringes of it, together with 27 Grade II Listed buildings or groups (Atherstone contains 56 GII structures). There are eight Scheduled Monuments with 5km, which have been considered, some of which include other Listed remains. Most of the designated heritage assets in the wider area are located at such a distance to minimise the impact of the proposed development, or else the contribution of setting to overall significance is less important than other factors. The landscape context of many of these buildings and monuments is such that they would be partly or wholly insulated from the effects of the proposed solar park by a combination of local blocking, and the topography, or that other modern intrusions have already impinged upon their settings. The assessment suggests that only six assets or groups of assets (Merevale Abbey, Oldbury Camp, The Gate House, The remains of Merevale Abbey, negative/minor – and Merevale Hall and its registered parkland –negative/minor to negative/moderate) a quantifiable level of harm. With this in mind, the overall impact of the proposed solar can be assessed as negative/minor. The impact of the development on the buried archaeological resource would be permanent and irreversible. South West Archaeology Ltd. 3 Draft Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire Contents Page No. Summary 3 List of Figures 6 List of Tables 6 List of Appendices 6 Acknowledgements 6 1.0 Introduction 7 1.1 Project Background 7 1.2 Topographical and Geological Background 7 1.3 Historical Background 7 1.4 Archaeological Background 7 1.5 Methodology 8 2.0 Desk-Based Assessment and Cartographic Analysis 10 2.1 Documentary History 10 2.2 Early Cartographic sources 10 2.3 Later Developments 12 3.0 Archaeological Background 15 3.1 Baseline Data 15 3.1.1 Prehistoric 15 3.1.2 Romano-British 15 3.1.3 Early Medieval 15 3.1.4 Medieval 15 3.1.5 Post-Medieval 15 3.1.6 Early Modern 16 3.2 Walkover Survey 17 3.3 Aerial Photographs 18 4.0 Historic Visual Impact Assessment 20 4.1 National Policy 20 4.2 Setting and Views 20 4.2.1 Evidential Value 21 4.2.2 Historical Value 22 4.2.3 Aesthetic Value 22 4.2.4 Communal Value 23 South West Archaeology Ltd. 4 Draft Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire 4.2.5 Summary 23 4.3 Likely Impacts of the Proposed Development 23 4.3.1 Types and Scale of Impact 23 4.3.2 Scale and Duration of Impact 24 4.3.3 Statements of Significance of Heritage Assets 25 4.4 Methodology 27 4.4.1 Assessment and Landscape Context 27 4.5 Results of the Viewshed Analysis 29 4.6 Field Verification of ZTV 29 4.7 The Structure of Assessment 29 4.8 Impact by Class of Monument or Structure 30 4.8.1 Farmhouse and Farm Buildings 30 4.8.2 Lesser Gentry Seats 36 4.8.3 Grand Residences 38 4.8.4 Listed cottages and structures within Historic Settlements 42 4.8.5 Cathedrals and Monasteries 47 4.8.6 Churches and pre-Reformation Chapels 49 4.8.7 Industrial Buildings and Infrastructure 54 4.8.8 Medieval Castles, Moated Sites and Fortified Towers 57 4.8.9 Hillforts and Earthworks 58 4.8.10 Prehistoric Ritual/Funerary Monuments 59 4.8.11 Roman Villas 60 4.8.12 Registered Parks and Gardens (RPG’s) 61 4.8.13 Historic Landscape 62 4.8.14 Aggregate Impact 63 4.8.15 Cumulative Impact 64 4.9 Summary of the Evidence 64 5.0 Conclusion 67 6.0 Bibliography & References 68 South West Archaeology Ltd. 5 Draft Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire List of Figures Cover plate: View across the proposal site, with a slightly levelled earthwork, showing as the pale soil colouring in this area; from the north-east. Figure 1: Site location. 9 Figure 2: Extract from the c.1740 estate map (fiche) (WRO: Z0323/1). 11 Figure 3: Extract from the 1845 Rider Coal map (WRO: CR1765/7). 12 Figure 4: Extract from the 1st edition OS map of the area, surveyed 1887. 13 Figure 5: Extract from the 2nd edition OS map of the area, surveyed 1901. 14 Figure 6: Extract from the OS map 3rd revision of the area, surveyed 1922-23. 14 Figure 7: Nearby heritage assets). 16 Figure 8: Soilmarks of a possible curving bank, as well as removed field boundaries. 19 Figure 9: Distribution of designated heritage assets within the ZTV within 5km. 30 List of Tables Table 1: Table of nearby undesignated heritage assets. 17 Table 2: The conceptual model for visual impact assessment. 28 Table 3: Summary of impacts. 66 List of Appendices Appendix 1: Project Design 69 Appendix 2: Designated Heritage Assets 72 Appendix 3: Supporting Photos 90 Acknowledgements Thanks for assistance are due to: Kirsty Gibson of Aardvark EM Ltd. (the Agent) Philip Blackman (Chief Executive of Merevale Estate) for access The staff of the Warwickshire Historic Environment Record (HER) The staff of the Warwickshire Record Office South West Archaeology Ltd. 6 Draft Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire 1.0 Introduction Location: Magazine Field Parish: Merevale District: North Warwickshire County: Warwickshire NGR: 428407 297056 1.1 Project Background This report presents the results of a desk-based assessment, walkover survey and historical visual impact assessment (HVIA) carried out by South West Archaeology Ltd. (SWARCH) on Magazine Field, Merevale, Warwickshire (Figure 1). The work was commissioned by Kirsty Gibson of Aardvark EM Ltd. (the Agent) in order to establish the historic background for the area and identify any heritage assets that might be affected by the erection of a proposed Solar PV Array. 1.2 Topographical and Geological Background The underlying geology of the site is the mudstone, siltstone and sandstone of the Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation, formed during the Carboniferous Period in an area previously dominated by deltas, estuaries and swamps (BGS viewer). The overlying soils are described as disturbed soils, associated with restored opencast coal workings, the surrounding soils are slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged loamy over clayey and fine silty soils over soft rock of the Bardsey Association. 1.3 Historical Background The site is located towards the western edge of the parish of Merevale, now a much reduced parish, having formerly held lands in Leicestershire to the north, and probably further east on the River Tame in what is now part of Lea Marston (Salzman 1947). The A5 (Watling Street) bisects the present parish on a north-west to south-east alignment, with the Coventry Canal and railway line following similar alignments across the parish. There is a ridge top road running south-west from this former Roman route way, and it is along this road that Merevale Monastery was founded in 1148. It is suggested that Merevale was probably ‘the woodland’ attached to the adjacent manor of Grendon at the time of Domesday Survey and held by Henry de Ferieres, as it was Earl Robert de Ferrers who founded the Abbey at Merevale, and bequeathed to it ‘all my forest of Arden’ 1.4 Archaeological Background The Warwickshire Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) identifies this area as Planned Enclosure.