CENSUS OF 1961 VOL. VI PART VI NO·. 7 . AND

VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH OF" MAHESHWARPORA (TULLAMULLA, TEHSIL . DISTRICT )

FIELD INVESTIGATION BY B. A. FAROOQ.I & H. U. MUGHAL socle ECONOMIC INVESTIGATORS

EDITOR M. H. KAMlLI Superintendent OJ Census OPerations

PRINTED IS INDIA AT VISHINATH PRINTING PRESS, RESIDENCY ROAD. SRINAGAR AND PUBLISHED BY MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI - 8

1963

Price-Rs. 6.60 or lSsh. Sd. or $ 2.38 The Village Survey monograph lIeries of JaDlDlU and Kashmir State have been included VoL Vl, Part VI of the Census of India-1961 and bound together District-1wise. FollowiaJ is t Ust or villages su.rveyed : .-

Vol. VI Part VI No. t District Ananlnag Tehsil V'illage Aishmuqam Vol. VI Part VI No. 2 District Anantnag Tehsil Anantnag Village Mattan Vol. VI Part VI No. 3 District Anantnag Tehsil Anantnag Village Vol. VI Part VI No. 4 District Srinagar Tehsil Srinagar Village Nandpora Vol. VI Part VI No. 5 District Srinagar Tehsil Srinagar Village Vol. VI Part VI No. 6 District Srinagar Tehsil Badgam Village Chrarisharif Vol. VI Part VI No. 7 District Srinagar Tehsil Ganderbal Village Tullamulla Vol. VI Part VI No. 8 District Tehsil Moballa TeHan Vol. VI Part VI No. 9 District Baramulla Tebsil Sonawari Village Kaniari Vol. VI Part VI No. 10 District Baramulla Tehsil Village Zachaldara Vol. VI Part VI No. II District Baramulla Tehsil Village Gumal Vol. VI Part VI No. 12 District BaramuUa Tehsil Kamah Village Gundi-Gujran Vol. VI Part VI No. 13 District Ladakh Tehsil Kargil Village Kharboo Vol. VI Part VI No; 14 District Ladakb Tehsil Ladakh Village Hanu Vol. VI Part VI No. IS District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakb Village Hemis Vol. VI Part VI No. 16 District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakh Village Kharnik Vol. VI Part VI No. 17 District DOda Tehsil Village Matta Vol. VI Part VI No. 18 District Doda Tehsil Kisht\\-'Sr Village Agral Vol. VI Part VI No. 19 District Tehsil Udhampur Village Sudh-Mahadev Vol. VI Part VI No. 20 Di,trict Udha .pur Tebsil Village Katra Vol. VI Part VI No. 21 District Jammu Tehsil Samba Village Badwani Vol. VI Part VI No. 22 District Tebsil Bashobli Village Khaneid Vol. VI Part VI No. 23 District Kathua Tehsil Basbohli Village Sukral Vol. VI Part VI No. 24 District Kathua Tehsil Katbua Village Chakdrabkhan Vol. VI Part VI No.2S District Katbua Tehsil Kathua Village Parole Vol. VI Part VI No. 26 District Tehsil Haveli Village Rajpora-Mandi Vol. VI Part VI No. 27 District Poonch Tehsil Village Shahdara Vol. VI Part VI No. 28 District Poonch Tehsil Mendbar Village Ramkund NOTIONAL MAP OF VILLAGE lULAMULLA TE H'S1L GANDERBAL DISTRICT 5Rl"AGAR (NOT TO AllY SCALE)

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CONTBNTS Pages FOREWORD i-iii PREFACE i-iii CHAPTER 1-~e Village: Introducing the village in t~rms of its most significant characteristics and why it has been selected; location with reference to important centres of administration, commerce and industry or culture and so ·on; physical aspects. flora and fauna; size; number of households; residential pattern; communication;. important public places including places of worship, crematorium, monuments if any, sources of water. welfare and administrative institutions, market etc; history of the village including history of settlement of different sections of the population of the village; legend if any concerning the village or any object or any section of the population of the village. I-~ CHAPTER· II-The people and their material equipment: A. Ethnic composition and brief note on each group. B. Housetype; Dress and ornaments; household goods; food and drink; others. C. Beliefs and practices connected with birth; marriage and death with particular reference to those aspects which are common among different sections of the population, as well those which are significantly different. (If there are certain traits which are considered to be peculiar to· the village under study, those should be specially indicated). Trends of changes should also be indicated 6-21 CHAPTER III-Economy: A. Economic resources-land including forest. agricultural land and other land, livestock and other resources. B. Factors influencing economic life in the village under study-land reforms, land improvements, industrialisation and trends of urbanisation. if any; improve­ ment of communication; expansion of marketing facility, sources of finance etc. C. Economic activities and nature of changes- (I) Livelihood classes; changes in the size of the population in different livelihood classes with reference to 1951 Census figures; analysis of the factors of change. (2) Ownership of economic resources including land and trends of change­ analysis of the factors of change· and prOcesses of change; analysis of the processes of persistence of old pattern in spite of existence of causes of change if any. (3) Statistical data regarding primary and subsidiary occ:upations- Changes if any from traditional occupations and from the available earlier (ii)

-.P4ps statistical data; analysis of the factors and processes of the c;hagcs; atti'tude of the persons concerned towards the changes...... (4) Description of the different occupations. . (I) Agricu1ture-Trends of changes in (a) fanning practices (b) nature of produce (c) tools and equipments (d) technique (e) organization. of manpower (f) source of finance (g) nature of expenditure in connection with the various operations (h) utilisation of produce (i) marketing of .produce (j) time of different activities connected with agriculture. (ii) Animal husbandry, fishing, forestry etc.-Trends of changes in the (a) areas where the activities are undertaken (b) facilities or concessions enjoyed in respect of the areas or sources for the activities (c) nature of establishinents engaged in the activities (d) organisation of work groups for the activities (e) tools and equipments (f) techniques (g) sources of finance (h) patrons and clients (i) utilisation of produce (j) marketing of produce (k) time and season for the various activities connected with the occupation. (iii) Village IndustTies--Trends of changes in (a) nature and number ·of village industrial establishments (b) nature of produce (c) raw materials (d) quantity of produce (e) tools and equipments (f) techniques (g) source of design (h) method of transmission of skill (i) sources of finance (j) nature of patrons and clients (k) utilisation of produce (1) marketing of produce (m) time of different activities connected with the industry. . (iv) Commerce-Trends of changes in (a) nature of the establishments engaged in commercial activities in the village (b) nature and quantity of commodities dealt with (c) method of collection and storage of commodities (d) nature or transaction (barter, cash, advance payment etc.) (e)time and season ofdift"erent activities connected with commerce. (v) Other occupations. (5) Indebtedness and trends of changes. (6) Income and expenditure and trends of changes in the relative importance of the different sources of income as well as in the expenditure pattern, with special reference to nature of occupation, ·income group and ethnic group. . 22-30 CHAPTER ·IV-Social and Cultural Life: A. Statistics relating 10 age and sex di~tribution, birth, marriage, disease. death . and education and analytiCal discussion of the statistical data witb reference to the relevant factors e, g, immigration and emigration, social legislation .provision of various amenities etc. B. Trends of changes in the family structure; intra-family relationship, and inheri­ tance of property. c. 'Leisure and recreation among different sections of the popUlation and trends of changes. D. Religious institutions in the village temple, church, mosque (history of their growth and development; details of architecture, management and control; source of finance, area of influence etc.) Community Festivals in the village (iii)

Pages and teends of changes in the reJigious beliefs and practices among ditrerent sections of the population. E. Village organisation (tension and/or integration)· with reference to occupation, income, hamlet, village as a whole. Analysis of inter-hamlet relationship and inter-caste relationship. F. Composition and functioning of the organs of democratic decentralisation· and their relation with traditional organisations like caste panchayats, regional hunt councils of tribals etc. . G. Voluntary Organisations, clubs, libraries etc.--:...Composition. method of recruit­ ment of members, obejectives, nature of activities, ·area of operation,. finan­ .cial condition and Source of finance, influence on the life of the villagers. H. Reform measures introduced by various agencies including Governmental agencies-Information and attitude towards the reform measures (e. g. family planning, regulation of dQwry, removal of untouchability etc.); manner of implementation of reform measures; impact of reform measures etc.. I. Other important aspects of social and cultural life . 31-40 CHAPTER V-Folk-lore 41--43 CHAPTER VI-Conclusion with special reference to level of social awareness; interre- lation of different faces of community life of the village and place of the village in the economic and social structure of the region 44 Local weights and measures and their English equivalents 45 SCHEDULES: Village Schedule, Part II 46-50 Village Census and Occupation Schedule 51-53 Vi Hage Disputes Schedule 54 Village Leaders Schedule 55 Social Disabilities Schedule 56 Cultural Life Schedule 57 Recreation and Artistic Activities Schedule SI TABLES-SET (A) Table I, Area, Houses and Population 59 Table II, Population by Age-groups 60-61 Table III, Size and Composition of Households 60-61 Table IV. Households classified by religion, communities, castes and sub.;castes 62 Table V, Scheduled Castes and Scbeduled Tribes 63 Table VI. Age and Marital Status 64-65 Table VII, Education 66-67 (iv)

Pafes· Table VIII, Workers and Non-workers by sex and Broad-age groups 68 Table IX, Workers classified by sex, broad ale-groups and occupations 68 Table X. Workers classified by sex, broad age-groups and industry. business and cultivation belonging to the Household 69 Table XI, Non-workers by sex, broad age-groups and nature of activity . 70--71 Table XII, Households by number of roo~s and by number of persons occupying 72-73 Table XllI, liouseholds engaged in cultivation, . industry or business belonging , tothe household 72-73 Table XIV, Types of industry run by the household . 74 Table XV, Types of business rpn by the household , 74 Table XVI, Traditional indu'stries by number of households in each 74 Table XVII Diet : 75 Table XVIII, Staple diet and food habits of communites 7S Table XIX, Distribution of households by Occupation, Income and number of members . 76-77 Table XX, Monthly income per household by sources and occupation . . 78-81 Table XXI, Average monthly expenditure per household by income groups and occupation . 82-123 Table XXII, Indebtedness 124 Table XXIII, Households and Development Activities 124-125 Table XXIV. Agricultural Produce of cultivation run by households and their disposal 125 Table XXV, Households owning or possessing land or have given out land to others for cultivation 126-127 Table XXVI. General 128 SET (B) Table I. Caste/tribe or community and nature of family. 128 Table 2 (A). Settlement history of households 128 Table 2 (B), Settlement history of households 129 Table 3 (A), Religion and Sect 129 Table J (B), Sect and caste/tribe 129 Table 3 (C), Association of Deity/Special object of worship of caste/tribe 130 Table 4, Awareness of untouchability offences Act 130 Table 5 (A). Contravention of marriage rules . 130 Table 5 (B), Permissibility of inter-caste marriage 131 (v)

Table· S (C), Desirability of inter-caste marriage Table 5 (D). Attitude towards marriage with persons of different communities but of the same socio-economic status . 132-133 Table 6 (A). Awareness of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption. 134 Table 6 (A)-I, Inheritance of property as in practice 134 Table 6 (B)-I, Share of property for different categories of relatives-daughters 135 Table 6 (B)-2, Share of property for different categories of relatives-sons 136 Table 6 (B)-3, Share of property for different categories of relatives-wife 137 Table 6 (C). Attitude about inheritance of property by daughters equally with sons 137 Table 7. Change in ownership of land.during one generation 137 Table 8. Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices 138 Table 9, Livestock statistics including fishery 138 Table 10 (A), I-Village _Industries-Products 139 Table 10 (A), 2-ViJlage Industries-Disposal of Products 139 Table 10 (B), Industries and tools adoped during the last five years 139 Table 10 (C), Attainment of proficiency in industry 140 Table II (A), Occupa tional mobility-cause of change . 140 Table 11 (B), Occupational mobility--Nature of change. from father's generation to present generation 141 Table 11 (C). Occupational mobility-Nature of Aspiration • 141 Table 12, Trade or business . 142 Table 13, Range of information 142 Table 14, Land reforms etc. . 143 Table 15, Land Reclamation and Development 143 Table 16, N. E. S. Blocks-Nature of benefit covered byN. E. S. blocks. 143 Table 17, N. E. S. Blocks-Nature of benefit-functions of Gram Sevak 144 Table 18. Information about main functions of Panchayat 144 Table 18 (A), Opinion about improvement through Panchayats 144

Table 18 (B). Information about factions .of Panchayats 1.. ' Table 19, Co-operative Society 14S Table 20, Attitude towards family planning, with reference to the age of the head of the household 146 Table 20 (A), Attitude towards family planning with reference to duration of marriage. 146 (vi)

Table 20 (B), Attitude towards family planning with reference to monthly income 147 Table 21 (A), Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income 147 Table 21 (B). Habit of taking tea as correlated to income 148 Table 22, Prohibited Foods and Drinks 148 "Table 23 (A), Meterial Culture-Possession of furniture 148 Table .23 (B), Meterial Culture-Furniture acquired . 149 Table" 24, Meterial Culture':_Consumers goods . 149 Table 24 (A), Meterial Culture-Consumers goods acuquired in last five year 149 Table 25. Meterial Culture-Habits . 1'0 APPENDIX I, Draft Suggestions for Socio-economic Survey 151_,.160 II, Additional Questions for Household Schedule 161-163 Bibliography 164 Index of Names 165-166 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (SKETCHES & PHOTOGRAPHS)

1. Notional Map of Village Tullamulla 1 2. Types of Buildings 2 3. TransP9rt by Boat 1 4. Load Carriers 2 5. House Types 4 6. Rice Husking I 7. Dress 5 8. A l{ashmiri Pandit woman with Kangri 1 9. Footwear 1 . JO. Ornaments 3 i 1. Utensils 4 12. Stone Implements 1 13. Shops 3 14. VyugCeremony 1 15. Muslim Funeral Procession 1 16. Hindu Funeral Procession 1 17. In the Fields 1 18. Ploughing without Bullocks I 19. Agricultural Implements . 1 20. Panzar 1 21. Mr. Mohd. Maqbool Bhat (M. A .• LL. B.) 1 22. Rouf 1 23. Kashmiri Folk Dancer 1 24. Musical Instruments 2 25. Shrines 3

FQREWORD

Apart from laying the foundations of Randomness of selec:tion was, therefore, demography in this subcontinent. a hundred eschewed. There was no intention to build years of the Indian Census' has also produced up a picture for the whole State in quanti­ elaborate and scholarly accounts of the varie­ tative terms on the basis of villages selected gated phenomena of Indian life--sometimes statistically at random. The selection was with DO statistics attach.ed, but usually with avowedly purposive, the object being as just enough statistics to give empirical much to find out what was happ.ening and 1LJ.derpinning to their conclusions. how fast to those villages which had fewer In a country. largely illiterate. where reasons to choose change and more to statistical or numerical comprehension of remain lodged in the past as to discover how even such a simple thing as age was liable the more normal types of villages were to be inaccurate, an understanding of the changing. They were to be primarily type social structure was essential. It was more studies which, by virtue of their number necessary to attain a broad understanding and distribution, would also give the reader of what was happening around oneself tban a feel of what was going on and aome kind to wrap oneself up in statistical ingenuity or of a map of the country. matJzeTnQtical manipulation. This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested A brief account of the tests of selection in many by-paths and nearly every branch will help to explain. A minimum of thirty­ of scholarship, from anthropology and socio­ five villages was to be chosen with great care logy to geography and religion. to represent adequately geographical, occu­ pational and even ethnic diversity. Of this In the last few decades the Census has minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was increasingly turned its offorts to the presen­ to ,be as follows :- tation of village statistics. This suits the tempep of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we (a) At least eight villages 'were to be so have a great deal of centralization on the selected that each of them would contain one dominant community with one pre­ one hand ~nd decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome dominating occupation, e.g. fishermen, forest continuation of the Census tradition to try' workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers. to invest the dry bones of village statistics salt-makers, quarry workers, etc. A village with flesh.;.and-blood accounts of social struc­ should have a minimum popUlation of 400. ture and social change. It was accordingly the optimum being between 500 and 700. decided to select a few villages in every State for special study, where personal observa­ (b) At least seven villages were to be of tion would be brought to bear on the inter­ numerically prominent Scheduled Tribes of pretation of statistics to find out how much the State. Each village could represent a of a village was static and yet changing and particular tribe. The minimum population how fast the winds of change where blowing should be 400. the optimum being between and from where. SOO and 700. (ii)

(c) The third group of villages should scope. At the first Census Conference in each be of fair size, of an old and settled September 1959 the Survey set itself the task character and contain variegated o~upations of what might be called a record in situ of and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in com­ material traits, like settlement patterns of position. Byfair size was meant a popula­ the village; h~use types; diet;· dress; tion of 500-700 persons or more. The . ornaments and footwear; furniture and village should mainly depend on agriculture storing vessels; common means of transport and be sufficiently away from the major· of goods and passengers; domestication of sources of modem communication such as animals and birds; markets attended; wor­ the district administrative head-quarters and ship of deities; festivals and fairs. There business centres. It should be roughly were to be recordings, of course, of a day's journey from the above places. The cultural and social traits and occupational villages were te be selected with an eye to mobility. This was followed up in March variation in terms of size, proximity to 1960 by two specimen schedules,. one for city and other means of modem communica­ each household, the other for the village as tion, nearness to hills, jungles and major a whole, which, apart from spelling out the rivers. Thus there was to be a regional mode of inquiry suggested in the September distribution throughout the State of this 1959 conference, introduced groups of ques­ category of villages. If. however, a parti­ tions aimed at sensing changes in attitude cular district contained significant ecological and behaviour in such fields as marriage, variations within its area, mOre than one inheritance, moveable arid immoveable pro­ village in the district might be selected to perty, industry, indebtedness, education. study the special adjustments to them. community life and collective activity, social disabilities, forums of appeal over disputes, It is a unique feature of these village village leadership, and organisation of surveys that they rapidly outgrew their cultural life. It was now plainly the inten­ original terms of reference, as my coUegues tion to provide adequate statistical support warmed up to their work. This proved for to empirical feel to approach qualitative them an absorbing voyage of discovery and change through statistical quantities. It had their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to been difficult to give thOUght to the impor­ enlarge the inquiry's scope again and again. tance of just enough· statistics to give It was just as well cautiously to feel one's empirical wzderpinning to conclusions. at a way about at first and then venture further time when my colleagues were straining afield, and although it accounts to some themselves to the utmost for the success extent for a certain unevenness in the quality of the main Census· Operations, but once and coverage of the monographs, it. served the census count itself was left behind in to compensate the purely honorary and March, 1961, 'a series of three regional extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961). Dar­ Survey. along with its .manyancillaries like jeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) restored the survey of fairs and festivals, of sman their attention to this field and the impor­ and rural industry and others, was an extra, tance of tracing social change through a over and above the crushing load of the number of well-devised statistical table:s was 1961 Census. once again recognised. This itself pre­ supposed a fresh survey of villages already It might be of interest to· recount briefly done; but it was worth the trouble in View the stages by which the Survey enlarged its of the possibilities that a close analysis of (iii) statistics offered, and also because the of December 1961 when the whole field was consanguinity schedule remained to be carefully gone through over again and a canvassed. By November 1961. however. programme worked out closely knitting the more was expected of these surveys than various aims of the Survey together. ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general state­ This gradual unfolding of the aims of the ments and a growing desire on the other to Survey prevented my colleagues from adopt­ draw conclusions from statistics, to regard ing as many villages as they had original1y social and economic data as interrelated intended to. But I believe that what may processes, and finally to examine the social have been lost in quantity has been more and economic processes set in motion than made up for in quality. This is, through land ref~rms and other laws, perhaps. for the first time that such a legislative and administrative measures, Survey has been conducted in any country. technological and cultural change. In the and that purely as a labour of love. It has latter half of 1961 again was organized succeeded in attaining what it set out to witb,in the Census Commission a section on achieve: to construct a map of village Social Studies which assumed the task of India's social structure. One hopes that the giving shape to the general frame of study volumes of this Survey will help to retain and providing technical help to Superinten­ for the Indian Census its title to the most dents of Census Operations in the matter of fruitful single source of information about conducting surveys, their analysis and pre­ the country. Apart from other features, it sentation. This section headed by Dr. B.K. will perhaps be conceded that the Survey has Roy Burman has been responsible for going set up a new Census standard in pictorial through each monograph and offering helpful and graphic documentation. The schedules criticism and advice which were much finally adopted for this monograph have welcomed by my colleagues. Finally, a been printed in an appendix. study camp was organised in the last week

A.MlTRA NewD.zhi Registrar General, India

PREFACE

The State of Jammu and Kashmir is Sleurs and the laymen alike, equally mostly bounded by international, borders eontribute to the complexity of the socio­ touching China. and Tibet in the east, economic picture of the State. Sinkiang and Afghanistan in the north, U.S.S.R in the north-west and Pakistan in the With this variegated mass of social and west. Its climate ranges from the burning economic traits. the selection of villages, and scorching heat of Kathua to the snow­ where the survey would have to be under­ capped heights of GuImarg and the nude taken, was not as easy task. The scope peak of Mount Godwin Austin (28,265 reet), and the aims of the survey could not, as the second highest in the world. It is the­ stated in the foreword by the Registrar home of various races and sects, the General, also be defined for quite some Aborigines, Aryans, Bhuddists, Jews, Brah­ time causing further delay in the final mins, Tibetans, Arabs, , Rajputs, selection. The delay was however more Turks, Persians, Moghuls and Afghans than rewarded by the experience gained in whose history can be traced back to the meanwhile which led eventually to the thousands of years. Apart from the admi­ supplementing of the original plan of build­ nistrative divisions which are no index to the ing a record of material traits with social, cultural and economic classification questionnaires designed to ascertain changes of the people, the natural regions in which and attitudes in matters like marriage, the State stands divided disclose a variety inheritance, industrialization, indebtedness, of physiology, languages, cultures and social literacy, village organisation and the like. structures. Bodhi, Shina, Balti, Gujri, Preliminary surveys had already been con­ Pahari, Kashmiri, Dogri, Punjabi, Poonchi ducted in a number of villages and the are some of the . languages and dialects temptation to enrich .the report with addi­ spoken by large sections of the people who tional· statistical data to support the empirical cannot understand each other's language at feel could not be resisted making it necessary all. The varying rainfalls which provide for the surveyors to visit the villages for the abundant facilities of irrigation in some second time with a changed outlook of the parts and cause perennial droughts in others aims. to be accomplished. With the passage resulting in a diversity of economic struc­ of time and gaining of experience, the tures add, in no small measure,· to the yearning to produce something not only heterogenous character of the State. of academic value but which could also serve as a torchlight for achievement of Above all other physical and social material benefits grew more and more. The factors which have had an abiding influence quantum of work involved and the handicaps on the culture and the economy of the countenanced in the realization or this people ranging from the monastries of ambitious project left no alternative but to Ladakh or Little Tibet defying both time reduce the number of the villages originally and change to the art shrines of Basohli, proposed to be surveyed from 36 to 28. Poonch and Ramnagar. which serve as Even here. it was not possible to adhere lighthouses of learning for the art connoi- strictly to the criteria prescribed by the (ii)

Registrar General for the selection of the the very good social relations which the two villages for several reasons. There being no communities have developed as also on scheduled tribes in Jammu and Kashmir, for account of the economic benefits which instance, no village of category (b) referred accrue to them from the shrine. to in the foreword could be selected for the survey. This deficiency was made up- by _ As is indicated in the report, agriculture taking up, instead, th e survey of such of is the mainstay of the inhabitants. Man­ the villages which are inhabited by denotified power is not however utilised to its full tribes. Again, an attempt was made to capacity although potential resources are select as far as possible ",illages from almost available to provide alternative avenues of all the districts of the State with varying employment. On the social side also, the social traits and economic structure. For block, though not very much behind the this reason, even the criterion _ that the conditions obtaining in the contiguous rural minimum popUlation of the village selected areas, mts not adopted any of the reforms for survey should be 400 had to be aban­ which have been introduced in many other doned as a rigid application of this principle parts of the state. The analysis of the data would have had the effect of excluding from as attempted in this report might, it is the list such places like Hem:is, Kharnik, etc., hoped, if not precisely, indicate on an which have definitely distinguishable charac­ approximate basis the trends· in different teristics when compared with other pans spheres and the measures required to- be of the State. While Kharnik is at a distance employed for the reconstruction of the social of about 104 miles beyond Leh (Ladakh), and economic structure of the block. - a journey of seven days on foot, it also became necessary to select some villages The following nine schedules adopted which could be reached even in an hour for the preparation of monograph on or so. Village Nandpora which is inhabited Maheshwarpura :- by amphibious people cultivating :floating lands and possessing unique social charac­ -(i) Household Schedule teristics is situated in the outskirts of (ii) Additional Questionnaire FOi" Srinagar city could not, in spite of the Household Schedule, criterion of distance, be left out consis­ tently with the overall plan to produce (iii) Village Schedule, Part II representative monographs. (iv) Vi11age Census and Occupation. Maheshwarpura, a block of village (v) Village Disputes, Tullamulla has been selected for the survey (vi) Village Leaders, etc., mainly because of. its being the seat of an (vii) Social Disabilities, important Hindu shrine which attracts large numbers of people throughout the year. (viii) Cultural Life; and The village has survived the onslaughts of Ox) Recreation and Artistic Activities. time fol' thousands of yeal'S and is held in highest esteem by the non-Muslim popula­ Schedules (iii) to (ix) have been filled tion. The block in which - the deity is up and will be found at the end of the enshrined is almost entirely inhabited by report. Blank copies of the other two Muslims who take no less pains than others schedules have been printed in the in maintaining its sanctity both because of appendix. (iii)

. The Household Schedule, as drawn up preparation of the report are experiments in the first instance, was not fairly compre­ not attempted in the past in this State. hensive and did not cover many important There were, therefore, not a few difficulties aspects such as reasons for immigration, which had to be overcome in order to sketch number of rooms and their use, cost of out, as far as possible, a factual picture of ornaments, different levels of education of the economic factors and the social life of the members of the household, reasons for the people. My thanks are due to the the illiteracy of children in the school-going Deputy ComDrlssioner Srinagar and the age, medical attention, household industry, Tehsildar of Ganderbal who extended full income and the land, etc. It was therefore co-operation by providing some of the necessary to -supplement the schedule with recorded material as also the assistance of additional questionnaire defined to elicit the local Patwari. I also acknowledge the information on these matters. help rendered by the Village Numberdar Abdul Khaliq Wagey who accompanied the The information incorporated in the Surveyor from house to house on .several .Household Schedules refers mainly to the occasions and facilitated the collection of bead of the household and not to other correct information. The Surveyor, Mr. members of the family as the questions Bashir Ahmed Farooqi, the Draftsman listed therein· did not envisage any enquiry Shri Rughnath Kachru, the Artist Mr. Nisar . from others. To this extent, it may be Aziz Beg and the Photographer Mr. Najam­ conceded that the report does not give a ud-Din have taken no less pains in their precise and accurate picture of the socio­ respective spheres of work connected with economic structure of the household. the survey.. The collection of the data and the

M.H.KAMILI

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

GENERAL Villages of . Zarigund and Kruhama are contiguous with its south-western boundaries. The Valley of Kashmir abounds in springs which are believed to be the abodes Maheshwarpura, situated in the west of of Gods, Saints and Rishis, etc. One the village, looks like an island being such spring said to be the abode of Goddess bordered on all sides by the tributaries of Khir Bhawani exists in Maheshwarpura­ river Sindh which has its source in the one of the Census blocks of village Tulla­ lofty. mountain peaks of . . The mulla, Tehsil Ganderbal, District Srinagar. block is interspersed by one streamlet which The block has been selected for socio­ separates the shrine from the residential economic survey because of its.. great area. Besides the holy shrine of Maheshwar­ importance as a Hindu shrine which attracts pura, there are a few more springs . also large number of pilgrims from the State as though according to popular belief. the total well as from other parts of the country. number of such springs is very large. Kalhana (1100-1200 A. D.), the famous historian of Kashmir. has given the following Maheshwarpura can be reached from descdption· of this village in his chronicle, Srinagar both by road and river. Journey Raj Tarangni .. by boat is performed via river Jhelum and parts of Sindh nallah and takes about 12 "In the midst of the wide water-logged hours· from Srinagar. A metalled road of tract of the Sind Delta we find the about 2 miles length links it with the ancient tirtha of Tulamulya at the National Highway leading to Ladakh. village now known as Tulmul...... The large spring of Tulamulya is sacred to The block can be approached direct Maharajni, a form of Durga, and is stj}} from the metalled road. As the passenger held in veneration by the Brahman gets down from the bus at the village bus population of Srinagar. It is supposed stand across the bridge, he has just to .l.urn to exhibit from time to time miraculous to left and reach Maheshwarpura ·after chaD.ges in the colour of its water. covering a narrow kaccha lane measuring which arc ascribed to the manifestation about 6 feet in width and 150 feet in length.· of the Goddess ...... ". The block itself has no market worth Tullamulla is 15 miles to the north of the name and is catered by a market situat­ Srinagar and is situated between 74.41 .and ed in the adjoining block where all eatables 75.9 longitude and 33.15 and 33.30 latitude. and commodities of day to day use are It is bounded by villages .Raesoo, Barawala available for sale. Tullamulla is not a and Dangerpora in the north and north-east. production centre of any commodity except The village Gangcrhama and Saloota lie to food crops. its east and south-east. In the south, it is bounded by Sehipora and Kogund. The Following are the broad details of :flora -.., · The Village and fauna found in the village:- consist of 4-6 member families. The corres­ ponding proportional figures of households nora of other sizes are given below :- (i) Chinars (v) Apples 1 person 1.2% total (ii) Poplars (vi) Peachs households & .2% . of the (iii) Walnuts (vii) Roses total popu­ (iv) Willows (viii) Grapes lation. (ix) Cherries 2-3 member households .. _ 18% of the Fa'llll& total house­ holds & 9% (i) Jackals (vii) OwlS of the popu­ (ii) Black-bears (viii) Crows lation. (iii) Stray dogs (ix) Cows 1-9 member households .. , 15.3% of the (iv) Cats (x) Sheep total house­ (v) Rats & mice (xi) Goats holds, 19.8% (vi) Sparrows (xii) Horses of the total (xiii) Fowls population. 10 persons and over 13 % of the AREA total house­ The area of the block is 153 acres and holds & 25% its population according to 1961 Census of the total stands at 488. The density of population population. works out to 3.2 per acre. The correspOnd­ ing figures for the whole village are as Except for one Hindu household com­ under :- prising seven members, the entire block is inhabited by Muslims only who all belong Area 1984 acres to Sunni sect. The large majority of the Population 2,403 people numbering 77.4% of the total popu­ Density 1.2 lation are known as Bhat-a class of Kashmiri Muslims. The Dars rank second CLIMATE in order of their strength, being just over The climate of the village is temperate 10%. The remaining people are composed in summer. In winter, however, the of the following sub-castes :- temperature sometimes goes down below (i) Mirs (v) Gujri the freezing point~ (ii) Ganai (vO Darzi HOUSEHOLDS (iii) Najar (vii) Sapru (iv) Baba (viii) Dar The block consists of 85 households. As will be seen from Table No. III appended The population of 488 persons is com­ to the report, about 53 % households posed of 251 males and 237 females. This representing 46% of the total population works out to 94 females for every 100 SHOPS

• SHOPS •

SHOPS TRANSPORT BY BOAT

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PATTER.N OF A TYPICAL HOUSE

3 Maheshwarpara (TullamuIla) males which cannot be regarded as extra­ Transport by horses and mules which ordinary. A significant variation in the sex was the only traditional means employed composition is apparent in the age group for carriage of goods has been completely 15-19 where only 31 females against 100 discontinued. As a result. there are all told males are found. This imbalance is set off only 4 horses in the whole block which are by the age group 0-4 and 10-14. The used for riding or transport of load from corresponding ratio in these· categories one place to another within the village. In stands at 138 females and. 140 females for the absence of mules, the villagers them­ every 10D males. selves carry the load from one part of the village to the other. RESIDENTIAL PATTERN There is nothing peculiar about the The bride and the . bridegroom are residential pattern of Maheshwarpura which carried in the palanquin and on the horse­ follows the same model as is found in other back respectively. Dead bodies are carried rural areas of Kashmir. Most of the build­ to the grave-yard and to cremation ground ings have been constructed in rows and they in a wooden bier which is transported by vary in their designs and size. Apart from four persons on their shoulders. this, a few houses have been built here and The block is served by a regular post there with intervening distances ranging office in the village. .No arrangements are between ·20-30 feet. Almost every house however available for booking of telegrams. has a compound attached to it, but no Another post office which has a telegraph partition walls have been built to demarcate section also exists at Dudarhama-a village the boundaries of each compound. about one and a half miles away. Dudar­ hama is also linked by telephone with TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATIONS Srinagar. Both private and Government transport services operate between Maheshwarpura IMPORTANT PUBLIC PLACES and Sri nagar at short intervals every day. The shrine of Khir Bhawani which falls Boats are also an important means of in the block under survey is the most communication but not as regular as the important pUbllc place not only in the bus service. They are used mainly for village, but in the whole of Kashmir. As carriage of building material imported into stated above, iL attracts pilgrims both from the village. During the days of Khir within and outside the State almost all Bhawani festival held in the month of June, round th e year. boats are also employed for transporting the pilgrims from Srinagar. There is no boat­ A community listening centre has also man in the village and the services of been set up in the village. The villagers boatmen from other villages including the meet at the centre, gossip and listen to the city of Srinagar are utilised. The villagers radio programmes. visit the adjoining areas· none of which is connected by any road fit for vehicular CREMATORIUM traffic by travelling over foot-paths locally There is only one graveyard to the west known as Bair. of the village ~nd to the left of the main 4

The Village

metalled 'road at the turn which leads to the The only institution functioning in bridge and to the bus stand. The crema­ the block is the Government Lower High tion ground for Hindus is in the Kanvatpora School. While there is no police station or block, the place being known as Bodraz. police post either in the block itself or in other parts of village, the block is served by SOURCES OF WATER the following insti tutions operati.ng in the There are no water taps either in the other sectors of Tullamulla:- block under surveyor in the rest of the village. The villagers use the water of the I. Government Girls Primary School nallah, which circumscribes the block, for 2. Government Ayurvedic Dispensary drinking purposes. The water is grey in 3. Co-operative Society colour and people take it without hesitation as they do not regard it unhygienic due to 4. Post Office. its perennial flow and transparency. HISTORY OF THE VH.LAGE AND WELFARE AND ADMINISTRATIVE LEGENDS INSTITUTIONS According to the common belief, the The village Panchayat headquartered deity is known as Khir Bhawani. because in the adjoining block of Tilwanpora of her great liking for preparations of was set up in 1944 and Maheshwarpura milk, sugar and rice called Khir in is represented on it by one member who . is returned through election. The Panchayat is empowered under the Panchayat Act A legend current among the devotees to take cognisance of some minor disputes of the shrine says that a pious man of and also some cases under R. P. Code Sopore town named Krishna Kar had a in respect of theft, criminal assault, criminal vision in which he was advised that the trespass, etc. This is the only body spring of Khir Bhawani lay in the responsible for the general welfare of tlJ,e swampy area of Tullamulla at the foot inhabitants and for introducing and of a mulberry tree and that a serpent executing measures calculated to promote would guide him to the site of the material interests of the villagers. The spring. Krishna Kar accordingly visited records maintained by the Panchayat in the place carrying rice, sugar and milk respect of the disputes settled or of the with him as an offering for the deity. reforms and improvements introduced are The dream was . confirmed and a serpent in a chaotic condition making it difficult actually appeared on spot and leapt into to work out the relevant statistics. the spring. In the administrative hierachy, Patwari According to another story, the ranks next higher to the Numberdar of the Goddess blessed a holy man Govind village. He maintains a map indicatin:g Joo Gadroo by name whom she revealed the distribution of the village land as herself in a vision. The story does not also the records regarding the land indicate what instructions. if any, were revenue payable by individual zamindars given· to this man to locate the spring. and their tenants. It is however added that Shri Gadroo 5 !'4aheshwarpura (Tullamalla) sailed in a boat from Soura - a well serious injuries on him. populated village in the north of Srinagar The fact th~t the water of the spring city to the swampy area of Anchar Lake changes its colour is also confirmed by and traced by intuition the particular spot the author of Tarikh Hassan who has where water spouted from the spring. stated that it looks rosy, white, blue and black on different occasions. The black As to why the village came to be colour, according to him, forebodes impend­ known as Tullamulla there are again two ing disaster. Pandit Anand Koul has also versions. Tullamulla is a composite Sanskrit stated in· his book Archaeological Remains word, Tulla meaning cotton and Mulla Kashmir' that the upper layer of the value. As most of the soil is swampy 0/ sediment formed by milk, rice and sugar the feet get embedded into it giving which the devotees offer to the Goddess the feeling as if cotton were being was removed only once in 1867 A. D. pressed. In Kashmiri however Tull means and was followed by a virulent epidemic a mulberry and Mull a root. The story of cholera goes that the holy spring lay at the foot of a mulberry tree after which the The block is inhabited mostly by whole village' was named. The tree is not Bhats who constitute 77.4% of the however traceable. total population. Bhat being a sub-caste of Kashmiri Pandits, it is obvious that . The exact period for which the the Muslim Bhats inhabiting the village shrine has been in existence cannot be are converts and have been living in the ascertained from any of the chronicles village even before the time of Raja dealing with Hindu shrines in Kashmir. Jayapida. The dates of settlement of the Kalhana has mentioned, among other members of other sub-castes are not things, that King Jayapida (753 A.D-784 traceable, but with the exception of Mirs, A.D) confiscated the Jagir of the priests who are immigrants and have settled of Tullamulla and was cursed by Addilla about four centuries ago, all others seem - a priest of the shrine which caused his to be the local converts whose sub-castes sudden death by one of the golden poles signify, if anything, their occupational of his canopy tumbling down and inflicting callings only. CHAP-fER II THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ,UlPMENT

A. ETHNIC COMPOSITION of Badshah also, another promine.nt member of Bhat community Bodi Bhat by name It has not been possible to collect distinguished himself by writing a book on sufficient data for determining the ethnic music which he named Zain after his composition of each group of people master. inhabiting the village. The broad details are however given below ;- Bhats are found not only in Kashmir but also in other parts of the State as well As stated in the previous chapter. the as in the rest of the country. In the block large majority of the inhabitants belong to under survey, they number 378 against a Bhat caste. Sir Walter Lawrence, has total population of 488. stated in his book Valley of Kashmir that the Muslim Bhats are converts who Ganai in Kashmir means a scribe or originally belonged to Brahmin community. clerk. The ancestors of this community This is also confirmed by Mohammad Din belonged to Brahmin caste which was Fauq, the author of Tarikh. Aqwam-i­ regarded as a class of pious and learned Kashmir. K.alhana has not made any people. The number of Ganais inhabiting categorical statement about the origin of the village stands at 9. Bhat caste, but it appears from the Raj Tarangni that he also endorses the view Baba is not the name of any particular that Bhats belonged to Brahmin caste. caste and represents a class of people employed as attendants in Muslim shrines. The word Bhat seems to be a distorted The members of this caste numbering five form of Sanskrit word Bhat which is said are also the progenies of Brahmins. The to be an abbreviation of Batharak. The Baba community commanded in the initial Census Report of 1891 also shows that the stage a greater respectability due to their name BlIJl.t is a brief form of the word affiliation with religious institutions but Batharak. with the passage of time they have now in most parts of the State taken to other The Bhat community has exercised, occupations which hold out better economic from the beginning, great influence in the prospects. Azim Baba and Ramzan Baba, political structure of Kashmir, as it emerged for instance, are widely known grocers and from time to time. Among the notable furriers respectively. historical names of Bhat community may be mentioned, Bubath-a minister of Raja The word Mir is an abbreviated form of Samgcam Deva (948-949 A. D.). Pandit Mirza which was adopted by the Moghuls Seh Bhat alias Saif-ud-Din. the chief after their name. It appears tha t the five minister of Sultan Sikander Butshikan inhabitants of the block known after this 0389-1413 A.D.) is being remembered to caste are the descendants of the Moghuls this day all over Kashmir. During the time who ruled Kashmir about three centuries 7

Maheshwarpara (Tullamulla) ago. It may be remarked here that when The ground floor is generally used as cow­ the word Mir is prefixed to a name the shed with a door opening on the verandah. person referred to is not a descendant of A stair-case is built in one comer of the Moghuls but one who claims his lineage to verandah and leads to the first floor and Prophet Mohammad. ends at the end of another . verandah built above the one adjoining the ground floor. Oars are believed to be the descendants of Khishtries who belonged to warrior class The first floor is divided into three originally. The word Dar is regarded as a rooms, each with a door opening on the deformation of 'Damar' a caste frequently verandah, the extreme end of which is used mentioned in Kalhan's 'Raj Tarangnj·. The as a kitchen. The other rooms sometimes number of inhabitants of the block known internally connected by doors in the parti­ by the caste Dar is 49. tion walls are meant for sitting, sleeping or storing goods. Najars, Gujris and Dams are occu­ pational names and do not signify any The average dimensions of a residential particular caste. Carpenters are known as house are 30'x20'. The rooms are of Najars, Milk-sellers as Gujris and Tailors medium size and except for the one reserv­ as Darzis. The population of these castes ed for storage which is comparatively is 19, 6 and 10 respectively. smaller, area of a sitting or sleeping room is 144 square feet. The ventilation is poor The actual name of the. caste Sapru is and not more than one window is provided 'Sapur' and Sapru means a person belonging for each room'. to this caste. The literal meaning of tke word 'Sapur' in Kashmiri is one who has Separate dormitories are not provided read everything. It is said that the first for unmarried boys and girls. From table group of Kashmiri Brahmins which started III (First set) attached, it will be seen that learning Persian after the establishment of nearly t/3rd of tbe total population of the Muslim rule was known as 'Saprus' or the block, viz., 153 persons belonging to 33 learned. They number seven. households live in only two-roomed houses giving an average accommodation of more HOUSE TYPES than one room for every two persons. The houses are generally double­ There are only five households with a total storeyed. The plinths are built of stones population of 45 which live in houses with and the material employed in the walls five or more rooms. Seventeen households consists of burnt and unburnt bricks, with 57 members live in one roomed house. plastered with a thick layer of brown clay. These figures point to the conclusion that The beams of the roofs are covered with absolute privacy is not feasible in most of thatched grass instead of planks which are the cases. more expensive. Bath rooms and latrines are not built The accommodation in the buildings is within the residential houses. The inhabi­ supplemented by open or covered verandahs tants are not accustomed to regular baths projecting on the front-side of each 11oor. and in any case they bathe in the adjoining s rhe People « Their Material Equipment nallah where separate bath-rooms have been chief mason is presented a piece of nine provided for each sex. In the absence of yards of muslin which he uses as his latrines~ the people go to neighbouring turban. When the construction of stair­ fields to ease themselves. cases called 'Heir-Laden' is started, or the fixing of the ridges, known as 'Vakil As mentioned in Chapter I, almost Kharun' taken up, the carpenter receives every house has an unfenced compound of a similar gift. On the day fixed for its own which is used for stocking cow-dung, entering the new house called . 'Pravish' rice pounding, etc. A wooden godown . priests recite verses from the holy book called 'Kuth' is also built in a corner of the whereafter they are entertained to dinner compound for the storage of paddy, maize along with the neighbours and relatives. and other cereals. No building material whatever is The order of construction of houses is available locally and almost everything unplanned and not in conformity with. the has to be imported from the adjoining basic. principles of hygiene. The filthy lanes places as indicated below:- emitting obnoxious smell add further to the (i) Stones from Sudrakoot and unhealthy environments. Safapore which are about 10 and Foundation laying of new buildings 6 miles away respectively; during the months of Muharram and Safi"ar. (ii) Burnt bricks from Srinagar-a the first two months of the lunar year, is distance of 15 miles; considered inausplclOUS. Similarly, the (iii) Unburnt bricks from Barsoo­ villagers do not commence construction of a contiguous village; their houses on 3rd, 13th, 23rd and 28th of (iv) Timber from Ganderbal and the lunar month as they believe this would Chattabal. Ganderbal is about two bring disaster to them. Usually the cons­ miles from Tullamulla and truction of a house is started in the month Chattabal is connected by ri ver of August which is regarded as auspicious. at a distance of about 20 miles; Foundation stone is laid by the head of the (v) Nails, bolts, etc, from Srinagar. family or by a respectable person of the village on a date fixed after consultations Exc.ept for four persons who are with the village priest called ·peer'. There engaged in carpentry as their subsidiary are no scruples among Muslims regarding occupation, there is no carpenter or the directions towards which the house mason in· the village. Under the circums­ should face, but Hindus are particular that tances the· building experts are imported their houses face the east or south. from other viII ages, viz., Sonawari, Kruhama, etc. Following are the wages A number of social functions are paid to skilled and unskilled labour:- held at various stages of the construction of bUildings. On the foundation laying (i) Mason ... Rs. 4/- per day plus day, friends, neighbours and relatives, board & lodging, who happen to be present, are served (ii) Carpenter ... Rs. 4/- per day plus with tea and locally made breads. The board & lodging, HOUSE TYPE HOUSE TYPE HOUSE AND 'KUTH' ., - .-,.'!,"~.' DRESS OF ELDERLY 'VOMEN A KASHMIRI PANDIT FAMILY ~-~.. § ~~-~ A KASHMIRI PANOTANI IN HER COSTUtvlES 9

Maheshwarpara (Tulltl1lllZl1a)

(iii) Labour ... Rs. 2/- per day plus ankles into tw~ tail-like pieces, called board & lodging. Pooch. A piece of cotton or sometimes woollen cloth called Lungi, which is coloured DRESS and not brocaded, is tied by the women The dress of the inhabitants is around their waists while- engaged in similar to that worn by people in other working in their fields or in the compounds villages of the valley. Pheran and Poach of their homes. Purdah is observed by are common to Muslims and Hindus, very few persons only, such as brides, etc. males and females, with slight variations. Muslim males wear Pheran-a sort of Inner garments consisting of shirts gown, two or three inches shorter in are worn by all males and young females. length than that worn by Hindus. The While the men use trousers, almost Hindu males fold the sleeves of the throughout the . year, only young women Pheran while the Muslims do not. Both are seen moving about in trousers. Young communities fold it near the calf of the boys go about in shorts and shirts and leg by a raw stitching called Lad. During put on pheran while at home in the summer, pherans of coloured cotton mornings and evenings .. . cloth are used. These are rep1aced in winter by wollen pherans. Hindu women There is no regular cloth-dealer in use chitnz cloth round the cuffs called the village. However, limited stocks are kept Narivar to indiCate that the wearers by the local shop-keeper who is primarily husband is alive. The pheran of Muslim a grocer. Usually, therefore, most of the women is brocaded on the portion cloth requirements of the village are met covering the chest.. Poach ~ade of white from Dudharhama and Srinagar markets. latha or khaddar is worn beneath the There is only one tailor in the block pheran and serves as an un stitched lining w4o, obviously, cannot cope with all the to it. tailoring work. Transactions with the tailor The Muslim males mostly wear a skull are conducted in cash. Ordinary ready­ cap of wool or cotton as head dress. Hindus made garments are also purchased from Srinagar. generally put on a turban or an Indian cap. Muslim females put on a small FOOTWEAR skull cap on which a piece of cotton cloth, about two yards, is fixed with The villagers use chappals with almost pins. The Hindu females put on Kalaposh, no heels which are of the same type as a woollen or a Pashmina cap, the top of in vogue in other rural areas of the valley. which is brocaded. A long piece of heavily The upper part of ihe feet remains naked startched and polished latha is tied over as very few of the villagers put on socks it. In addi tion, a small muslin piece with even in winter. Paizars which are rubbed or without brocaded sides 'covering the . with oil in order to keep the leather body from head to back, is worn with soft is an alternative footwear used in a muslin cloth peculiarly twisted near winter to escape snowbite. Modern type the lower end and culminating near the of shoes are not common. The People« Their Material Equipment

Females put on chappals which are Name of ornament Local Name Weight sometimes ornamented. . (i) A pair of orna- Dej Horr 4 tolas ments falling While working in the fields or when from the ears on engaged in other activities, men and women the shoulders. who cannot afford to purchase Paizars (ii) Ear Ring Kana Wauj tola provide themselves with a footwear made 1- or Doore of grass called Pulhoru. Almost every household is trained in the manufacture (iii) Ring Wauj 1 tola of Pulhorus which. are not therefore (iv) Bangle Kachh Kar 3 tolas available for sale at any shop. Paizars (v) Necklace Tulsi 4 tolas and chappals are purchased fro~ the Except for rings and ear rings, other markets mentioned above. ornaments, namely bangles, necklaces, etc., worn by Hindu and Muslim females vary Dut;ing heavy snowfalls or when due to both in design and weight. rains all lanes, footpaths and premises get muddy, a special type of wooden footwear There ·is no silver or gold-smith either called Khraw is· used for walking over in the block or in the village as a whole. short distances. It has a smooth and The jewellery ornaments are therefore got levelled surface on the top and is about 3 to manufactured in the adjoining villages of 4. inches high. Dangerpora and Theuru.

ORNAMENTS HOUSEHOLD GOODS Ornaments are worn by women only. Eai1hen-ware is common both among One striking contrast noticeable among the Hindus and Muslims, but in so far as metal females is that a Hindu female would never utensils are concerned, Muslims use copper use a silver ornament whereas Muslim goods only, whereas Hindus wouldn't have women generally wear silver only. The anything except brass. The designs in either local names, weights and other particulars case are however more or "less the same. of the ornaments worn by Muslim females Following is the broad detail of the various are given below :- utensils found in an average household :- Name of ornament Local Name Weight COPPER POTS (i) Ring Wauj I tola ]. Degchi or cauldron for cooking rice. (H) Ear Ring Kana Wauj or l tola 2. Patela for preparing tea. Doore 3. Samavar for preparing tea. (iii) Bangle Korr 10 tolas 4. Chai-choncha-a spoon for pouring tea or taking water. (iv) Necklace Dular & 8 tolas Satmen 5. Toore-a vessel used by males for taking meals. The details of the ornaments used by 6. Kenz-a vessel used by females for Hindu women are as under :- taking meals.

FOOTWEAR ORNAMENTS Ka1I4Wtlii

---...... ;::: ..

SILVER ORNAMENTS ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ::tl: !il:II:I. -::-. ~. -....~ -~ 0 :;tI ~ s:: ::t. rn~ r., KIws Lej

Bohgun

HOUSEHOLD GOODS ...... ~ Kajt-Woth

HOUSEHOLD GOODS i ~ ! ~ if "l« Ij 8 (j

., ~. 11

Maheshwarpma (Tulititmllla)

7. Traem-a big plate in which meals generally measures 7' to 9' by 3 feet and are taken by more than one person costs Rs.· 2/- per piece. Grass, which is the jointly. only raw material employed for the manu­ 8. Tila-waer-a pot for storing facturing of mats, is obtained from the country oil. paddy· plants after husking. There is no mat maker either in the village. as a whole EARl'IIEN POTS or in the block. These are therefore purchased from village Shalablig which is at 1. Nott or pitcher used for carrying a distance of about six miles. or storin$ water. 2. Lei-used for cooking vegetables Copper and brass vessels are neither or mutton etc. manufactured within the village nor in any 3. Khos-an earthen pot used by neighbouring place and have, in all cases, to males for taking meals. be imported from Srinagar. Earthen vessels 4. Matt-used for storing rice. or are however available in village Barsoo flour required for day to day about Ii miles away. The Jamani system consumption. or traditional patrons client relationship with the potters is unknown and payments are 5. Tabach-an earthen pot used by made in cash. every time when any earthen females for taking meals. pot is purchased. 6. Boshkaba-this corresponds to Traem, referred to at item 7 of the FOOD &: DRINKS list of Copper Pots above and is used by 2 or 3 persons for taking meals The staple food of the villagers is rice together. which is taken both at lunch and dinner. Maize and wheat atta are also consumed in Other articles of domestic use consist the form of bread p"repared in the house. of.:- Guests invited to feasts are however served (i) Tav-an iron pan. with finer breads and superior cakes pur­ (ii) Woklwl and Kaja-wath-made of chased from bakeries in Srinagar. stone and used for grinding spices, etc. Some of the vegetables such as potatoes, (iii) Greta-a stone-mill. tomatoes, pumpkins, and cabbage are locally grown. Other vegetables like Gobi, Nadru Cups made of China or ordinary clay (lotus stalk). etc., are imported either from are used by Muslims for taking tea. Hindus Anchar lake or from Srinagar. So far as however take tea in brass-made cups only. the indigenous produce is concerned. there is no particular caste or caste-like group Wooden boxes are provided for clothes specialised in vegetable growing. The vege­ and small tin boxes for sugar and spices and tables referred to are grown by the farmers other condiments. Chairs and beds are in the small garden attached to the house rare. The only article of furniture found locally known as wan. Imports made from almost in every household is the mat made outside the village are in the case of vege­ of grass or loose grass . only. A grass mat tables grown in Anchar lake transported by 12

The People a Their Material Equipment

.boat. Supplies from Srinagar are however . Tobacco is smoked· by most of the carried by the bus service which operates adults. Snuff is also rubbed to the teeth, regularly. The vegetable seller living in the particularly by those engaged in cultivation block has a boat of his own which· he as they regard it as a curative for toothache. employs for transporting the vegetables from Anchar. During the festival period BELIEFS AND PRACTICES vegetable growers of Anchar lake who also Beliefs and practices connected with own boats call at the block with their stocks. birth, marriage and death differ ~mong Muslims and Hindus. All the villagers including the solitary Hindu household are non-vegetarians. The During the period of pregnancy both shrine of Khir Bhawani cannot, however, Muslims and Hindus rigidly adhere to .be visited by any person who may have certain beliefs which regulate the move­ immediately before his visit taken mutton ments, diet and other routine matters of the -or fish. Mutton is available in the local parturient. The pre!§nant woman is not market but its consumption. is low because permitted to carry heavy load due to the of the limited purchasing capacity of the apprehension of abortion. She is required villagers. Fishing is done in the local to confine herself indoors during moonlit naUah by two households with the result nights. No visitor or even a member of the that fish is not available for sale in large family visiting the household late in the quantities. night on return from a long journey is permitted to see the piegn·ant woman until Milk is in abundance. It is mostly the following morning. The participation disposed of in the market especially when of a pregnant woman in the mourning cere­ pilgrims Visit the shrine. Ghee is consumed mony particularly when the deceased is only on festive occasions like marriages being given the last bath is strictly and the surplus quantity is invariably dis­ prohibited. posed of to the shopkeepers who sell it to the pilgrims. Medical aSSistance, if needed, during the course of pregnancy is made available by the Tea is taken twice a day. in the morning parents or the husband depending upon the and in the afternoon. Muslims take salt­ place where the parturient woman is residing tea, called Sheer C!zai, both in the morning for the time-being. and in the afternoon. Tt is prepared with tea-leaves, milk, salt and a small quantity of Among Muslims the delivery of first soda bicarb, to give it a rosy colour. Hindus child takes place at the, parental house generally take sweet tea, without milk, in where she starts living· after the 6th· month the morning arid salt-tea in the afternoon. of her pregnancy. The delivery takes place at the hands of an untrained midwife Country oil is preferred both for belonging to. another block who is not consideration of economy as also due to employed in any Govt. dispensary. She is climatic conditions. All sorts of spices, paid a cash remuneration. of Rs. 3/- to especially chillies, are used without any Rs. 5/- besides about five seers of rice and exception. some sugar. 13

Maheshwarpura (TullamuIla)

Immediately after the birth the father called Sunder. The name of the baby is of the woman deputes a messenger to the also announced on this occasion. house of his son-in-law for announcing the birth. The messenger receives a gift of - The first function performed on a about 2 lbs. of sweets as a harbinger ofgood relatively elaborate scale is the Zara-kasai news. The father-in-law then visits the or shaving of the head which is important .house of the woman bringing with him both among Hindus and Muslims. Men about forty Ibs. of rice, 2 Ibs. of country and women whether relatives or friends and oil. tea leaves, sugar, spices and a few sets neighbours are invited and entertained to of clothes for the new-born baby. This dinner prepared by a professional cook. ceremony is known as Piaw. The shaving of the head by the village barber is accompanied by singing in chorus of Soon after the birth, the infant is given women and showering of circular pieces of a hot bath and a male adult of the village sugar etc., on the baby. The poorer sec­ preferably a priest whispers Azan, the basic tions, however, serve tea and breads only. recitation of Muslims in the ears of the The barber is paid both in cash and kind. baby. The mother is laid on a bed of grass. Cash payments may vary from Rs. 2/- to called Hor. For ttie first forty-eight hours. Rs. 5/-. This is supplemented by sOme diet is strictly prohibited and both the paddy, maize and the old clothings of the mother and the baby are ted on luke-warm infant who is provided with a new costume. water or the juice of a minor forest produce known as kahzaban. A portion of the food It may be mentioned here that accord­ which is administered from the third day is ing to the past tradition the barber had preserved in a small earthen vessel near the some permanent clients in the block who pillow and is later on buried under ground paid him handsomely on special occasions by an elderly woman. This is called HUT­ only, such as Idd festivals, marriages, padshah. Ifthe baby is to be cured of some circumcision ceremony and the like. No ailment attributed to the influence of evil payment was made to him either in cash or spirits a stone is obtained by the same kind for his day to day services. This woman from the site where the pot was practice is now dying out and by and large buried and is placed on the head of the all the villagers pay in cash every time for mother. The old woman then touches the the service of the barber. head of the baby with her right foot and calls out Anh. This is known as Anhkarun. A male Muslim baby is subjected to The stone is later on again deposited at the circumcision at the age of 3 or 4 years. The same place whence it was obtained. operation is performed by the village barber with the help of his razor. A fowl is placed The third day of the birth called Trui is inside an inverted basket on which the child also regarded auspicious. On this occasion is seated. The ceremony is known as near relatives and neighbOurs are served Khatanhal and the operation takes place with meals. On. the 5th or 7th day, the immediately before dawn. The fowl is mother and the child receive a bath which later on presented to the barber along with is followed by entertaining the mid-wife and cash, cereals, sugar and.breads. The parents the neighbours to lunch. This ceremony is of the baby receive presents in cash and kind 14

The------People cf Their Material Equipment called Dastbos meaning kissing the hand. known as Dapan Batas given by near All relations, friends and neighbours are relatives to the child and its parents. The entertained to a symptuous dinner which is ceremony lasts for three days. On the first preceded by singing of women in symphony. day caned Menziraat, mehandi is applied to the hands and feet of the child. On the The female children are made to wear following day mown as Devagon religious ear rings at the age of 3 or 4. This cere­ rites are performed and vegetarian lunch mony is also accompanied by similar enter­ and dinner are served to friends, relations tainment as on the occasion of circumcision. and others. The third day is regarded. as the ·most important and Havan in which Most of the above ceremonies have ghee, rice, barley, dry appricots, dates, been adopted by the Muslims from Hindus palms, etc. are consumed in the sacrificial exce pt so far as the religious part is fire, is performed. The ;recitation starts at concerned. A Hindu girl, however, about mid-night and continues till the delivers her first child in the house of following evening. The child is made to her husband which she joins during the wear the sacred thread about six hours seventh or eighth month of her preg­ after the Havan starts. He is next made to nancy. On this occasion, she carries beg for alms which he begins to do from his with ner new dresses, cash and curds closest relations, viz., uncle, aunt, etc. All offered to her by her parents and relatives. the money collected is appropriated by the Her in-laws also present her a new dress on priest. Late in the night when the rites are her arrival. A dinner is served which is over ·the assembled gathering and the close attended by· friends, relatives and neigh­ relations inc1uding the child and the priest bours. who observe complete fast throughout the day, are served with Naveed followed by a Hindus also perform Trui ceremony. vegetarian dinner. On the next morning, On this day, sesame is fried and distributed a non-vegetarian lunch called KQsh.alhum is after being mixed with sugar. This function served as an indicative of the conclusion of is followed by Shran Sunder which is held the ceremony. on the 7th or 9th day. The mother and the baby receive baths' and the child is given a A few days later when the holy thread name. The relatives and neighbours are is changed by the priest, Khir is prepared served with lunch and distributed. The normal duration of suckling is 2} Cereal diet is administered to the baby years after which the mother dissuades the called Ana-Prashan in the fifth or some child by applying a little pepper to her other odd month thereafter if it is a male breasts. In almost all households the and in the sixth or some subsequent even employment of foster mothers is unknown month in the case of a female. The diet and if the mother is not in good health, consists of rice pudding and is served in a another woman in the househo~d or in the new brass plate. This is accompanied by a neighbourhood volunteers to feed the child. brief ceremony. The thread ceremony known as Yogneo­ MARRIAGE pavit is preceded by lunches and dinners No marriages other than those solem- 15 Mahes/zWarpura (TullaTnulla)

nised by religious rituals are known either which are economical1y . more well-off, the· in the block or in the village. As a general propriety of confining the alliance within the rule, neither the male nor the female enjoys same caste is not altogether ignored. the freedom of selecting a spouse which is regarded as an exclusive privilege of the The following statement indicates the parents. While efforts are made to enter incidence of marriages within and outside into matrimonial alliances with families the caste concerned:-

Name of Total Within the With Names of other caste marriages same caste other castes castes referred to in col. 4

Dhat 80 62 18 Mir, Dar. Teli, Ganai Kohiya, Wagay, Lomi, Khan ..

Najar 9 2 7 Bhat, Dar. Zargar Dar 10 5 5 Bhat, Qanai. Wagay Ganai 2 2 Mir; Paray Darzi 2 2 Lomi Mir 1 1 Sapru 1

Early marriages are unknown in the signifies the withdrawal of the acceptance of block and no person male or female below the proposal. the age of 15 is a married one. Even the When the negotiations are successful, a number of married persons in the age group date is ·fixed for the ceremoIIy called 15-19 does not exceed six. Nisluuzi or betrothal. On this occasion. the boy's father along with his close relations, A marriage is negotiated by a. comm~n visits the house of his would-be daughter­ friend or an acquaintance who receives no in-law in a procession illuminated by torch­ fees. After preliminary exchange of views, lights and carrying for the bride silver ·orna­ the father of the girl invites the father of the ments, cash and dry fruit. Ornaments are bridegroom and his close relations to tea. retained, but about half of the other articles The former puts some money, usually eleven and cash are returned to the party at the rupees called Bana-Hara in the cup in time of its departure after dinner. which he has had his tea. A few days later. the ·bride's father is invited by the groom's This occasion is availed of by some father to dinner and this time the former people in stabilizing the marriage bond by pays some money. The amount thus paid performing Nilckah or exchange of written should be different feom the one received by documents preceded by recitation from him from his host, as an equivalent payment Quran by the priest. 16

The terms of the marriage as usually be put on diet and made to live in ,a embodied in the Nikkah provide that the dirty condition . until the opening day of .bridegroom has p3id or would pay a certain the marriage. These restrictions are imposed amount. varying from Rs. 300j- to Rs. 900/­ in the belief that loss of physical weight as MCzhar. Normally, one-third of this and energy would transform the bride amount is remitted by the bride leaving the and make her look pretty. During this balance alone payable by the groom. In period, she is also not permitted to see addition, the hand of the girl is given for anyone except the members of her family. ornaments called Than which is calculated This 'is followed by Mass-Travun or in terms of Ashrajis (a gold coin-now loosening and u:ptying of the hair-plaites untraceable). The value of the Than is also carried out amidst singing by the women mentioned in rupees and varies according who are served with tea. to the economic status of the family from Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1.000/-. The first day of the marriage is called Manzi-raat when the parties to The ISlamic law provides that the the marriage invite neighbours and relatives Nikkah may be performed in presence at their respective places to dinner. ,Late of the bride and the .bridegroom if they in the night, the bride's hands and feet are majors. According to social custom, are dyed in Mehandi which together however, neither appears before the priest with cones of crystalised sugar. almonds, and each is represented by a close relative etc., are presented from the groom's side such as uncle or brother who obtains earlier during the day. The near female the consent from him or her in presence relations like sisters and aunts also dye their of two witnesses. The names of all the hands and feet in Mehandi. six persons are entered in the document. The second day is called Yeni-wol. If, however, ei~her the bride or the The groom's father sends a sheep called bridegroom be a minor, the guardian Vora Kath to the house of the bride represents him or her before the priest~ which together with one or two sheep contributed by the bride's father are On all important religi.ous festivals slaughtered and cooked for a feast to be till the date of marriage, the boy's parents given in the evening to the bridegroom send a silver bangle as gifts for the would~ and his companions. The bridegroom rides be dughter-in-Iaw. These occasions are :- on a horse and proceeds to the house (i) . Id-i-Milad-un-Nabi, of his in-laws accompanied by a large number of guests not exceeding 50 com­ (ii) MeraJ Sharif, prising relatives and friends. Th~ procession (iii) Idd-ul-Fitr. and is illuminated enroute by torch-bearers (iv) Idd-ul-Zuha. about 20 to 25 in number. The women­ folk follow the procession and sign in . When the date for marriage is fixed, chorus.' They return half-way if bride's a series of ceremonies are held starting house is far away. If, however•. only a with, what is called Malas-Belwn. This short distance is involved. the women means that the bride would henceforth accompany the bridegroom and the 17

MaheshwaTpura (TullaTfWllal procesion righi upto their. destination (iv) two silver rings. where a group of women representing the <;lther party. who also sing in chorus, awaits The bride and the best woman them. Each side applauds the values and accompanying her, who is usually an aunt the accomplishments of the bride or the or a sister and - is called Doda-moj or bridegroom as the case may be. foster-mother stays at the bridegroom's· house for about seven days. On the third A senior member of the household day. a relative of the bride visits the house or a close relation receives the bridegroom with cooked meat and specially prepared and helps him to dismount from the bread. This is known as Manz Khabar. On horse. He is then escorted to the dining the 5th or 7th day, the bride is brought hall while sweets and dates are showered back to her parental house by a relation on him and the processionist. of hers who presents her in-laws cooked meat and a hundred breads. Before they A cushion specially decorated and depart, Doda-moj receives a pheran and support'ed by pillows on either side is pochh as a gift or remuneration for her reserved for the bridegroom. Religious attendance on the bride. After a few rites, if not already performed, are days or sometimes months after, the groom conducted to solemnise the marriage. A is invited to his in-laws to stay with _them dinner which consists· of a variety of for two or three days. This is _called Phirsal. mutton preparations, vegetables and curds The bridegroom is looked after with great is then served. The guests then depart care and is served with rich meals'. Before and the groom _and his close relations returning home, he receives - a _ pheran, stay on for about _two or three hours a pochh. a shirt and a small woollen until the bride gets ready to prooeed blanket as gifts. to her husband's house. The groom then Jeaves . for his house on horse-back along HINDUS with the bride who is carried in a palanquin. Close male relations of the Negotiations for ma~rimonial alliances bride accompany her and are entertained are conducted by a professional go­ to tea before they return. The bride takes between known as Manzimyor. As is the her seat on a cushion and is unveiled case in most rural areas the successful by the mother-in-law, for which she is paid conclusion of the se negotiations depends three or four rupees which is called upon a ki~ of barter between the parties. Hash Kanth. The hand of girl is not given in marriage unless some other girl is offered in The dowry receiv-ed by the bride exchange for the marriage of a male from her parents consists of- frelative of the gir1. This appears to be (i) one dress (a pheran, pochb, due mainly to the relative shortage .of sha1war. a shirt, a dupata and women in the rural sector. Enquiries a Kasaba), made however from the solitary Hindu household in . the block reveal that no (ii) one silver bangle, such exchange has taken p]ace during (iii) ten silver ear rmgs, the last three generations. The. head of 18

this household who is still living was (viii) Nilkanth of block Tilwanpora married to another Sapru family of th~ and his sister Tulsi are married respect­ village Lar, about five or six miles away. ively to Lilawati and her brother Jagannath The following statistics of some of the of Zaindar Mohalla, Sri nagar . marriages of Batapora ~nd Tilwanpora block of the village Tullamulla If the negotiations succeed, the parties which are inhabited by larger number of to the marriage express their consent by Hindu families confirm the prevalence of exchange of flowers in the house of, a the practice of matrimonial exchanges:- . common friend.

(i) Pt. Sudershan Bhat of Batapora Marriages are held on the date pres­ block of the same village was married cribed in the Alamanac or advised by the to Shr4nati Sampkunj. In exchange for priest. A few days before the aotual this ma~riage, Sarwanand. the brother of marriage, the house is coated with yellow Sampkuj was ~rried to Tulsi, sister of clay and cow-dung. Rice and the intestines Sudershan Bbat. of sheep are cooked and distributed among Nlatives and neighbours. On this very (ii) Jankinath nayu of block Batapora day, the loosening of the hair plaits of the was married to Pyari, sister of Prithvinath bride called Mas-machravun takes place. who was married to Shyma sister of During the following days, members of, Jankinath Bayu. the household are invited to lunches and (iii) Sri Kanth Dutt's sister, Sb,innati dinners by relations and friends. Sonabatni of block Batapora was married to Arjan Nath. brother of Ropa, Sri On Menzi-raat or the first day of Kanth Dutt's wife. the marriage, all the household members (iv) Jia Lal Bhan of the same block and the relatives present take a bath. married Shrimati Shubawati and gave in The door of the house is painted in exchange his sister Gauri to Janki Nath colours. Dinner is served to neighbours his wife's brother. and relatives. Once again rice cooked with the intestines of sheep is distributed. In (v) Tarachand of block Tilwanpora the evening, Mehandi is applied to the and Nilkanth were married to each other's hands and feet. of the bride. Other ladies sisters named Taravati and Devki respec­ particularly close female relatives also tively. follow suit. Singing by women continues (vi) 'Gopinath Pandita of block Tilwan­ throughout day and night. pora married his sister Shiel a to his wife's DEVAGON brother. The second day is known as Devagon. (vii) Gwashlal Kral of Tilwanpora Religious rites are perfomed in the houses block and Radhkrishan of village Danger­ of the bride and the bridegroom by the hama Tehsil Khas married each other's family priests. Both are given baths with sister Rani and Ratna, the former being the Puja-water some of which is sprinkled the sister of Radhakrishan and the latter on the dowry to be given to the bride. of Gwashlal Kral. ' Maternal ralations and friends who briDg VYUG CEREMONY

19

Makeshwarpura (TuZhlmu11a) gifts for the bride. or the bridegroom and 1. Deji Horr, (a pair of ornaments her or his mother are invited and served falling from the ears with tea or lunch. The ceremony is called on the shoulders) Dur-butta. 2. Tulsi, (a necklace) 3. Kana-wauj, (an ear-ring) LAGUN OR YE~OL 4. Wauj, (a ring) This is the third day. The bridegroom 5. Kachh Kar, (bangles) proceeds to the house of his in-laws in a 6. Dresses, procession which is taken out in the morning or after dusk, depending upon 7. Shoes, and the instructions of the family priest who 8. Household goods. determines the auspicious time. The number of guests is not settled in advance as is The aggregate value of the dowry is esti­ being done by Muslims. On an average, mated in the neighbourhood of Rs. 1,000/-. however. the invitees do not exceed 100 On the evening of the same day, or the in number. next day if the Lagwz has been performed during the night, younger brothers and Before the procession starts, the bride­ sisters of the bridegroom accompany the groom is made to stand on a circular coloured couple to p8.rdcipate in a feast given by the area in the compound of his house called bridegroom.'s father-in-law. The groom is Vyug and his mother or some other presented with some cash and clothes, elderly lady of the household lets off a while the bride receives a new dress. The pair of pigeons over his head, believing function is called Sat-rat and is not per­ thereby that the impending misfortune, formed on Tuesdays, Thursdays and if any, would thus be warded off. She then Saturdays. The whole party returns home kisses the bridegroom and showers flowers the same night. on him. The Vyug ceremony is repeated on the arrival of the bridegroom at the A few days later, the bridegroom's bouse of the bride and on his returning parents receive roths or specially prepared borne with his wife with the modification large-size baked breads mixed with sugar that on these occasions both the bride which ar~ distributed among all neighbours, and bridegroom are made to stand side relatives and friends. This is known as by side on the Vyug. Roth-khabar. The bridegroom is once again invited by his in-laws to stay with them for The marriage party travels by bus or a few days and is presented with some cash boat if the destination is far off. On their and clothes. This is called Phirsaal. After arrival, they are served with lunch or dinner this ceremony, he can visit his in-laws according as the Lagun takes place in the according to his convenience. morning or after sun-set. On all recognised Hindu festivals such The dowry given by a family of average as Shiv Ratri, Janam Ashtami. Nauratra, economic means consists of:- etc., and also on the birth days of the 20

bride, bridegroom and his parents, the The procession to the cremation ground bride's parents send presents in cash as wen is led by the eldest son who carries a basket as in kind. This practice is followed by containing an earthen lamp. etc., with his both the rich, and poor with the only right arm projecting from the collar of the difference that' the value of the presents pheran. At the cremation ground. the varies according to economic conditions of eldest son lights the pyre on which the dead the household. The value of these presents body is laid after some religious rites are goes on diminishing from year to year, but performed. The processionists then bathe if the parents are still surviving, presents of and return. For the next nine days, nominal value are offered to the bride and clothes are not changed nor is meat taken. bridegroom even when they are of advanced If the deceased is an old man. Kriya is age. performed on all the 10 days folloWing his death. but in the case of a young person. it In the month of Poh· (December), is confined to the 10th day only. The the Shushar ceremony is performed. Kriya ceremony is attended by aU relatives, Relatives, friends and neighbours are enter­ friends and neighbours. On the 3rd day of tained to a heavy non-vegetarian lunch at the death or thereafter. ashes are conected the bridegroom's house. The bride once and immersed in the river .at Shadipora again receives presents on this occasion. which is the junction of river Jhelum and Sindh Nallah. The bones are kept in an DEATH urn in the house and. immersed in the Muslims wrap the dead body in white conflux'of rivers at Shadipora or carried to muslin or latha after giving it a bath. It is Harmukot Ganga and some times to the then placed in a coffin and carried by four Ganges. persons preferably the sons of the deceased to the premises of the mosque where prayers Throughout the year, a lamp is burnt are offered. The body is then carried to in the evenings outside the house. Cooked the graveyard for being buried in the grave rice -with vegetables etc., is kept at' a place dug by a professional sexton. After the constructed for the purpose in the premises burial, prayers are offered once again and of the compound. At the end of the first the party disperses. On the fourth day, month, a religious rite called Massawar is neighbours and relatives are entertained to performed. These rites are also observed tea. The grave digger is served with meals fortnightly for the next two months. At the on the 15th and 40th day, as also on the end of six months and the first year first death anniversary. religious rites known as Slmdmoss and Vohra-Vur respectively are carried out. . On The Hindus place the dead body on a both the occasions priests are entertain ed kind of grass (Darab) considered holy which to non-vegetarian diet. Alms in cash and is spread over a spot already washed. Verses kind are also given in the name of the from Gita are recited into the ear of the deceased. In the case of an old person, a deceased. The dead body is given a bath. religious rite is performed in the month of wrapped in white muslin or latha and then Kartik. Magh or Phagun (October, Novem­ carried on the bier to the cremation ground ber or December) when fried fish is distri­ amidst the chanting of hymns. buted amona priests. neighbours and some

21

Maheshwarpara (Tullamulla) close relatives. This is repeated twice every might exercise an evil eye on their children. year, once on the actual date of death and Amulets are l1:sed to ward off disease, again during the fortnight of shradas in the poverty and the influence of evil spirits. month of Assuj. The local Peer inscribes some words or figures on a paper which is put inside a OTHER BELIEFS piece of cloth or covered in some metal. Barking of a dog in a weeping tone, usually copper or silver, and then worn mewing of the cat when kitten are ab

A. ECONOMIC RESOURCES in the block is swampy and favourable for The block is located about 4 miles away growing paddy. For this reason nearly from the nearest mountainous area and 78% of the cultivable area- is employed for there is no forest either in the block or paddy cultivation while the rest is used anywhere in its close vicinity. No orchards for growing maize, oil seeds and vege­ have also been laid except for a small tables which together yield an insignifi­ nursery of willows established by the cant quantity of produce. There is no Gram Panchayat. Fruit trees are, however, cultivable waste in the block and the grown here and there on a sporadic total cultivated area measures 1178 scale. kanals and 15 marlas which is classified as under:- As mentioned earlier in the report, land

Kiruls 0/ land Area Abi Awal 401 kanals, 18 marlas 50.24 acres Abi Duwam or Nambal etc. 582 14 _- 72.84 , . 184 7 23.00 Dry land " 11 ,. 16 , 1.50 Maidani . " 15 147.58 Total J 180 .. " The first two categories. viz.. Abi produce being only 175 maunds and Awal and Nambal etc., are perennially 125 maunds respectively. the question of irrigated and are utilised for paddy culti­ any exports being made does not arise. vation only. The dry area measuring Sales are, however, conducted within 184 kanals and 7 marlas produces maize the block by the households possessing and oil seeds and the Maidani fields are surplus produce to others, who might used for vegetable cultivation. either be producing no maize or oilseeds or who are not in possession of suffi­ Only one crop is produced in a cient stocks. The vegetable produce does year. The total yield of the principal not exceed 60 maunds which again is crop namely paddy is 3878 maunds a consumed by the producing households year or 3.9 maunds per kanal or 31 themselves. maunds per acre. This is mostly consum­ ed in the block itself, the surplus being LIVESTOCK disposed of in the open market. The milching cattle, sheep. goat and Total quantity of maize and oil seeds fowl which contribute to the economy IN THE FIELDS of the village are to be found in larger There are only five horses in the numbers than other spices. About whole block owned by one family 'who 84 % of the households possess 239 cows hire these out for riding or carrying of giving an average of more· than three loads. The five ducks found in the cows per household. Sheep and cattle block are owned by one household are however, owned by only 46% of only. the households who . possess, on . an average, about 8 sheep per household. All the animals and fowls are domesti­ The incidence of larger number of cows cated. and sheep is due to the availability of There are only two households fodder. Average yield of milk from a belonging to Dar caste in the block cow is 3 seers with a maximum of 6 which are engaged in fish'ery as a seers and a minimum of 2 seers. The subsidiary occupation, their primary raw wool obtained from the sheep is occupation being cultivation. They do marketted locally providing another' not cultivate fish in any tanks of lheir supplementary source of income. The own due to its availability in the purchasers of wool generally consist of adjoining nallah. The fish obtained from the inhabitants of village who own the naUah consist of the indigenous looms and manufacture woollen fabrics varieties such as mirrorcrap and occa­ . particularly blankets for local consump­ sionally some trout of different weights tion. No exports of woollen products from 8 ounces to 125 ounces. Fishing are made either from the block or from is done mostly in winter when it is In the village. Th~ 'milk supplied by a great demand. ' goat is however much less be ing only one seer. The surplus milk is exported to The avenige quantity of fish sold in Srinagar by the daily bus service. The a month by each angler is estimated at purchasers in Sri nagar consist of Gujris 12 seers or 24 lbs. The sale price ranges who are engaged in the sale of milk from 37 N. P. to, 50 N. P. per lb. and milk products on a large scale in There is no hospital in the every part of the city. The exporters veteri~ary however pay a much lesser rate than village. As a - result, the villagers are the price at which sales are made by generally content to treat the ailing cattle them, the purchase price being generally with orthodox methods such as application: ,of hot iron rods to boils and fractures, 19 N. P. as against the Srinagar rate of 31 N. P. The export is however regular administration, of country ,oil to cure and not an ounce of surplus milk indigestion and constipation and massages remains unsold. of salt mixed with earth for throat diseases. In seri ous case, the animals are taken There are only' 20 households who to the nearest dispensay at Dudarhama own all the 28 bullocks available in about 2 miles away. th~ bloc~. This is because ploughing by B. FACTORS AFFECTING ECONOMIC arumals IS not possible everywhere as the land is mostly swampy and has to LIFE be tilled by men instead of bullocks. The economic life of the vilJagers has 24

fairly improved consequent upon the and a kucha road in the block, enactment of the law abolishing big estates. - As many as 60 --households have The block produces sufficient wool been allotted 206 kanals and 10 marlas to justify the setting up of a small·scale of land previously own~ by the Dharmarth woollen industry. They are however Trust -in the name of the temple in handicapped in this behalf for want of .. excess of the prescribed ceiling of 182 financial assistance. ' kanals. The beneficiaries inculde, among others, 11 landless households who alone The villagers however avail' af full were allotted 153 kanals 10 marlas. These, advantage of the location of the shrine as also others, where previously function­ and supplement their economic resources ing as tenants of the absentee landlords. to a large extent by the sale proceeds of milk, rice and manth sylvastyes which _ The statistics showing the produce are offered to the deity by the pilgrims. from the land for the year 1960-61 IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICA­ indicate that the landless households have TION, ETC. taken adequate interest in cultivation and the yield per kanal has been abo~t 3.9 The village enjoys ideal transport maunds on an average which is the same facilities being now connected with Srinagar as for the village as a whole. and other parts of the valley by a regular For the last ten years, no household bus service. Both Government Transport has received any irrigational facilities. better and private buses ply from Srinagar to types of cattle, seeds or' implements, Tullamulla and back at regular intervals pes-ticides and, demonstrations for better of half an hour. This has facilitated the methods of cultivation. About 21 house­ making of purchases and sales at places holds out of 85 have managed to secure outside' the village and has also enabled better manure from the Co-operative the inhabitants to establish contact with society to increase the yield from land. urban population.

,Only one head of the household There is no post office in the block. claims to have received demonstration in ?ne such office has however been set up improved agricultural practices. In general In the village which also is not provided all the villagers pursue old and orthodox with any telegraph section. The post office methods of cultivation. at Dudarhama, about 1t mile away is equipped both with telegraph and telephone No, extra land has been reclaimed facilities and caters to the needs of the duling the last ten years" as there was inhabitants of the block if and when none available. necessary.

The heads of eighty-two - ,households LIVELDlOOD CLASSES have participated in the activities of There are 214 workers in all represen­ community development which mainly ting 44% of the t(\tal popUlation of 488. Of consisted of the construction of a bridge these, 63% fall in the age-group 15-34 LOAD CARRIERS LOAD CARRIERS 25

!,!!~heshwarpura (Tullq_mu11a) and 35% belong to the group 35-59. The large majority of non-workers Only 5 workers are under the age of 14 consist of infants, children not attending and none above 59. The proportion of school, persons permanently disabled and male anc\ female workers is on the whole other dependants. They rq>resent about in the ratio of 165 : 100. 57% of the non-working population and consist of maJes and females in the The workers fall in 5 livelihood proportion of 3 : 4. Other non-w.orke~ classes, viz., cultivation, grocery, vegetable include students and children attending selling, Government service and tailoring. schools who represent about. 14% qf the More· than 95% consist of cultivators non-workers. Persons engaged in household who constitute of males and females in duties consist· mostly of females of all the ratio of 3 : 2. Females are employed age groups and constitute 26% of the total only in cultivation. female population of the block and 40% of the non-working female population. The residue of 10 workers representing 5% of the workers include only males Cultivation being the traditional occu­ and consist of 2 grocers, 2 vegetable pation of the inhabitants, the above sellers, - 5 Government servants and one statistics indicate that there has been tailor, all belonging to the age group 15-34. practically no change in the . population of different livelihood classes. The only It is not possible to review the changes deviation from the traditional occupation in the size af the population in different appears to be a comparatively sizeable livelihood classes with reference to previous increase in the category of Government censuses as the village-wise figures of servants who number 5 as against only livelihood were not being collected in . I in the past. the past. STATISTICAL DATA REGARDING No beggars, vagrants or independent PRIMARY" SUBSIDIARY OCCU- women are visible in the block. PATIONS

Non-workers who aggregate 56% of Enquiries instituted· locally disclose the total population swell the age-group that no new economic resources have 0-14 which alone constitutes 69% of become available· to the inhabitants. As this population. The number of non-workers stated earlier, the aUotment of additional in the age .groups 15-34 and 35-59 is lands has in some measure improved comparatively small being about 12 or 13% the economic life of the people. One in each case. Non-workers above the age reason which can be ascribed to the of 59 do not exceed 6 %. conservative outlook .of the inhabitants is the large influx of pilgrims to whom Male non-workers mostly consist of the surplus produce is readily disposed­ students and other dependents, while females . of leaving no temptation for marketting with the exception of three students the goods in established commercial include either dependents or those centres. The backwardness of the area engaged in household duties. and rigid adherence to orthodoX, and 26

tra9itional modes of living and ignorance ate the other pursuits followed by the about the modern and latest devices to remaining 5 households. improvise economic resources, seem to account for th.e present static position. Only 3 households have cultivation as their subsidiary occupation, their Electric power though available is principal occupation being Government not being utilised for industrial purposes service, business and shopkeeping. Other due to non-availability of financial subsidiary occupations include manual resources. labour, carpentry. ta~Ioring, fishing and dairying. Of the 85 households inhabiting the block, only 7% fall in the Income OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY Group 101 and over. Two of these As already stated, there has been households are engaged in cultivation little occupational mobility and by and and one each in Government service, large' the inhabitants adhere to their grocery, agricultural royalty and business. traditional pursuits. A few changes The large income of the househ9lds which are noticeable in relation to the engaged in cultivation is due to their previous economic structure of the block employment in subsidiary occupations. are :..".. viz.. Government service and shop­ keeping. (a) discontinuance of services, such as rowing of boats, employment of men Majority of the households fall in and mules for carriage of loads and equal proportion in Income Groups of wood splitting; and 26-50 and 51-75. Eighteen households (b) a preference for certain activities, have a monthly income of 76-100, while such as government service, shopkeeping. 3 tall in the Income Group of less tailoring, business and purchase and than Rs. 25/- per month .. sale of fruits.

Considering the low cost of living There is no case of place-mobility in the block and the fact that over as well as occupational mobility and 50% of the households have an income this appears to be due to the absence of more than Rs. 51 f- per month, the of other avenues of employment. The general economic condition of the people division of land into small and un­ when compared with other rural areas economic holdings, contiilUed application cannot be regarded as unsatisfactory. of crude methods of cultivation and aversion towards adoption of modem Over 88% of the households have technique not only reduce mobility but cultivation as their primary occupation. also result in wasteful labour. The number of households engaged in other activities as primary occupation is Table 11 (c) of 'B' Set giving the 10. of whom 5 depend on agricultural statistics of occupational mobility indi­ royalty. Government servi~e. vegetable cates that 40% heads of households seIling, business, tailoring and grocery engaged in cultivation have either DO •

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS PLOUGHING• WITHOUT BULLOCKS Mattaia L1WBD RICE HUSKING Maheshwarpura (TuIlamalla). male issue or are unmarried. Of the (h) Guna Karen or lumping in small remaining 60%, about 32%. prefer that lots the harvested plants, their children should retain cultivation (i) Chombun or thrashing. as their occupation. Twenty households representing 28 % of the total number As will be seen frQm the pencil of cultivating families aspire that their sketches of the implements none of the children be installed in Government modem tools are known to the service. inhabitants of the village' who continue to employ the locally made crude The agricultural rentiers also seem implements ·invented centuries ago . . to endeavour for the absorption of· their sons in Government departments. The photograph facing page 32 shows that bullocks are substituted by There is no prospect of mobility in human labour for turning the soil in other occupations except that the grocer swampy lands where normal ploughing and the tailor would also wish to see is not feasible. their sons holding some job under the Government. The other photograph facing page 33 contains the various implements AGRICULTURE employed for cultivation of both The .traditional practices of culti­ swampy and areas of hard soil. vation continue to be employed to this day. Broadly speaking, these consist of':_ There is no division of labour and manpower. though available in surplus is (a) manuring the land with cowdung being wasted both because of uneCo­ and the refuse collected from nomic holdings as alsO due to the the premises of houses locally absence of alternative avenues of known as Tscen~ employment. (b) Wabi Tulan or breaking of land with hoves called Ganda Livan, The villagers believe that swampy lands would yield lesser crop if chemical (c) Dal-Dyun or breaking of clods- with fertilizers are utilized as iIi their the help 'of the implements opinion this kind of manure is useful called Wataphiur, for hard soil only. While they deny (d) Wavan-Matera or watering the aU knowledge about improved methods fields with the implement named of cultivation, at least one household· Matera, confirmed that it has witnessed a (e) Byol-Vavun or' sowing of the demonstration of improved agricultural seeds, practices. (0 Zrond of weeding out of super­ In so far as the crops sown from fluous plants, year to year are concerned. there has (g) Lonun or harvesting with the been practically no change for several help of Drot or sickle, years in the past. Even the varieties of 28

J}_£onomy_ paddy, which ha:v~ now been replaced in itself and sold to the visiting pilgrims almost aU other rural areas of the or to the grocer. State by the improved China seed on a<;:count of its larger yield, continue to Ploughing of the fields starts early be cultivated. as heretofore. in April and the sowing of seeds is carried out, el.rly . in May. Maize is, Ploughing is not alw~ys done with however. sown both in May and June. the help of animals and even men ate Weeding and transplantation take place substituted for bullocks. The hUIliall during July and August. Towards the labour thus engaged is 'not paid fot as end . of September or beginning of according to the practice obtaining in October, the crops are harv·ested. the viliage. a r~ciprocal arrangement. is Thrashing is done at the premises of followed iri such cases. each household and is completed by the end of October. ' . The orily sources of finance include the sale proceeds of surplus produce 2. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, FISHING, and the earnings from the subsidiary FORESTRY, ETC. occupations. The seed required for There has been no change in the sowing is preserved fro~ the produce area of activities of either animal of the previous year. The fact that no husbandry or fishing. The cows are Taccavi loans have b~en obtained from husbanded by bullocks spared by other the GoV~rnment suggests ~at most of the local inhabitants . and fishing which cultivators finance the cost of cultivation engages two households only is carried fr9m their " own silvings. Th'ere are, out in the age-old nallah surrounding howe'l;et, about 27% households who the block. 'Forestry is unknown to the have incUrred debts of varying sizes not inhabitants because of the location of exceeding Rs. 133:- on an average. but the block far away from the mountainous the extent to which these loans were terrain. raised to defray the cost of cultivation is not known. There .have neither been nor exist any special facilities or concessions The expenditure incurred on various enabling the inhabitants to extend their operations includes :-- activities either in animal hu·sb.1ndry or (a) replacement or repairs of imple­ in fishing. ments; The milk obtained from the cows (b) employment of hired labour; and and the goats is partly disposed of to (c) expenditure On offerhigs at the pilgrims and mainly exported to various stages of the operations. Srinagar. The wool sheared from the sheep is either purchased by the About 3 '4th of the total ~grjcultural pilgrims or utilised for weaving of produce is coti.sum;;:d by the local blankets for domestic use. inltat;.itants for their domestic purposes. The surplus is market ted in tlie block It is doubtful whether the device of Maheshwarpara (TrdlamD.lla) catching fish as employed in the block village. There is a gradual tendency and otber parts of the valleY is at all for the replacement of pheran in summer known elSewhere. The fisherman catches by a shirt, but in winter the former is the fish with the help of a pole longer an indispensable necessity to escape than the depth of the water fitted with cold. Tailoring goes on throughout the a skull-shaped metal with four or five year and the brisk sea·sons are the forks projecting from it towards the festivals and the month of October. end. A portion of the pole is kept when marriages are celebrated. immersed continuously in the water while the fisherman keeps a gaze to COMMERCE trace the fish. As soon as one becomes The old tradition of -selling the visible. the forks are thrust into its vegetables in a house has been abandoned body. care being taken to avoid the and the sales are now conducted in a slightest sound which would give an boat which moves from house to house alarm to the victim. This technique is round the nallah. Further, the saleable applied only -in transparent waters and articles are not now limited to the is fairly an old one. The opeI:ation indigenous produce, viz., cabbage, etc., does not involve any expenditure -worth but other products such as Nadroo the name. (lot1,1s stalk) grown in the lakes of Anchar and Dal are also sold. The As already stated, the fish is imported vegetables are however available marketted in the block or the vil~ge in limited quantities only due to their and is mostly consumed locally. prices being comparatively high. The vegetables are piled in separate heaps VILLAGE INDUSTRIES in the boat and as a result they also No vj]]age jndustries except one get intermixed. solitary case of tailoring exist in the block. There is enough scope for the Transactions are carried· out partIy development of handloom weaving for in cash and to a small extent on which adequate raw material is available. barter in contrast to the ttaditional··· The approximate quantity of wool which practice of all sales being made. on becomes available annually is estimated barter only. The system of making in the neighbourhood of over 1,000 Ibs. . advance payment to the villagers has been discontinued. The tailor has provided himself with a sewing machine and is a single Vegetables are, unlike the previous worker. The needle and other tools years when the village remained cut off employed by him are the same as used during the winter, available . throughout in developed urban areas. the year due to regular bus service by which these are imported. The tailored goods include pherans, shc:i.lwars, shirts, waist-coats,· etc. The The village grocer does not now deal clients consist of the inhabitants of the with a restricted nUJIlber of articles only. block as also other residents of the All such goods with which the villagers 30

were unfamiliar in the past are available holds belonging to income-group 51-75, . for sale. Soaps, handkerchiefs, socks, of whom 42% are in debt. lnvestigations combs, hair-oil, etc., are among the conducted in the village have revealed many items not previously marketted in that over 27% of these households have the vill_age. incurred debts in connection with The goods are stocked in earthen marriages. The loans raised by others pots and the only change effected is are due to expenses on illness, entertain­ that tin-containers have also been intro­ ment of guests and repairs to houses. duced. The . category of households ' which comes next in the order of indebtedness is There has been no change in the time income~group with .less than Rs. 26/- as and season of the sales which, as in monthly income. Of these 33 % have the case of other commercial activities, raised _loans due' to the size ,of the are more brisk on the occasion of family .to be maintained being more than festivals. five on an average. The same applies to INDEBTEDNESS the income-group 26-50 in which 20% households have made borrowings to Before 1947, the villagers were being supplement their income for normal financed by what were known as Waddars expenditure. or financiers who advanced money on The number of households in debt the understanding that they would be in' other categories is not large. repaid in kind in the shape of cereals, country oil, sheep and the like. I t is apparent tJ:lat barring some The Waddars also charged interest on minor changes, the old stereo typed the advances made and adjusted against sources of income continue to be the the aggregate payable amount the cost mainstay for the maintenance of the of the goods supplied to them calculated people. In so far as the pattern of at a rate much below the current market expenditure is concerned. a few changes price. have, of late. been introduced in respect of dress. Married and unmarried girls With the establishment of Debt and even middle-aged women generally Reconciliation Boards, the loans were cover their heads with a red handker­ either written off or only a percentage chief measuring about one square yard thereof was got. paid up in final settle­ in place of Poochhe-the traditional ment. With this change, the Waddar was headwear. Women have taken to the liquidated and loans if and when needed use of soap while washing their hands are now raised from neighbours, friends and faces and occasionally while taking or shop-keepers. baths. Towels which were previously Table XXI of set A indicates that unknown are also found here and there. only 27% of the households are in Earthen cups which were used for debt, and that the average' loan does taking tea are being gradually replaced not exceed Rs. 1331- per household. by cups made of china clay. There is The incidence of indebtedness seems to also a growing tendency to replace be more pronounced in the house- earthen pots by copper utensils. CHAPTEI~ IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

The village, as a whole, is inhabited the year 1960, resulting in a net annual both by Hindus and Muslims who have growth of 10 or about 2%. built such cordial relations with each other that the entire population appears MARRIAGES to be homogenous community. The statement given below indicates They share each others sorrows the proportion to the total population of and happiness and seem to be deeply persons never married, married, widowers interested in the well-being of every and divorced:- inhabitant. It is because of this amity 1. Never married that the provision of lodgings for the 48% pilgrims who visit the shrine in large 2. Married 44% numbers does not present any difficulty. 3. Widowers 7% AGE & SEX 4. Divorced about 1% The sex-ratio in the block as whole Of the never-married persons, 91 % is 94 females per 100 males. A conspicuous are minors below the age of 15 and the feature of the sex proportion as indicated remaining 9% fall in the age group 15 in Table II (Set A) however is that the and above. The latter include 23 males ratio in the age group 15-19 is 31 females and 2 females in the age-group 15-19 per 100 males. No explanation is available and 18 males belonging to different age for this glaring disparity. The males are groups above 20. The. only explanation however outnumbered by females in the put forth by these 18' persons for having . age groups 0-4, 10-14 and to some remained unmarried is their inability to extent 20-24. finance the expenditure incurred on marriage. The table further shows that the infants, children, boys and girls below· The largest number of married persons the age of 15 constitute 40% of the is to be found in the age-group 1 5-39 total population of the block. Those which represents 76% of the total falling in the age group 1 5-44 comprise . married population. It is gratifying to 46% of the population. Only 14% of note that no male or female below the the population consist of persons above age of 15 is married and that the time~ the age of 45. honoured tradition of early marriage has been discontinued. BIRTHS & DEATHS. For the block, as a whole, the married According to the records maintained population is equally represented by the by the village Chowkidar. there have two sexes. There are however some been in a1117 births (10 males and 7 females) disparities in the various age groups and 7 deaths (4, males and 3 females) during 20-24, 25-29. 30-34 and 35-39 as also 32

-?oci_al_~ Cultural Lite_

in the age group 55-59 which is to be to be worn round the neck or on the accounted for mainly by deaths of the right arm. The quack administers the members of either sex. use of herbs or of a readymade medi­ cine which he keeps in stock for treat­ The number of male widowers exceeds ment of different maladies. The treat­ total females. being in the ratio of ment available at the Government 100 : 157. The large majority of the Ayurvedic Dispensary which is functioning widowers arc above the age of 44 in in the village is availed of by younger each sex. There .is only one divorced people or those who get . disappointed person. a male member in the entire after remaining under traditional treatment block. for quite some time. The assistance of the Government Health Centre at DISEASES Dudharhama is obtained only when all Diseases like eye-sore. diarrhea. fevers, other indigenous methods fail. worms, pnuemonia, and rheumatic pain are common in the village. The marshy EDUCATION and swampy character of the soil. the The percentage of literate persons to unhygienic conditions of the locality in the total population which stands at 11 general and the uncivic habits of the cannot be regarded as unsati sfactory • people including indiscriminate consump­ when compared with the literacy percen­ tion of nallah water appear to be largely tage of the State as a whole. It is responsible for the incidence of diseases. however a fact that the number of The eye-sore is prevalent more often in literate females is miserably low, being winter when, due to the fall of the only 3 in a total female popUlation of temperature bel()w the freezing point. 237. The large majority of literates the cold wind hits the eyes. All the consist of persons below the age of same, the general health of the inhabi­ 20 and represents about 78% of the tants is good on account of hard labour literate population indicating that after to which they. are used to for most passing the primary or basic examination, part of the year. the villagers switch on to their traditional The villagers favour the orthodox occupations. 1t is interesting to note that methods of treatIllent and are by and the number of children in the age grq,up large averse to avail of allopathic advice. 5-9 who claim to be literates Most of them suffer from lack of is . only 12 in a total population of confidence in the modern medicines. 65. The same is true of the age group Even others would. in the first instance, 10-14. The Government Lower High prefer being cured by a quack or a School functioning in the block has on priest. The priest writes an amulet on a its rolls as many as 198 students. of piece of paper either to be worn by whom 42 (41 males and 1 female) belong the patient or to be hanged in a wall to the block. The total population of or to be consumed in live coals. Some the village and the block being 2403 times the priest prescribes that the and 488. respectively. the percentage of amulet should be placed in a silver cover the children from the block attending \

MR. MOHAMAD MAQBOOL BHAT M. A., LL. B. \ .

DRESS OF YOUNG FOLK 33 Maheshwarpura (Tullamulla) the school to the total student population iog, 20 households fall in the category of which works ou t to over S &cems .to be Intermediate and 24 under Others. satisfactory. A noticeable trend of change in the There is no girls school in the block family structure is that householcls are itself. but one exists in the adjoining .split up as soon as a married :,Person, block of KapparpoJ"a which 'has two girl who is .either .eaming .his·· livelihood students belong to the block on it. independently or is fit .·to do so, gets rolls against a total number of twenty­ Olle ·or more c~ildren. That" is why the four. number of joint families in the block is C&ceedingly small." For this reason, it can There are however indications that a well he . assumed that the intermediate consciousness about the advantages of families' numbering 20 which inclu4e higher education is dawning on the minds unmarried brothers and sisters will of the inhabitants. The literate population ·further be sub-divided jn cou'rse of time. includes two matriculates, one interme­ 'This bas already happened in spite of diate now recelVlDg training in civil limited residential accommodation which engineering outside the State and ~e consists' of 68 houses' occupied by' 8S M.A.,LL.B., who is practising at. the households.. Tehsil Court. The last Jlarned has dec­ lined to enter into Government . seJ;'vice. As ~ready stated earlier, inter-caste At any rate, it seems likely that the IJ¥lrriages take place amo~ . Mus1i~ number of students receiving higher except ·so far as Mixs are .concerned. education will grow in course of time. It is true that Dars, Bbats, Babas' and 'Dar-zis wouid, as far as . possible. intet­ IMMIGRATION" EMIGRATION marry within their respective castes, but .any departure from this practice does not There has been no case,of immigration .a,ttract any criticjsm. Gojris, however as the village does not hold out a1JY marry within their caste only . as the better economic prospects to attnJCt ~embers other c:astes .. would not, people from. outside. Even so far as of . emigration' is cQncemed, except for because of their bigher so~ia.l status, .iuter~inari:Y . with. tb¢iD: .. temporary absence in connection with higher education or .employment, $ere ne Hindus however observe' pB..Ste .are .no trends indicative . of a (;iesire _on .restrictions rigidly and do npt .gener81IY the part of the inhabitan,ts to ~e.~tle cnter' '.' into .... matrimonial alliallces wbh elsewhere. other castes. The Sapru family in the B. FAMILY STRUCTURE .block under survey would not inter-marry ·except .with BrahmiJas no matter to which Most of the families, 33 out of 85 .place they may belong. are simple consisting of husband, wife and unmarried children only. There are . The Muslim inhabitants are govel1lCd only .. 8 joint families. including ()De .in the matter of jnh.eritaD.ce of property solitary Hindu housdlold. Of the:~n.- by .the Mohan:unaden Law accOrding to Social eX Cultural Life

which a son or a daughter cannot death. In either case, the male and the inherit any part of the property of his female children receive equal shares. or her parents during their life time. After the death of the parents, the Here again, landed property whether property,. with the exception of land, is ancestral or acquired is the exclusive inheri­ inherited by the male and female tance of the male children except in cases children in the ratio of 2 to 1. As when, according to the marriage contract, regards land, the female. children are the daughter and her husband live perma­ not entitled to any share in accordance nently in her father's house. with the provisions of Land Revenue Act unless she and her husband reside Among Hindus, an adopted son is also in the house of her parents from the begin­ entitled to the same share as admissible to ning of the marriage on the understanding the bonafide .children. that this would be their permanent residence. In the latter case, the daughter is entitled The Hindu Inheritance (Removal of to a share in the land in the same propor­ Disabilities) Act. 1997 (1940 A.D.) provides tion as is admissible to her with regard to that no person governed by Hindu law other other property. than a person who is' and has been from birth a lunatic or idiot shall be excluded The children of a person who dies during from the inheritance or from any right or the life time of his parents are not entitled share in joint family property by reason only to any share whatever from the property of any disease. deformity or physical or owned by their grand-father. The acquired mental defect. property, if any, . of the deceased is shared by his father and his family (wife and C. LEISURE AND RECREATION children) in the ratio of I : 3. There are two parks fla~king the road on A widow without any issue is entitled to either side and separated from the shrine 1/8th of the property of her husband besides by the circumscribing nallah. The parks the unpaid balance of her Maher. If, are not however provided with any sports however, she has any children her share 'is equipment. Nevertheless, they are used as calculated at 1/4th of the total property places of diversion both by the young and together with the balance, if any, payable the old alike. The elderly people spend from the . Maher. In either case, the their evenings in the parks discussing a widows are not entitled to any share from varie.ty of subjects from politics to individual the landed property. domestic problems. The younger folk squat on the park and play cards with or without In so far as Hindus are ooncerned, the stakes. Minor children run about the park position is just the reverse. A Hindu child or engage themselves in other games. becomes a co-sharer . with his father in the ancestral property from the very time' of his The parks' are not however being main­ birth. This does not however apply to pro­ tained well. Neither the turf is trimmed perty acquired by the f~Lther independently. nor are the flower-beds kept well, although which is inherited by his children after his two gardeners have been provided for the

MaheshwaTpura_ (Tallamalla) purpose by the State Public Works Depart­ who are professional musicians, singers ment. and dancers. They move about from village to village of their own option Another source of recreation available to particularly on· the Idd festival, marriages, school-going children are games like football etc. They play wl!at is locally and hockey, etc. known as Bacha Nagma. Bacha Swimming provides yet another diversion in Kashmiri means a boy and Nagma particularly to the younger generations. The a melody. This is, in effect. a small-scale concert in which a male boy 'invariably of a vilIag~ which looks like an island enjoys the natural gift of being encircled by a nallah of fair comp.lexion and hardly distinguishable running and· transparent water. The naJIah from a pretty girl sings and dances while is not too deep to involve any risk to the musical instruments locally known as swimmer. Boating is not·a hobby because Sarang, Nattu (pitcher), Tombakluuzri, of the limited width of the naUah. Sitar and harmonium are played by the musicians accompanying him. The boy is Apart from these day to day recreations, dressed in an ormamented gown called the people entertain themselves with musical Peshwas and a skirt falling upto his ankles. and dancing performances on different occa­ He wears long black hair, covered by a sions during the year. On the occasion of coloured ~nd brocaded dupatta. Bells are the Idd festivals, for instance, young women wound round his ankles which jingl.e during belonging to three or four houses which are the dance to the tune of the music. At contiguous assemble after dusk in an open the conclusion of the concert, the organizers area at a central place and e:q.gage them­ and visitors raise subSCriptions to be paid selves in singing in rows locally known as to the party as a remuneration for their Rou/. They are invariably in two rows service. only facing each other and in each every woman extends her arms over the shoulders During the summer when the soil is not of two others standing to her right and left, wet. boys usually play the game Guti or The singing is not accompanied by any MiT. A small circular hole calIe~ Guti musical instrument. The women in one of about 3" in depth and 2" in width is sunk the rows sing a song verse by verse, whereas in the ground. A point usually at a distance those in the opposite row repeat the first of aboilt 4 or 5 yards is fixed. whence the line only every time a new verse is sung by participants in the game play tum by turn. the for~er. During singing, the women Whoever succeeds in throwing into the hole move forwards and backwards adding there­ the pice or walnuts or any other article by some rhythm to the song. chosen for the game is considered to have won the same. As a result of the throw. Once or twice a year, a professional some of the pice or walnuts are scattered on mobile dancing party also visits the block. the ground around the Guti. The player These parties generally hail from village strikes one of them with another pice or PaIhaIan, Tehsil Sopore, village Wahthor, walnut in his hand and if he succeeds> it is Tehsil Badgam and village Balpora, Tehsil held that he has won the whole game. If which are inhabited mostly by people however the striker instead of striking the ·36

Social a CultW'a1 Lib

target enters the Guti the player is made to in the neighbourhood of 15,000. On this pay an equivalent piece as a penalty. occasion, a mass congregation is held in the evening which, as stated by Mr. S. S. Late in the evenings, children generally Koul in his book "Mysterious Spring of play hide and seek game locally known as Tullamulla" 'stands in a devotional mood Aney Maji Anis meaning thereby that the and concentrates on the image of the blind mother must be owned by a blind boy. Goddess and seeks to merge itself in the One of the participants closes the eyes of premodial energy prevading the universe'. another player with his hands and asks the The devotees wave burning candles fed with others to hide themselves wherev~r they like. ghee and burn Dhupa (incense). The After they have disappeared, the seeker is priests ring the bells· and recite religious released and asked to trace one of them. hymns. If he succeeds in locating any and touching him, the latter is required to function as a The shrine occupies an area of 17 kanals, seeker next time. 13 MarIas and contains several structures including the marble temple built in the During March and April as also in middle of the spring by late Maharaja September and October, simple square kites Pratap Singh. Two large Dharmsala build-. are flown. The practice of flying kites from ings have also been·. buHt by Maharaja house-tops is not known in the block due Ranbir Singh, . but these have now been to the roofs being covered and closed. reconstructed by the Dharmarth Trust who have also erected two more buildings for the The Publicity Department also entertains use of the pilgrims at a cost of Rs. 1.25 the vilJagers to film shows occasionally. lakhs. The ground floors of the two Men and women gather in large numbers to Dharamsala buildings to the right and left of witness the show, this being a rare enjoyment the road leading to the main temple are used for them in the absence of any cinema hall as shops, where ghee, Dhupa, candy and dry or a theatre. cakes, used· as offerings, are sold to the D. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS pilgrims. These shopkeepers also function as sweetmeat sellers. The shrine of Khir Bhawani is the most important religious institution. in the block The shrine is managed and administered which is held sacred by Kashmiri Pandits aU by the Dharmarth Trust. According to the over the State. . While. pilgrims visit the information made available by the shrine Qn the eighth. eleventh and fifteenth Dharmarth Department, the revenue and day of the first fortnight of each lunar expenditur~ of the . shrine for the year month, the largest influx takes place on the 1961-'62 stood at Rs. 2501/- and Rs. 4,572/­ eighth day of the first lunar fortnight of the respectively. The principal sources of month of Jeth (June) which is supposed to revenue are- have been the date on which the Goddess (a) offerings made by revealed herself for the first time and is . the pilgrims - Rs. 2160.16 NP. treated as a public holiday by the State Government. The number of pilgrims pay­ (b) 1/4th produce of ing their homage to the deity is estimated the land (measur- · ,

SHRINE OF KHIR BHAWANI ENTRANCE TO KHIR BHAWANr SHRINE OF MIR BABA HYDER

37 Maheshwarpura (Tullamulla)

ing 164 kanals) clothes before entering into the premises of owned by the the shrine. It is however doubtful whether shrine Rs. 320.00 all the visitors and pilgrims comply with (c) nominal rent of these conditions. On the other hand. people Rs. 1.50 NP. per from outside the 'State sometimes even cook annum charged prohibited articles like onions and tomatoes from each shop- within the premises of the temple and no keeper. . Rs. 21.00 cognizance of this infringement is taken. In the matter of dress also, very few people No rents are charged from pilgrims for abstain from entering the shrine without. in their stay in the Dharamsalas. the first instance, putting on new or washed clothing. Expenditure is incurred mainly in the shape of salaries paid to the establishment. Outside the shrine. milk, wood, mentha Following-is the detail of the staff employed sylvestirs are sold by the Muslim inhabitants together with the pay allowed in each case :- of the black who put up small _stalls in the parks and on the roads. (i) Manager 1 Rs. 80/- pay p.m. (60-4- 80-EB-4-100 scale). There is no other shrine in the block itself except a mosque which has no histori­ (ii) Pujaris 4 Rs. 18/-p.m. consolidated cal importance. A famous Muslim shrine plus 20% of the offerings. however exists in the neighbouring block of (iii) Guards 2 Rs. 36/- and Rs. 24/- res­ Kapparpora which attracts people from the pectively. rural areas in the month of July when the (iv) Shoe­ annual Urs (the date of passing away) of bearer 1 Rs.25/- per month fixed. the saint is celebrated. Sheikh Abdul Wahab ( v) Pathaks- 6 Rs. 18/- per month. Nuri (1694 A.O-1768 A.D) has stated in his book Fathati-Kubrawiya that saint Mir The shrine owned originally a cultivated Baba Hyder was an immigrant from Gujerat area of 2091 kanals, 13 marIas which was and a distinguished disciple of Makhdoom consequent upon the implementation of the Sahib who is enshrined on the Hari Parbat Big Landed Estates Abolition Act reduced hill in Srinagar city. Mir Baba Hyder lived to the prescribed ceiling of 182 kanals about 350 years ago and is widely known as including the area occupied by the shrine._ a great spiritualist of Suhrawardi School 'Of mystics to which Makhdoom Sahib belonged. No explanation is available for the low On the day of the Urs, priests and other" income of the shrine which should apparen­ people assemble in the shrine and recite tly have been much higher due to the verses from Quran and other books held constant flow of pilgrims. sacred by Muslims. Marketting is done on a fairly large scale both by the local inha­ No devotee who has taken mutton or bitants as also by people belonging to onions is permitted to enter the premises neighbouring villages. - of the shrine. Every person is expected to take a bath and to put on new or washed No festivals other than those mentioned Social-'-cX Cultural Life

above are held either in the block or in tion of d'evelopment works. The former other parts of the village. include suits for money due on contracts, recovery of moveable property, compensa­ One conspicuous change noticeable tion for wrongfully taking or Injuring among both Muslims and Hindus is that moveable property and damages caused by strict adherence to religious dogmas is the cattle trespass. The amount or value of the exclusive privilege of the· poor and the claim should not, however, exceed Rs. 150/-. illiterate. Only a small percentage of the The Panchayat Adalat is authorised to take inhabitants pray in mosques and temples cognisance of some of the cases, such as and many others indulge in. activities which spreading· infection of any disease, fouling may not be viewed with favour by the water of public reservoirs, negligent con­ orthodox sections. The illiterate class how':' duct with respect to fire, obscene acts, theft ever persists in practising their beliefs in the where the value of property stolen does not expectation of achieving riddance from exceed Rs. 75/-, etc. The Panchayat is also disease, misfortunes, pecuniary distress and authorised to try cases under some sections the like. of Cattle Tresspass Act, Public Gambling Act, Juvenile Smoking Act and Prevention E. vn.LAGE ORGANIZATION of Cruelty to Animals Act. The Panchayat The block itself has no separate organiza­ is not empowere4 to sentence any person to tion of its own responsible for looking after imprisonment but can impose fines upto the interests of its inhabitants. A panchayat Rs. 25/-. It is however, a fact that the has, however, been set up for certain speci­ Panchayat also settles other petty disputes fied and defined functions pertaining to the not falling within their jurisdiction, such as village as a whole. The block under survey reconciliation or separation between husband also elects one member to this panchayat. and wife, settlement of disputes connected with inheritance and similar other matters. The panchayat which has been set up in The development works relate to the cons­ accordance with the provisions of the Jammu truction •. maintenance and improvements of -and Kashmir Village Panchayat Act of 1958 village roads, bunds and embankment of consists of one Sarpanch. one Secretary and nallahs, streams, digging of exit channels, nine members of whom the first two and six disposal of unclaimed corpses, registration members are elected. The remaining three of deaths . and births, cutting of trees or members are nominated by. the Saqjanch branches of trees projecting on public streets and one of these functions as Village Leader. _ or obstructing free flow of water, etc. Six. of the members including the Sarpanch hail from the Bhat caste by virtue of their larger population. Enquiries made on spot The result of the interviews held in the - however indicated that the Bhats have not village showed that only some of the house­ been exploiting their strength to achieve holds are aware of the functions assigned to personal ends. the panchayats. Only 39 households stated that the panchayat was designed to dispose The panchayat though s'eemingly vested of petty disputes. The replies given by the· with wide powers confines its activities to remaining 46 heads of households indicated the settlement of petty disputes and execu- that the panchayat was believed to be 39

MaheshWarpuru (Tullamu.lla2 responsible for the execution of development The value of a share is fixed at Rs. 10/­ works only. and no member can purchase more than one hundred or less than half share. The share­ The works executed by the panchayat holders can draw loans not exceeding 10 include, among others, the construction of times the value of the sharef paid. - a panchayat ghar, about which 77 house­ holds are aware. The fact that the bridge The Multipurpose Society is engaged in was an indispensable necessity was however a variety of commercial activities as detailed acknowledged by 6 households only. Simi­ below:- larly, on ly 3 households conceded that the construction of the kacha road constituted (a) Sale of Amonium Sulphate-The an improvement work. Society has disposed of 154 maunds, 10 seers during the year 1961-62 at Rs. 12.92 NP It would not therefore be correct to per maund. According to the prescribed assume that the inhabitants of the block mode of 'payment, 25% Of _the cost is hQ,ve acquired sufficient awareness about the recovered in cash when the delivery is given importance of panchayat and its functions. and the balance either in cash or in kind They are not however averse to its existence immediately after the crops are harvested. but there can be no doubt that its utility is not fully appreciated. (b) Improved seeds-:-Chinese paddy seeds weighing 84 maunds were distributed There are no caste panchayats or tribal in the year 1960-61 among persons recom­ councils and the question of inter-relation­ mended by the Block Deve!opment Qffic~r. ship of the panchayat with any of these No cash payment was made - on account of does not arise. the cost of the seeds but instead the loanees returned equal quantities of the produce The only other voluntary organization after the harvest. . functioning in the village is the Multi­ (c) Agricultural Financing-Advances purpose Co-operative Society which has a are made to the members for agricultural total membership of 213 including 26 from financing only and charged intere~t at the block under survey. . The majority of 61%. The Society has advanced an amount the latter belong to Bhat caste who have a of Rs. 4552/- and 8115/- during the years preponderating population. These 26 mem­ 1960-61 and 1961-62 respectively. The bers however include the head of the solitary Hindu household also. whole amount together with the advance is being rtpaid in kind each year in the shape Enquiries instituted in the block disclosed of paddy the cost of which is calculated at that as many as 30 heads of households Rs. 16/- per kharwar. have no knowledge whatever of the benefits (d) Consumers Goods-The Society accruing from the membership of a Co­ also deals in consumer goods such as salt, operative Society. The reason advanced by sugar, cloth, kerosene oil, wire nails, bolts, the heads of 28 households for not having soaps, tea and stationery, etc. The issue enrolled themselves as members of the rate is fixed after adding to the landed price Society was that they could not afford to a commission charged at 61%. In the case pay the share money. of consumer goods, transactions are made a~nst cash payments only. AcCording to While these organizations function as the acco-unts of the SoCiety, it has mit.de ~ effective factors for the integration of the profit of Rs. 681/- on this account dUrmg various communities and castes inhabiting the year 1961-62. the block, the shrine plays no less impor­ tant role in cementing the ,social relations The aggregate profit for a period of 10 of the people. It must be s8id in fairness, 'years :from _ 1951-52 is estima:ted at to the villagers that they are anxious to Rs. 2118/-. No dividends have however develop a peaceful atmosphere and to live in been paid so far. comfort. Their oWn contribution in build­ ing up a homogenous society which subor- Th~re has been only one general meeting -dinates the interests of individuals to those during the 'year 1961--62 but the Manage­ of the block as a whole need -not be under­ ment Board has met 13 times during the assessed. same peri ad. The general meeting was attended by 125 out of 213 members or 58% There can however be no gainsaying the 'of the :total membership. - fact that very few teforms have been intllO­ 'duced 'either bY social organizations or by 'A Gram Sevak his aiso been provided the Goveinment~ -Family planning, ror for the village- by the N.E.S Block ~ead­ eXample, is unknoWn though many of the quartered at _Dudarhama. Only 29% of the villagers disfavour - such a reform in the -heads of families or 24 househoulds are belief that it would be an irreligious -act. , conscious of the functions of a "Gram Sevak. No limits have been. prescribed either by the All others seem -to be completely uDaware Government or by any organisation. func­ of his' existence. tioning within or outside the 'village to restrict There are -no clubS, libl-a:nes,: readirig expenses on dowries, marriages, deaths, etc. rooms, etc., either in the -',blOCk -'or -1n\ the village. -

---....:..__ .::.:.:~

KASHMIR! FOLK DANCER (BACHA)

KASHMIRLPANDTANI WITH KANGRI (FIRE POT)

PANZAR CHAPTER V FOLK-LORE

Kashmi ri is the mother tongue of all mornings also, the women have built a con­ inhabitants of the block as also of those vention of lamenting the loss 'of life in pecu­ living in other parts of the village. The liar long drawn tunes. The rhythm and the pronunciati on of the people with the excep­ tune employed during roul is different from tion of a few words is the same as obtain­ the one followed at marriages :- ing in other rural areas. The opening verses of some of the songs While discussing Kashmiris, Abul Fazal, played with or without instruments on differ­ the chief courtier of Emperor Akbar has ent occasions are quoted below :- stated in his book Ayin-Akbari that Kasmiris have a language of their own which is com­ LULLABY posed of 25% Sanskrit, 40% Persian, 15% Hindustani, 10% Arabic and some Tibetan Goor Goor Karyo Adakallay words. This percentage which was estimated Dud Chuto DaTTIQ. DQTTIQ. Gali Galey about 350 years ago does not hold good any (Oh my halfmute baby, longer as the language has since absorbed a I will swing thee in my arms. fairly large number of English words which Go on suckling milk, are freely used even by the illiterate people. Draught by draught) .. The words Coat, Button, Time, Fit, Pass, Fail, School, Football, Radio, Doctor are When the bridegroom riding on a hone­ the common place words. back leaves his house in a procession followed by women singing in chorus-:- The following sentences are quoted as specimens of phrases or composed expressions Buran Datpitav Pet!uz Nur ChaIcnas, which are difficult to pronounce :- Piran Dapitav Sait Pa1cnas, (a) Beyor Gaye Rangarey Wan Rangarey (Ask the fairies to shower light on him Rongus Loat, from above, (b) Kanzimatey Bragan Khai Buzimatey Fariyas Sat Truk. And tell the saints to bless him with their company). (c) Boni Bal Anum Veri Jathura Soyi Logum Potherkis Badis Kadlas. The women assembled in the house of (d) Tang a Kuli Godeh Peth Langa the bride receive the bridegroom- Petha Lanji Peth Tehri Peth Tapa Tut Tung Pew Soe Tul Soi Khew. Asalam-alloikum sani Maluzrazo, Ava-haz Shahr-e-Shirazo, While men sing in various tunes and (0 our bridegroom, accept our obeisan­ rhythms, the women employ a stereo-typed ces, mode always singing in chorus without any particular individual giving a lead. For Surely you hail from the city of Shiraz). 42

Folk-lore

ROUF Basool Mir Kati pholurn ho 10 gulabo 10 Rind poshamal gindaney drayi 1010, Sheri lagath bo gulabo 10 Shabi shabash chani potchayi 1010. (0 lover. the rosy damsel has come out of (Where did you bloom. 0 rose; her dwelling to have a play in the open; I wish I could give you a place on my Her shadow is so charming that it merits head. 0 rose) all praise.) and, Malunood Gallli. Baga ke hayo bagwono. Baga manza gakho dewano, Karayo manz ji'gras jayi', Cham no mayi mashanie. (0 Gardener. hew did you run mad. by your contact with flowers.) (I would give you a place in the midst of my heart, For I can never forget your Among the famous folk songs may be affection. ) mentioned the lyrics of Habba Khatoon, Mahjoor, Rasool Mir, Mahmood Gami and Maqbool Shah Kra1awari. Maqbool Shah Kralawari. The following Vysye gulan awai' bahar, specimens are quoted :- As sala antan balayar.

Habba KhatOOD (0 friend, the spring has embmced the Che kama soni myani bram dith nrmakho, flowers, would you pursuade my mistress Che kehyozi gayiJla mian doi. to accept my invitation ?) This was composed and sung by Queen Some of the riddles and proverbs which Habba Khatoon in the memory of her are in common use are mentioned below:- husband Yusuf Shah who was taken a prisoner by Emperor Akbar. The verse means :- (a) Oss Khos Yem Mulkas Ni'yay Koas.

(Who should be this mistress rivalling me, (It was an earthen pot which settled who has charmed you and thrown me in the country-wide disputes. This refers to -separation, scales.) And what has prejudiced you against me.) (b) Thani Manz Kaney So Te Valiya­ iney. Midijoor Bagha ke gulo, (A stone in butter and that also pregnant. Naaz karan karan wollo, Refers to the drupe inside an appricot.) (0 rose of N isbat garden, return to the (c) Panay Ladun Panay Lolzrun. orchard, (One who builds and dismantles himself. _ With all your delicacy and fastidiousness.) This refers to the turban.) 43

Maheshwarpara (Tullamulla'

(d) Kruhun Chou Kav Chou Na Wudan (h) Kub Kul Ku.s? Mashid Hund Tul KDl. Chou Janvar Chou Na. (Meaning the lean tree is the one stand­ (It is black but not a crow, flies but is ing in the premises of the mosque. This not a bird. This refers to smoke.) implies that distress befalls the helpless.) (e) Arum Soi Wavem Soi Lajim Soi (i) Namrudin Dam Diyun. Pansai. - (Meaning to boast like king Namrud - (I brought the nettle, I sowed the and refers to a conceited person.) nettle and then nettle stung me. Refers to (j) PiT Na Bud, Yaqeen Bud. the misbehaviour of a ward.) (Meaning faith is more effective than the (I) Wov Ba Wav ; Lon Ba Lon. powers of the deity.) (As you sow, so shall you reap.) (k) Akh Gomut Hari. WiTi Mangan (g) Hapat YaTaz. Tang. (Meaning literally the friendship of a (Meaning a person in distress seeking bear and implying mal-treatment in the name redress from those similarly circumstanced). of friendshi:p.) CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

The foregoing chapters give a bird's-eye the uneconomic holdings and the conse­ view of historical, cultural, social and econo­ quent waste of man-power account for the. mic background of the block. It enjoys backwardness of the block. Further, - resour­ an enviable position in the social structure ces are available to develop the economy of the region because of the location of tlie but are not for one reason or the ·other at shrine which attracts pilgrims from far and all exploited. Raw woo], for instance, wide alround the year. The villagers have even though produced in fairly large quan­ undoubtedly a rich cultural· heritage re­ tities is not being utilised for handloom :O.ected in their normal day to day life. On weaving due partly to financing d~culties the social side. however, there have not been as also because of non-availability of any discemable changes or reforms skilled labour. The block being very near· with the result that most of the inhabitants the electric generating station, industrial are still shackled by customs and practices power could easily be made available for already discarded by people in urban areas. weaving, drycleaning and other manufac­ The basic principles of hygiene have yet to turing or repairing and servicing activities. be brought home to the villagers to persuade The development of poultries and establish- them to discontinue the consumption of . ment of dairy farms could also be under­ nallah water, to take regular baths, to wash taken without much difficulty. the clothing periodically, to keep the pre­ mises of the households neat and clean and In the absence of these alternative to avail of scientific treatment for ailments. avenues of income agriculture is by and While it is true that alcohol, gambling and large the principal occupation. Irrigational vagrancy are unknown, the incidence of facilities being available, about 84% of the literacy is still very low being only II %. total cultivable area is used for paddy culti­ The State Government have since some vation. There is no' culturable waste and time past launched a vigorous compaign of the remaining land available is employed setting up a net-work of educational insti­ for growing maize, pulses. vegetables, -etc .. tutions in all parts of the State and it is The present yield rate could however hoped that in course of time illiteracy will improve further if demonstrations were be reduced to an appreciable extent. In any given on a large scale and better type of case, nothing short of statutory pressure for agricultural implements provided. compulsory education of children of the The liquidation of money-lender and school-going age would bring about a radical the Waddar and the scaling down of debts change. have gone a long way in the reconstruction In the economic sphere two factors, of the economic life of the people who namely, the natural fertility of the cultivable once suffered from acute pecuniary distress. area and the location of the shrine in the The abolition of the big landed estates has block stand out as the main sources on also benefitted a number of households some which the inhabitants depend. Here -again, of which owned no land in the past. LOCAL WEIGHTS AND MEASUREs AND THElR. EQUIVALENTS

WEIGHTS Local Eq_valeat.

1. Khirwar 77.48 Kilograms 2. Maund 37.324 .. 3. Trak 4.724 .. 4. Panzu 2.362 " 5. Manut . . 1.181 •• 6. Seer 0.9331 .. 7. Chatang 0.584 " LENGTH

1. Girah S.72Cm. 2. Paw 22.86 •• 3. Gu 91.44 ••

1. Marla 25.29 Sq. metres 2. Puran 72.26 " .. 3. Kana1 5OS.8S " ,. 4. Padaw 24.140 Kilometres S. Krooh 3.218' .. t.6

. SOCIO::'ECONOMIC ~URVEY, 1960-61

CENSUS 1961. Name of District-Srinagar PART II VJLLAGESCHEDULE Name of Police Station/Taluk-Ganderbal Name of village-Maheshwarpura Number of village-129 Area of the vill8.ge--:-153.6 acres. Number of households-85 What is the religion which majority. of the villagers profess-: ------~------1. Topography of the village :- (a) Is the village situated on a plain/on On a Plain an undulating surface/on a plateaul on a hillock/or at the bottom of a depression ? . (b) The system of grouping of houses­ Most of the buildings have been cons­ average distance between two clusters tructed in rows and they vary in design and of houses-reasons .. for such grouping, size. Some houses have been built here and e. g. whether on account of the nature there with intervening distances ranging of the surface of land or on acount of between 20-30 ft. social custom. (c) Internal roads-Tanks-village common­ Refer Survey Report any stream or other extensive source of water-proximity or otherwise of any jungle-Approximate number of shade-bearing trees and how they are arranged. 2. What is the locallegend about the Do. viUage? 3. Detailed description of average house Do. of the members of each caste/tribe, religious group. occupational group in the village.

4. Name and distance of Hat or Hats to Doderhama·-2 miles which surplus produce of the village is taken for sale.

5. Name and distance of Bus route. Zero mile

6. Distance by road from Th'ana and 2 miles Sub-division Headquarters. 47 Maheshwarpura (Tullamulla2

7. {a) Distance of the Post Office feom the Zero mile village. (b) Distance of the Telegraph Office from 2 miles the village. (c) Can money be sent through that Post Yes Office?

8. Religious practice follOWed by Refer Survey Report members of each caste, tribe and religious group in the village. The description of the religious practice in each case should begin with the name or names· under which the Supreme Being is known and then proceed from ceremonies that might be observed in respect of a person from· sometime before he is born and end with the funeral rites after his death.

9. Give details of places of common Do. . religious worship, if any.

10. Describe community festivals if held Do. in the village.

11. Dress commonly worn by tJle Do. villagers with special reference to pecUliarities on acount of caste, tribe or religious sanction or economic status.

12. Number and types of schools in the Do. village.

13. Describe social recreation centres, if Do. any.

14. State of co-operative movement in Do. the village (Number and names of co-operatives). ADDITIONAL Q.UESTIONS FOR VILLAGE SCHEDULE

I. Geaeral :--

(1) Total population (1941-Census) Not avai1able (2) Are there toddy and liquor shops 1 No

U. VITAL STATISTICS :- (1) How are births, deaths and marria­ Births and deaths are recorded by the ges recorded. village Chowkidar. (2) Is there any possibility of omission No of these events in the Mayor's Office? (3) Describe the modus operandi of Two separate registers are maintained the recording of these events. for deaths and births. m. HOUSING :-- (I) Are the house types suited to the Yes needs of the population ? (2) Are there house-less persons also in No the village? If so, where do they generally rest at night ?

IV. HEALTH AND SANITATION :- (1) Give a list of common diseases of the Cold, Diarrhoea, Pnuemonia, Worms, village. Rheumatic pain. (2) Are there public latrines in the Public latrines are in the village. village? but not in the Block undersurvey. (3) If there is no latrine where do the In the open fields. villagers generally answer to the calls of nature? (4) What are the sources of drinking Surrounding nallah. water? (5) Is the water supply adequate in all Yes seasons of the year? (6) Is there a primary health Centre in No the village? (7) Where do deliveries generally take At home place, at home or in the hospital ? (8) Are there any midwives in the villages? YC's If so, do they attend to the deliveries? 49

(9) Is native or indigenous medicine Yes. practised ? (10) Do the villagers frequeut toddy or No liquor shops '1 If so, what percentage '1

V. LITERACY AND EDUCATION:- Class On Roll 1. Give the number of teachers and stu­ 9th 3 dents in each school and average attendance. 8th 44 (Give sex-wise information). 7th 43 6th 42 Sth Pry. 8 4th Pry. 17 3rd Pry. 19 2nd Pry. 13 1st Pry 9 Average attendance 173

2. How many children cannot attend 78 school just because they are required by their parents to help them in their work '1

VI. RELIGIOUS PRACTICES :_:_ 1. Do the villagers ever join in common Yes. worship '1

VU. SOCIAL LIFE :- 1. Is widow remarriage allowed '1 Yes. 2. Does the village respect the sanctity Yes, but in theory only. There are of joint family system? If so, how many joint 7 joint families in the village. families are there in the village '1

VIII. MARRIAGE :-- 1. Is divorce granted? If so, by whom Yes. By both husband and wife and for what reasons? , among Muslims.

EX.AGRJCULTURE:- I. Give the total cultivable area of the Not available. village and the area actually cultivated during the past 5 years.

2. What are the usual rates at which Rs. 2 per day. agricultural labourers are paid '1

3. Is there any rice or flour mill in the Yes. village? 4. State whether. the toddy tapped in the :No. village is locally consumed or marketted else­ where. x. LIVESTOCK :- 1. Total number of livestock in the Not available. village as per the livestock Census, give cate­ gory-wise information.

2. Give the average milk yield of cowI Average =3 Seers buffalo in the village. If possible, maximum Maximum =6 Seers and minimum may also be given. Minimum =2 Seers

3. Which is the nearest veterinary hos­ Dodarhama pital?

4. Is adequate fodder available for the Yes cattle in the -village.

5. Is animal transport used? No

XI. FlSHERlES:- 1. Is fish rearing done in the village '1 If No so, do they get improved seedlings: for the . purpose at subsidised rates? 51

VILLAGE : MAHESHWARPU'RA. DATE: 14.3.61

POLICE STATION: GANDERBAL INVESTIGATOR: B. A. FAROOQI

DISTRICT: SRINAGAR

STATE: JAMMU AND KASHMIR

vn.LAGE CENSUS AND OCCUPATION

Occupation s. Size of r----~------. No. Head of the Household family Traditional Contemporary Remarks main Subsidiary

1. Ghulam Rasul Dhat 6 Zamindari Nil 2. Abdul Razak 3 3. Gulam Qadir 5 " " " 4. Ghulam Hassan 3 .. 5. Gl. Mohd Mir 5 " 6. Mohd Sultan Bhat 4 " " .. " 7. Habib-Ullah 6 .. .. 8. Ghulam Rasul 11 .. 9. Khazir Bhat 4 " " 10. Ab. Ahad Dar 5 .. 11. Samad Dar 7 .. ," . 12. Ali Mohd Mir 5 ,_, 13. Ab. Ahad Ganai 6 " " .. 14. Rehman Bhat 5 .. " 15. Ab. Ahad Dhat 3 .. 16. Kareem. Dhat 7 " " 17. Ghulam Rasul 5 .. 18. Amir Najar 3 " C&rpenter 19. ·Mohd Sultan Najar 3 " 20. Mst Fozi 5 " " 21. Abdul Gani 5 " Labourer 22. Gani Bhat 5 " 23. Khaliq Dhat 6 .. Labourer 24. Ali Mohd Dhat 5 .. .. 25. Rahman Dhat 5 26. Ghulam Mohd Bhat 4 Zamindari" 27. Abdul Rahman Bhat 4 .. 28. Abdul Khaliq Dhat 6 ., 29. Rehman Dhat 4 •• 30. Ghulam Mohd Dhat 6 31. Mohd Ismal Dhat 6 " 32. Shahan Bhat 8 " " 52·:

Ooqupation . r-- .--i S. Head of the Household Size of Traditional Contemporary Remarks No. family main Subsidiary

33. Mohd Sultan Dar 6 Zamindari 34. Abdul Rashid 4 " 35. Ramzan Bbat 4 .. 36. Rahman Bbat 8 .. 37. Mohd Sultan Bbat 3 ., 38. Rahman Bhat 7 Dairyman 39. Maqbool 3 40. Habib-Ullah 4 " " " 41. Mohd Ismail 11 Fishing " 42. Abdul Satar 10 " 43. Ali Mohamad 8 " 44. GI. Mohd Najar 4 Carpenter 45. Ghulam Rasul 5 " 46. Abdul Ahad Bhat 5 47. Ghulam Rasul 5 ., 48; AbdulAhad 6 49. Ghulam· Ahmad 5 50. Sana Ullab 3 .. 51. Rahman Bhat lO ., 52. Habib-Ullah 5 53. Ali Mohamad 3 " 54. Ghulam Mohd Najar 3 " 55. Habib-Ullah Bbat 5 56. Hayat Bhat 7 Tailor 57. Mohamad Sidiq 3 Zamindari Village Chowkidar 58. Ghulam Ahmad 6 .. 59. Ghulam Ahmad Bhat 10 60. Abdul Rahman 5 " 61. Ghulam Ahmad 6 Carpenter 62. Rahman Bbat 6 " " 63. Rahman 100 16 .. 64. Ghulam Hassan 6 " 65. Mohamad Sidiq 7 Tha.Jl8.dar 66. Noor Mohamad Bhat II Zamindari 6':/. Ghulam Ahmad 6 68. Abdul Salam 8 ,." 69. Asad Ullah 1 " 70. Ghulam Raslll 7 .. 71. Jalla Bhat 6 .. 72. Ramzan Bhat 7 73. Ahad Bhat II 53

~patiOD SI. Size of r------"-- ~ Head of the Household family Tmditional Contemporary Remarks No. main Subsidiary

14. Sanna-Ullah 8 Zamindari Shopkeeper 75. Salam Daraz 10 Vegetable-seller 76. Abdul Gani 2 Zamindari 77. Ghulam Ahmad 9 •• 78. Ghulam Rasul 4' Landlord 79. Ghulam Nabi 5 .. 80. Mohamad. Maqbool 4 " 81. Mohd. Akram 5 ., 82. Arjan Nath 7 Contractor 83. Mohamad Munawar 3 Landlord 84. Ghulam Mohamad 12 Shopkeeper 85. Ghulam Mohd Bhat 10 Tailor 54

]'"

f

;u i~ :a, I i 1 I' .. I.·e 'Z ~ t l

.56

Rrmarks

1

~I

fWJ = 1 i- l l ! .~ ~ '; I

.C ia .r lif J 1 i < I J

s. N. 57

o c: .!: 58 t:. J!'§ H.; gE ~~ .~.; £-~.-

III 1.1 11 ~.i '-a I... 0 0 .... ul:l.e'= II s·_ if _'0Ba ="2 ~!;: :as1fI'" S . .:::=9 Ii g 0 ... '.IS 1!! ~i i .:r: 8 '11 'S j.1:: .1:1 ::2 I ~'s 'o.~ -= • J3til S IG e c: ~.§ l! _'Oil .g i~ 'g J~ ...... l~ =."'.:1 ~! ~ i :i E "" CJ :§ 0 ';J oj Q"t 6 "'0c ::ttl ~. ..; )!I'!

j ~I ~ ~ is r t <8i~ ! .) J ~ on .!! ;0 =t -i= ;z fool t 1 ~ ,rl !~ :x,0,._ 1 f '0 III ~ 10 III ! ';Z g - I == ·;r~ j ~I! JII• , i I ~ I II N ::-- 'S '::t !C ! u -til- J .... i 0 I ;z; I u 1ft :s 1« ~ L ·00

Table No. II Population By

NUDe o~ Village:

Total ofa..ll ages 0-4 5-9 IO-J4 15-19 20-24 25- ,----'-----~ r---.A..-.."-"'\r-__"_"-"'\~r-'---"--'\r-~ Persons Males Females Males Females M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

488 251 237 29 40 34 31 25 35 29 9 17 19 . 29

Table No. III Size and COlDpositiOD

NlUDe o£ VUlage :

Size of Households

Total No. of Households. Single Member 2-3 Members

,--____..A-- ___

Households. Males Females Households Males Females Households 2 3 4 5 6 1 8

85 1 15 25 19 45 61

Age Groups

29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 SO-.s4 's's-59 60 and over

--~ r---A.~ r-._.._A..~ f .It. .' \ r----A-~ ,...---"-----\ ~,-~ Females M. F. M. Females Males Females Males Femalos Males Femalea Males F. Males F. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2fj 27 28 29

30 22 15 22 15 10 10 13 12 10 11 2 2 9 8

or Households

Size of Households

. Members 7-9 Members 10 Members & Over

r-----~-.

Males Females Households Males Females Households Males Females 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

106 118 13 53 44 11 66 S6 62

Table No, IV

'Households Classified by Religions, CODlIDunities, Castes and Sub-Castes

N_. 01 vDlage--Maheshwarpara

, Religion . Community Cute Sub-caste Number of Households ,-- Persons Males Females 1 2 3 :s 6 7

Islam Kaabmiri Mll8lims Suni Dar 49 30 19

Mir S 4

Ganayi 9 4 :5

" Najar 19 9 10 Baba :5 4

Gojri 6 :5

Darzi 10 :5 :5

" Bhat 378 195 183 HiJJduillD Kashmiri PaDdit Brahman Saproo 7 :5 2 -----.------Towl _._------488 251 237 63

r! .., i I~ 1 I 1 I 1 jl ..... 2 .8,::r"'1'iiI i5-<; il =' 1 ... J II§ \0 i ·c {ilIA! ~ , :I I Ii 16 ~ 1= '"Of) Q) 1'0 :c 1c5 ~ LZ 64

Table NQ. VI Age aad

NalDe o£ VUIage

Age Group Toeal Population Never Married Married ,------A- r- _,.A__. ,--- Persons Males Females Males Females Males·

2 3 4 5 6 7

All ages 488 251 237 129 108 -107 0-4 69 29 4() 29 40 5-9 6S 34 31 34 31 10-14 60 2S 35 25 3S 15-19 38 29 9 23 2 6 20-24 36 17 19 7 10 25-29 S9 29 30 7 22 30-34 37 22 ]5 2 19 35-39 37 22 15 .. 20

~ 20 10 10 8 45-49 25 13 ]2 9 SO-54 21 10 11 6 55-59 4 2 2 60& over 17 9 8 6 Ase Dot Stated 65

Marital Statu.

Maheshwarpara

Widowed Divorced or Separated Unspecified Status .. ~-----~ r-----~ ...... r-----~-----~ r--;----..A----- Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

8 9 JO 11 12 13 14

107 14 22 1

7 19 30 15 14 1 1 9 1 1 8 3 4 1 4 10 1 3 3 S sa

Table No. VII

Educa-

Nam.e ~ v:Wage :

Age groups Total Population Illitrate .Litera te withou t Primary or Basic educational Standard r- ----.A. r---"------, r--A-----. ,..-_-;--A. Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

AU ages 488 251 237 200 234 19 2 28 1 0-4 69 29 40 29 40 5-9 65 34 31 23 30 11 1 10-14 60 2S 3S 10 33 ·7 8 1 15-19 38 29 9 16 9 10 20·24 36 17 19 ]4 19 2 25-29 59 29 30 26 30 2 30-34 37 22 15 22 15 35-39 37 22 15 18 15 4 40-44 20 10 10 9 10 45-49 25 13 12 13 12 50-54 21 10 11 9 11 1 55-59 4 2 2 2 2 60 and over 17 9 8 9 8 Ace not stated 67

Any other Matric or Higher Intermediates Graduatca Diploma Holden qualwcatioos Secondary Holden of Oriental tides (M.A.LLB.) ,..-----"------"' r- . ----... ,.--__.A..____ ,..----"--...... -----"'---, ..----"-----. Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

11 12 13 14 IS lti 17 18 19 20 21 22

2 1

2 1 1 68

r- -GO

~ ><...... d Z 69

c:I r.~ r~ s: ex> ~ ~ ....0 - - -; lo~ I! •.=;;.. ,a 'i I~i ~ 11 .,.. 1 ., 0\ CO'> ~ r- 01_ ~ ~ 1 I ~ l ~ UI .,UI ~ I ... ( ., ex> .sUI iii jl)IJ ,.c::z :>-.. 6iis "0 ~ 1~i fj ..!2 ..0 r- ..,. ..,. UI_ • ~ 's 'a .g 0 I= L~ .s 1 ~ 1 ." ::s -I I i f~ -c =~., I] ! &05 i 1~1 oiii ...,0 ! o· Ill!,= :i ~ i L ~.! 'S IS " .,.. ~ "a r, - - ~ ! 1.8 ",I j ~I CO'> ..,. ~I ... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ul ~ ~l01 E E-oi ." '"c on 0 cu ('I ~ ~ r- $i I - I'll L l I'll J! ~ UI x ~ J Co 0- i :!; ~ .,.. ] ~ 6 0 .;. .;. Go) .. ~ CO'> $ ;is 0 ~ & - ~ < 70

Table No. XI

NOD-Worker. by Sex Broad

Naaae oC Village I

NON-WORKERS AgcGroups r-----

Total Non-workers Full time Students Persons engaged or Children atten- only in HolJSO" dins School. hold duties

Persons Males Females Males Pemalee Males Fcma.tea

2 3 4 5 6 7 -~

AI! Ages 214- 118 IS6 31 3 12 63 0-14 189 84 lOS 26 3 17 15-34 3S 16 19 11 2 19 3S·'9 33 9 24 6 24 60 and over 17 9 8 4 3 .71

-a"groups and NatUre of activity

NON-WORKERS

,..--- ~------, Dependants In­ Retired persons Beggers, Vagrants, Inmates ot penal Persons seeking Persons employ­ fants and children not employed independent pers- mental and coari­ employment for ed before but not attending again. rentiers, ons without indi- table institutions. the 1st. time. now out of emp- school and per­ persons living on cation of source loyment and sons permanently agricultural or of income and aeekiDg work. disabled. non-agricultural others of unspe- royalty rent of cified source of dividend or other existence. persons pf depen­ dent means.

Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20

66 90 3 '8 8S I 2 2 , S 72

Table No. XII

Households by DUJDber of ROODlS

NUD.~ of ViUage z

Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Households with Households wHh Households with Households. rooms. Family members no regular room. one room. two rooms. .""'-----, r---~ ____ r--.--k----., No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total House- No. of House- No. of House- No. of holds. Family holds. Family holds. Family members niembers members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 85 238 488 10 57 33 )53

Table No. XIII

Households engaged in Cultivation Industry

Nam.e of Village:

Total No of H01JSCholds Households Households Households Households. engaged in engaged engaged in engaged in cultivation in Industry Bussiness Cultivation ~nJy only only Industry & Business. 2 3 4 5 85 74 73

& by NUDJ.ber of Persons Occupying.

Mahellhwarpura

Households with three Households with four Households with five Households with 5 rooms ,-____rooms.____.J>o.. _____ -.. rooms. rooms. &morc. ,------'----~ r------"-----, ~---J.. ___-....., No. of Total No. of No. of Total No. of No. of Total No. of No. of Total No. House- Family House- Family House­ Family House- of Family holds. members holds. members holds. members holds. members

10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 . 17

17 100 20 13] S 4~

or Business belonging to the Households.

MahHhwarpura

Households Households Households Households engaged in engaged in engaged in not falling in Cultivation Cultiva tion Industry & any of the and Industry. & Business. Business. Categories. From 2-8 6 7 , 9 6 2 74

Table No. XIV Types of Industry run by Households

N ....e o£ Village: Mahe.. warp .....

Name of Industry Numbel: of Households 1 2 1. Tailorina

2. Carpentry 4

3. Dairy FarroiD~ 2

Table No. XV . Type. of Busmess run by Households

NlIID.e of ViIIa.e : Mahe.hwarpara

Name of Business Number of HousehoJda :l J. Vegetable Sening

2. Gr~ry 1

Table No. XVI TraditioDBl Industries by DUalber of Households i11 each

Nune o£ Village: Maheshwarpara

Name of Traditional Industry Number of Households in each Traditional Jnduauy 2 ]. Tailoring

2. Carpentry 4 75

asc rl~ DO at I!: ID at ~·I - le 8 - I~E .j ¥. .... loS'" ;::0.'" 1» on r .. I .a j~ ID 1J.i.B c::I. il~ I lis :21 » ." III( jl~ -I ~ CCI I o,i::s '" .... :t: E I ... 1 ~ IS I 0 e .s l-g 8 ion .~ -s .... ;::..<:: I~ c... ~l·~ ~ ~ I C :8 15-5 I~ III ~I log 61 l~ M :i ::el_ .... II t I.. I~ .a 1 IJ .... at is f., .. ,~ - • l~ :, l I ~ II;:;lJo 1 8 ..<:: M .... ""0 ·1·-La( II '08 1 '8 S .. b II - .8.e.- ....~ ..<:: .;. E"'5 N e~e at - .... B tijg = J o.e·i O=U .8~ N ;;b I-~ §] ~ - Z~8 i 0 :t:

... ~ '" ~ .15 :::t .§ -;; -.:I'" ..... ·2 c:;; '" ..... ·2 -;;::0. :::t ::s .a -> :;:I ::s .5 E :5 X e ::; ::t:: i>< e :t :t: E ·c ·c 0 u0 ·c .;:; 0 8 ·s Z ·s ·s..<::. Z ~ ~ ~«I

Table- No. XIX

Distribution o£ Households by OceupadoD,

NUDe o£ Village r

Monthly'Income of Household Occupation' No. of Rs. 25 Rs. 26-50 Rs.51:-75 as. 76-100 Rs. 101 Households and over

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Cultivation 75 3 26 26 18 2 2.. Veptablc scil~B I 1 3. Tailoring

4. Govcrmncnt service • 1 S. Grocery 6. AgricUltural royalty . 5 :.; 1 7. CODtract .. 1 77

Illcom.e aDd IlUDlber of Dlembertl

Maheshwarpura

Numbel' of pel'S0llS.per' household Total nwnber Males Females - Males Females Number of of members iD above 12 above 12 below 12 below 12 equivalent males households per adult mentioned in household column 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 423 150 132 62 79 2.00 10 3 3 2 2 3.00 10 3 2 4 3.00 7 3 I I 2 3.00 12 !S 4 3 S.OO 19 10 5 3 2.00 7 4 2 4.00 78 Table No. x.."X MODthly IDcoD1e per Household by Sources aDd OccupatioD NaD1e or Village: Maheshwarpura

,---______Monthly income ·per. _..A.. household ______in the range of ___,_ No. Occupation of a Sources of income Less than Rs.26·50 Rs.51-75 Rs. 76·100 Rs.I0l and household Rs. 2S over 2 3 .. 4 5 6 7 8

Zamindari Zarnindari 2 do do 3 do do 1 4 do do S do do. (j do do 7 do do 8 do do 9 do . do 10 do do 11 do do .. 12 do do ]3 do do 14 do do ]5 do do ]6 do do 17 do do ]8 do Zamindari Carpentry 19 do do 20 do Zamindari 21 do do 22 do do 23 do do 24 do do 2S do do 26 do do 27 do do 23 do do .79 Table No. XX Monthly mcoDle pe.. Household·by Sources aDd Occupation-con/d. NUDe 01 Village: Maheshwarpura

,---______Monthly income per household ..A. in the range of --~ No. Occupation of a Sources of income Less than Rs. 26-50 R.s.51-7S Rs. 76-100 R.s.I01 and household Rs. 25 over 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

29 Zamindari Zamindari 1 30 do do 3) do do 32 do do 33 do do 34 do do 35 do do 36 do do 37 do do 38 do Zamindari & Dairy Farming 39 do do I 40 do Zamindari 41 do do 1 42 do do I 43 do do 1 44 do Zamindari Carpentry 4S do Zamindari 46 do do 47 do do 1 48 do do 1 49 do do 1 50 do do 1 51 do do 1 52 do do 1 53 do do I 54 do do 1 55 do Zamindari I Govt. Servi«: 56 do ZamiDdari I 80 Monthly :la.coDle per Household by Sources and Occupa'tioD-(ontd.

NaJDe or Village : Maheshwarpura

Monthly income per household in the range of r------.A..------~ S. No. Occupation of a Sources of income Less than Rs.26·50 Rs.51-75 Rs. 76·100 Rs. 101 and household Rs. 25 over 1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8

57 Zamindari Zamindari 1 58 do do 59 do do 1

60 d~ do 1 61 do Carpentry 1 Zamindari 62 do Zamindari 63 do do 64 do do 65 Gov t. Service Govt. Service Zamindari 66 Zarnindari Zamindari 67 do do 68 do do 69 do do 1 70 do do

71 do do

72 do do

73 do do

74 do Govt. Service zamindari

7S Vegetable Seller Vegetable Selling

76 Zamindari Zamindari

77 do do

78 Land Lord Deriving Income from land

79 do do

80 do do

81 do do 81 Ta];)le No. XX Monthly Income per Household by Sources and OccupaaoD-rontd. Nam.e oC Village-Maheshwarpura Monthly income per household in the range of .A. r--- ~ No. Occupa~on of a Sources of income Less than Rs. 26·50 Rs.51-75 Rs. 76·100 Rs.I01 and household Rs. 25 over 2 3 4 5 6 . 7 8

32 Contractor Contractor 1 Govt. Servi(lC Sbopkeeping and Zaminciari 13 Land Lord Deriving Income 1 (rom land 84 Shopkeeper Shop-keeping Govt. Servi(lC and Zamindari 85 Tailor Tailorins and Vegetable scUiDl TOTAL 6 29 26 II ·6 Table No. XXI Average Monthly EspeDditure P_ Household

Naaae o£ Village

All Housebolds

r-.---.------'------~.----~ Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Perceotage of &peodibue. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food MiScellaneous itemL

Rs. nP. Ra. nP. 2 3 4 , 6

CnHivation 75

A-Foucl Group

(i) Cereals &. Pulses i.43 8066 Rice. 23.09 Otb.cr graim Dball Total 28.52

(il) Vegetables

Potatoes 0.14 Tapioca Onions 0.31 Cocoanuts Other Vegetables 3.17 Total 4.22

(ill) Meat & Fish Meat 2.34 Fish 1.43 Total 3.77

(iv) Milk 3.95

(v) GIIee & Oils Ghec Oill 3.26 •• By Incom.e Groups aDd OCCUpatiOD&

Rs. 25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 R.s. 76400. R.s. 101 and over "'-__--,. ,--__---A. ____--. ,....,-_--A. ,-'-----"'------, . r-~.----. Number Average Nilmber Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expcndi- of Expendi- of Expendi- House· tore House- tore House- tore House- tore House- ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16

3 3.00· 26 4.00 s..oo IS 8.00 2 10.00 12.00 20.00 24.00 21.00 24.00

15.00 24.00 29.00 36.00 34.00

1.00 1.50 1.50

0.12 0.2S 0.2S O.SO ·0.50

1.88 2.1S 3.00 4;.00 5.00 2.00 3.00 4.25 6.00 7.00

O.SO 1.00 2.50 3.50 10.00 O.SO 200 2.00 3.00 O.SO J.5O 4.50 5.50 13.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 9.00

2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 1200 Table No. XXI Average Moliathly Eqeaditilre .Per Houeehold

All Households

~---.------~. Ocaipatioa Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of ExPenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure OIl adult male . Food Miscellancoua items.

Rs. nP. RI. nP. 2 ·3 4 S 6

Cultivation 75

Total 3.26

(vi) Condiments

Chillies 0.62 Tararind Other Condiments LIS Total 1.77

(vii) Sugar

Sugar 1.64 Jaggery Total 1.64

(vii) Coffee'" Tea

Colfee Tea 3.46 Total 3.46

(ilt) Liquor

(1) Tobacco Smoking 1.30 Chewing Total 1.30 By lacollie Groups iuul OceupauOIlB-conld.

Maheshwarpura .

Rs. 25 lb. 26-50 lls. SI-75 lls. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over

Number Average Number Average Number . Average Number Average Number Average of . Expendi- of· Expendi­ of Expendi- of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House- ture House- ture House- ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 12.00

0.25 0.50 0.50 J.OO 1.00

0.75. 1.00 1.50 1.50 2.50 1.00 ],.50 1.SO 2.j() 3.50

1.00 2.00 2.00 4.50

1.00 2.00 2.00 4.50

I.SO 2.00 4.00 4.50 9.00 . 150 2.00 4.00 4.30 9.00

O.SO 1.00 1.50 1.50 2.00

O.SO 1.00 ].So 1.50 2.00 Table No. XXI Average Monthly EspeDcliture -Per Household

NUIle ~ VillaS. :

All Households r----. .____ ----Jo-______- _____ ----.., Occupation . Itcmsof Number of Expenditure . Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total eqUivalent expenditure OD adult~a1e . Food Miscellaneous items.

Ils. nP. RI. nP. 2 3 6

Cultivation 75

(:d) 0tIIer Foods. ([Deluding Refreshments) Pan Supari etc. .

Total under Food ~1.89 B. MbCellaneaas ExpeadJlare Q) Education 0.'74 19'34 (ii) Dhobi Of Soap 0.56 (iii) Barber 0.42 (iv) Travelling 0.05 (v) Medical Fees and Medicines • (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements 0.13 (viii) Provident Fund. Kuri and Compulsory savings. (ix) Payment of Debts (x) Remittances to Dependents. livins elsewhere (xi) Other items ]0.54 Total 12.44 Grand Total 64.33 Sq·.

By IneolDe GrOups and Occapadoas-crmcld.

Rs. 25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over

.--_-..J.. .~ r-___"__----... -~ r--_--A------", r- - Number AveraE- Number Average Number Number Averar. Number . Average of Expen '. of Bxpendi- of BxA~ ., of Expen ., of Expendi- House- tun: House,. ture House- turC House- tore House- twe bolda bolds bolds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ]4 15 16

24.50 39.50 53.75 67.00 94.00 0.25 0.80 0.75 0.75

0.25 0.25 0.50 1.00 200 0.25 0.25 O.SO 0.50 1.00 2.00

5.00

3.00 7.00 10.00 15.00 35.00 3.75 8.30 . 11.75 17.25 45.00 28.15 47.80 65.50 14.25 139.00 88

Table ~o. XXI Average Monthly Expenditure Per· Household

N.une of Village :

All HousehOlds ,..-'--- Occupatiou Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure . Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure OD aduItmale Food MiscellaneoJls items. Ri. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 5 Vegetable Selling 1 A-Food Group

0) Cereals & Pulses 5.00 Rice . 30.00 Other srains Dhall Total '. 35.00 81.54 (8) Vegetables

Potatoes Tapioca

Onions 0.25 Cocoanuts Other Vegetables 4.75

Tot~l 5.00

(iU) Meat'" FUll

Meat 1.00 Fish Total 1.00

(Iv) Milk 3.50

(v) Gbee '" OU. Ghee Oil, 3.50 .~

By IncolDe Grou~s and Occupations

R.s.. 25 Rs.26-50 R.s. 51-75 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over

Number Average Number Average Number Average Number AWrage Number Average of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16

5.00 30.00

' .. ' 35.00

0.25

4.75 5.00

1.00

1.00 3.50

3.50 Table No. XXI Average Monthly Expenditure Per Household

NalDe of Village :

All Households ______-----A--, ______,.---- Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items. Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Vegetable Sellinc

Total 3.50

(vi)· Condiments

Chillies 0.50 Tararind Other Condiments 1.50 Total 2.00

(vii) Supr

Sugar Jllggery Total

(vii) Coffee &: Tea

Colfee Tea 3.00 Total 3.00

(ix) Liquor

(:I) Tobacco Smoking Chewing Total 91

By I_coale Groups and Occupations -cont"..

R.s.2S R.s.oZ6-S0 R.s. 51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and over __--A. ,...----A._._-" ,... ---, r----___.Jo..-----, r- ----. Number Average Number. Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expcndi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expcndi- of Expcndi- House- tore House- tore House- tore House- tore House- tore holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16

3.50

O.SO

~ . 1.50 2.00

3.00

300 92 Ta.ble No. XXI Average MOD~Y Expenditure Per Hous~old

NUDe o£ Village :

All Households r-'--- Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure aD adult male Food Miscellaneous items.

R.s. nP. R.s. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Vegetable Selling 1

(xl) Other Foods. (Including Refreshments) Pan Supari ctc. . Total under Food 53.00 B. Miscellaneous Expenditure (i) Education 18.i6 (ii) Dhabi or Soap 1.00 (iii) Barber 1.00 (iv) Travelling (v) Medical Fees and Medicines • (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements (viii) Provident Fund, Kuri and Compulsory savings. (ix) Payment of Debts (x) Remittances to Dependent. living elsewhere (xi) Other items 10.00 Total 12.00 Grand Total 65.00 By Incom.e Groups and Occupations-cone/d.

Rs.25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over r--.__,A". r-___'_---~ , "-----, r-'------,. Number Average Number Average Number Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of t.;:r.. of Expendi- of Expendi­ .House- lure House- lure House- lure House- lure House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 II 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16

1 53.00

1.00 1.00

10.00 12.00

65.00 Tal;Jle No. XXI Average Mpilthly Expenditure Per Household

Maune of Village

All Households r------.------~------Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items. Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 .6

Vegetable Sellina A-Food GI.Ip

(i) Cemlls &, Pulses 5.00 Rice . 30.00 Other grains Dhall Total 35.00 86.67

(ii) Vegetables

Potatoes Tapioca Onions 0.25 Cocoanuts Other Vegetables 4.75 Total 5.00

(iU) Meat & Fish Meat t.oo Fish Total 1.00

(n) Mi1k 2.00

(v) Ghee & ODs Ghee

0i1~ 3.00 95-_"

Bv IncolDe Groups aDd OccupatioDs-con/d.

Maheshwarpura

Rs.2S Rs.26-S0 Rs. SI-75 lb. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over A... ____""-\ ,..- _____"'__._--,. ------"- r-___"_--~ r------"------, _ Number Average Number Average Number Average Nwn"ber Average Nwnber Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. 16

5.00 30.00 ...

35.00

0.25

4.75 5.00

1.00

1.00 2.00

3.00 Table No. XXI Average MODthly Expenditure Per Household

NUDe of Village

All Households '-'______.J.._ .---~ Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 S 6 Tailoring

Total 3.00

(vi) Condiments

Chillies 0.50 . " Tararind Other Condiments 0.50 .," Total 1.00

(vii) Sugar

Sugar Jaggery Total

(vii) Coffee Ii: Tea

Coffee Tea 3.00 Total 3.00

(Ix) Liquor

(x) Tobacco Smoking 2.00 Chewing Total 200 97

By IlIcoIDe Groups.and OccupatiOlls-rontct.

Maheshwarpura

Rs.2S Rs. 26-50 Rs.51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and over -----~ r-~ r---~----. r----A.----...... r- ., Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Bxpendi- .of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- House- ture . House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

3.00

0.50

0.50 1.00

3.00 3.00

2.00

2.00 Table No. XXI Average MOllthly ~DditUre Per Household

Nam.e of Village

All Households ,..-._-_. ..----- ... ()Qcupation Items of Nwnber of Expenditure Expenditure 'Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male . Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Tailoring

(~) Other Foods. (Including Refreshments) Pan Supari etc. . Total under Food 52.00 B. MJaeelIaneous Expenditure (i) Education 13 33 (ii) Dhobi or Soap 0.50 (iii) Barber 0.50 .. (iv) Travelling (v) Medical Fees and Medicines • (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements (viii) Provident Fund, Kuri and Compulsory savings. (ix) Payment o{Debts (x) Remittances to Dependent Jiving elsewhere (xi) Other items 7.00 Total 8.00 Grand Total 60.00 By IacoDle Groups and Occupations -(One/il.

Rs.25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over

.---___.. r------"-----. .A._.-, r---'_---'----"':'-" r----'---.~ Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House- ture House- ture House- ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

52.00

0.50 O.SO

7.00 8.00 60.00 Table No. XXI Average Monthly Espendlture Per Household

NlIIDe of Village.

AU Households '-.--_. Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6 Govt. Service

A·Food Group

(i) Cereals & Pulses 15.00

Ric'~ . 30.00 Other grains DhaU Total 45.00 63.64

(ii) Vegetables

Potatoes 2.00 Tapioca Onions 0.50 Cocoanuts Other Vegetables 7.00 Total 9.50

(iii) Meat &: Fish

Meat 12.00 Fish 3.00 Total 15.00

(h") Milk 7.00

(v) Ghee &; Oils Ghce 7:00 Oils 7.00 101

By IncoDle Groups and Occupations

Rs. 2S Rs. 26-50 Rs.51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and over .----J. ,,- ,------'---._..., ,,------"- .., ,.... ---, Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- House- tore House- ture House- lure House- tore House- ture bolds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 . 16

15.00 30.00

.". 45.00

2.00

0.50

7.00 9.50

12.00 3.00 15.00 7.00

7.00 1~ Table No. XXI Average Moli1:hly Expenditure Per Household

Nauae of Village

All Households

r------~------Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage. of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP_ Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Govt. Service

Total 7.00

(vi) Condiments Chillies 1.50 .. Tararind Other Condiments 2.50 Total" 4.00

(vii) Sugar

Sugar 2.CO Jaggery Total 2.00

(vii) Coffee & Tea

Coffee Tea 6.00 Total 6.00

(Is) Liquor

(ll) Tobaec:o Smo1dng 3.00 Chewing Total 3.00 ·103

By IIicO:m.e Groups 8.Ild Oc:c:upauons -conea'.

Rs.25.. Rs.26-50 Rs. 5]-15 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and over' --- , r- Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of. Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House- ture House- ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7· 8 9 ]0 11 12 13 14 15 J6

1 7.00

1.50

2.50 4.00

2.00

2.00

6.00 6.00

3.00

3.00 Table No. XXI Average Monthly Expenditure Per Household

NaDle of ViDage

All Households

r-.------J~------Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure . Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP. Rs. oP. 2 3 4 5 6

GOyt Service

(xl) Other Foods. (Including Refreshments) Pan Supari etc. Total under Food 98.50 B. MIsI:eIIaDeouS "EllpenditllTC (i) Education 2.00 36.66 (ii) Dhobi or Soap 3.00 (iii) Barber 1.00 (iv) Tra'ieJling 6.00 (v) Medical Fees and Med,icines • (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements 5.00 (viii) Provident Fund, Kuri and Compulsory savings. 10.00 (be) Payment of Debts (x) Remittances to Dependent living elsewhere (xi) Other items 30.00 Total 57.00 GMUld Total ISS.S0 .. By IDcoBle Groups and Occupati«;m.s -condd.

Maheslnvarpura

Rs.25 Rs. 26-50· Rs.51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and over

Number· Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of. Expendi- of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House- ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 R 9 10 1J 12 13 14 IS 16

98.50

2.00 3.00 1.00 6.00

5.00

10.00

30.00 57.00 155.50 ·1~. , Table No. XXI Average Monthly Espencliture Per Household

NlUDe oC ViDage

All Households ,______A---- '-.--_. ----~ Occupation Items of Numbci' of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male . Food Miscellaneous items~

Rs. nP. Rs. uP. 2 3 4 5 6 Grocery

. A-Food GI"OUP

(i) Cereals &: Pulses 12.00 Rice. SO.OO Othec grains Dhall Total 62.00 61.20

(iI) Vegetables

Potat~s 3.00 Tapioca Onions 0.50 Cocoanuts Other Vegetables 6.00 Total 9.50

(IU) Meat & Fish

Meat 9.00 Fish 3.00 Total 12.00

(h) Milk 10.00

(v) Ghee & Oils Ghee Oils 12.00 . :l07

By Income Groups aDd Occupations -contd.

RI.. 25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 RI.76-100 RI. 101 and over ,-___.a. .- ~ r-----'----,. r--~~ .-__...__~ Number Average Number Average Numbet AVerage Number Average"""" Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- . of Expendi- of Expendi- of .&.xpeodi- House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture House- tme holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

I 12.00 50.00

62.00

3.00

0.50

6.00 9.50

9.00 3.00 12.00 10.00

12.00 los Table No. XXI Average Monthly Expeaditare Per Hou... old

NllIDe of Village

All Households

r------~~------~------Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage ·of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male . Food Miscellaneous items. Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Grcx:ery

Total 12.00

(vI) Condiments

Chillies 1.50 Tararind

Other Condim~nts 3.00 Total 4.50

('Vii) Sugar

Sugar 5.00 Jaggery Total 5.00

(vii) Coffee & Tea

Coffee Tea 7.00 Total 7.00

(ix) Liquor

(%) Tobacco Smoking 3.00 Che\\ing Total 3.CO 109

By IDcoIDe Groups and" Occupations-contd.

Maheahwarpura

Rs.25 Rs. 26-50 Rs.51-75 RS.76·1oo Rs. 101 and over

Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16

1 12.00

1.50

3.00 4.50

.. 5.00

5.00

7.00 7.00

, . 3.00

3.00 Table No. XXI AveraKe Monthly Espeacliture Per Househoid

All Households

r------.------~------Oc:cupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Pe:rcontage· of Expenditure. Households. per Household equCent total expenditure on adult male Food Mi!K:ellaneoua items.

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Grocery

(xl) Other Foods. (Including Refreshments) Pan Supan etc. Total under- Food 125.00 B. MlsceIIaoeous expenditure (i) Education 15.00 3280 (ii) Dhobi or Soap 2.00· (iii) Barber 2.00 (iv) Travelling 2.00 (v) Medical Fees and Medicines • (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements (viii) Pro.vident Fund, Kuri and Compulsory savings. (ix) Payment of Debts (x) Remittances to Dependent living elsewhere 20.00 (xi) Other items 20.00 Total 61.00 Grand Total 186.00 111

By IDCODle Groups aad Occupations-ronda.

Rs.25 Rs.26-50 Rs.51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and over

~ r--.---A.------. ,-__----A. ___

Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of ~pendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture holds bolds bolds bolds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

125.00

15.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

20.00 20.00 61.00 186.00 112 Table No. XXI Average Monthly Expenditu~ Per Household

NalDe of Village .

All Households r------Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per HousehOld per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous iteins.

Its. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Agricultural Royalty 5 A-Food Group

(i) Cereals &. Pulses 3.60 Rice . 13.40 Other grains DhaU Total 17.00 75.55

(ii) Vegetables

Potatoes 0.20 Tapioca Onions 0.20 Cocoanuts Other Vegetables 2.22 Total 2.62

(iii) Meat &: Fish

Meat 2.50 Fish 0.70 Total 3.20

(iv) Milk 3.70

(v) Ghee &: Oils Ghce Oils 3.40 .113

By IDcODI.e Groups and Occupations-contd.

Rs. 25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 and OVCT

r------"------a ~---"--.---. r------'----...... -___..._--.-~ --- ~ Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 )2 13 14 15 16

3.00 4.00 5.00 12.00 16.00 1500

15.00 20,00 20.00

·1.00

0.12 0.12 0.50

1.88 2.50 3.00

2.00 2.62 .4.50 0.50 1.00 10.00 0.50 3.00 O.SO 1.50 13.00

2.00 2.50 10.00 114

Table No. XXI Average Monthly EspeDditare Per Household

N8Dl.e 01 Village

All Households

r-.------~------~patiOD Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expendi,wrc on adult male Food Miscellaneous iteina..

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6

Agricultural Royalty 5

Total 3.40

(l'i) Condiments

Chillies 0.25 Tararind Other Condiments 1.25 Total 1.50

(vii) Sugar

Sugar 0.80 Jaggery Total 0.80

("ii) Coffee '" Test Coffee Tea 2.20 Total 2.20

(iJr.) Liquor

(x) ToIJacco Smoking 0.70 Chewing Total 0.70 By Incom.e Groups aDd Oecupadons-t.Ymtd.

Rs.25 Rs. 26-50 Rs.51-75 as. 76·100 Rs. 101 and over

,....------....-~ r----..A..--- Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi- of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House­ ture House­ ture House- ture House­ ture House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

3 2.00 2.00 9.00

0.25 0.25 0.25

0.7.5 1.25 2.75 1.00 1.50 .. 3.00

1.00 3.00

1.00 3.00

1.50 1.50 5.00· 1.50 1.50· 5.00

0.50 200 0 ..50 2.00 Table No. XXI Average MOllddy ~mIitare Per Household

NlUIle of Village

All Households

r------~ Oclcupation . Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 S 6

Agricultural Royalty 5

(sI) Other Foods. (Includina Refreshments) Pan Supan etc. . Total under Food 35.12 B. Miscellaneous Expenditure (i) Education 0.43 24.4S (ii) Dhobi or Soap 0.55 (iii) Barber 0.45 (iv) Travelling 1.40 (v) Medical Fees and Medicines • 060 (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements (viii) Provident Fund, Kuri and Compulsory savings. (ix) Payment of Debts 1.80 (x) Remittances to Dependent living elsewhere (xi) ()ther items 6.80 Total 12.03 Graod Total 47.15 117

By IDCOIDe Groups and Occupations -cone/a. . .

Rs.25 Rs. 26-S0 Rs. S1-7S Rs. 76-100 • 101 and over

,--__..._____ r----Jo... ~~ r------A.. Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expeodi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of .Expendi­ House- tore House- tore House- tore House- tore House­ ture holds holds holds holds holds

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16

I 1

24.~ 32.62 69.S0

0.38 1.75 0.2S 1.00 1.00

.; 0.25 1.00 O.SO '.00 2.00

3.00

9.00

3.00 10.00 IS.oo 3.50 17.38 32.25 11.00 50.00 101.75 118

Table No. XXI Average Molithly Expenditure Per Household

NUDe of ViDage

All Households r------"- ()Q:upation Items of Number of Expenditure . Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male . Food Miscellaneous items. Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 3 4 5 6 Contract

A-Food Group

(i) Cereals liz. Pulses 15.00 Rice . 35.00 Other grains Dhall Total 50.00 70.86

(iI) Vegetables Potatoes 5.00 Tapioca Onions cocoanuts Other Vegetab1es 7.00 Total 12.00

(iii) Meat & Fish

Meat 12.50 Fish 2.00 Total 14.00

(Iv) Milk 7.00

(v) Gbee & Oils Ghee 3.00 Oils 7.00 119

.By InCODle Groups and OccupatiOns

Rs. 25 Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over

------"-----0 r-___"'__-~ r----~____., -:""I r------'--"""\ Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expendi- HOuse- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture House- ture holds holds holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 l3 14 15 16

15.00 35.00

50.00

50.00

7.00 12.00

12.00 2.00 14.00 7.00

3.00 7.00 120

Table No. XXI Average MODthly Expenditure Per Household

NUDe o£ ViUage

All Households

r------~--.------Occupation Items of Number of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male . Food MisceUaneous items. Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 2 .3 4 5 6

Contract

Total 10.00

(vi) Condiments

ChiIJj~ 1.00 Tararind Other Condiments 3.00 Total 4.00

(viI) 5upr

Sugar 2.CO Jaggery Total 2.00

(vii) Coffee &: Tea

Coffee Tea 6.00 Tota] 600

(ix) Liquor

(x) Tobacco Smoking 2.00 . Chewing Total 2.00 121

By JDCODle Group. a.ad Occu:patioas-amtJ.

Rs.2S Rs. 26-50 Rs. SI-7S ..as. 76-100 Rs. 101 and Oftl"

Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ of Expendi­ House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture House­ ture bolds bolds bolds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16

10.00

1.00

3.00 04.00

2.00

2.00

6.00 fi.oo·

2.00

2.00 122

Table No. XXI Average Monthly Espenditare Per Household

NaD1e of Village

All Households

r-.---.. ----.-----"------.----~ Occupation ItemS of Nuniber of Expenditure Expenditure Percentage of Expenditure. Households. per Household per total equivalent expenditure on adult male , Food Miscellaneous items.

Rs. nP. Rs. nP. 1 .2 3 4. 5 6

Contract

(il) Other Foods. (Including Refreshments) Pan Supari etc. Total under Food 107.00 B. MJseellaneou Expenditure (i) Education 5.00 29.f4 (il) Dhobi or Soap 2.00 (iii) Barber 2.00 (iv) Travelling 10.00 (v) Medical Fees and Medicines • (vi) Religious Observances (vii) Amusements 5.00 (viii) Provident Fund, Kuri and Compulsory savings. (ix) Payment of Debts (x) Remittances to Dependent. living elsewhere 20.00 (xi) Other items Total 44.00 Grand Total 151.00 123

By mcolDe Groups aad OccupationS-COfIeld.

Rs.25 Rs. 26-S0 .. Rs. 51-75 as. 76-100 Rs. 101 and over r- r- ---. ---""\ r---_' , r- ~ Number Average Number Avenge Number Averag Number Average Number Average of Expendi- of Expendi- of Expen .- of Expendi- of Expendi- House.. tore House- tore House- ture House- tore House- ture holds holds .. holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16

1 107.(JO

5.00 2.00 2.00 10.00

'.00

20.00 44.00 151.00 124

Table No. XXII

Indebtedness

Name or Village Maheshwarpura

Indebtedness by Income Groups r------______,._------~ Income Group Total No. of No. of House- Percentage of Col Average indebtedness Households holds in debt 3 to Column 2 for households in debt 2 3 4 5

Rs.25 6 2 33.33 Rs.200 Rs.26·50 29 6 20.68 Rs.216 Rs.51·75 26 11 42.30 Rs.172 Rs.76-100 20 3 15.00 Rs.233 Rs. 10J and over 4 25.00 Rs.l00

Table No. XXIII Households aDd Developuu91tal

Nazne of' Village :

Number of Households which have during the last ten years r------A------~ ,.-______SECURED----A.. ___ . ______

---~ Total No. Better Better Better Better Better Moreland 0( house­ Irrigation types Seeds Tmplc- Manure for holds facilities of ments Cultiva­ Cattle tion

2 3 4 5 6 7

85 21 60 125

Table No. XXIV

Agricultural Produce or CultivadoD. ran by the Households and their disposal

Nam.e or Village: Maheshwarpura

1. Name of Products. Paddy Vegetables 2. Annual quantity produced. 3,878 mds. 80 m.ds. 3. Total annual quantity consumed by the 2.640 •• 80 .. producing Households. 4. Total annual quantity available for 1,23& " Nil sale.

Activities

Maheshwarpura

Number of Households which hav. duril)S the lasr ten years ---, ---~- --'------'-.--~ S E' CUR E D Derived Bonefit r------.A- r-----.-..A.- Participated Use of Impro- Land Im­ National Received In activi­ pesti- ved method provement Extension Demonstra- ties of cides of measures Service or tion in Works of . cultiva­ like rec­ Commun- improved Community tion lamation ity agricultural Project by like soil con­ Project practices contribut- Japanese servation i Land cultiva­ consolida­ La~ourCash tion tion or material 9 10 11 12 13

1 82 Table No. XXV

Households owafag or possessing laDcI or

NUDe or ViIJa8e :

Number of Households and extent of land r------A------CommUDi&y . Nature of interest on land No S Cents and S to 10 Cents land below 2 3 4 S

Kashmiri Muslims ,1. Land owned 2 6 3 2. Land held direct from Govern- Nil Nil NB ment under a tenure less substan- tial than ownership 3. Land held from private peraoos Nil Nil Nil or institution 4. Land given out to private persons Nil Nil Nil or institutions. 1. Land owned 2. Land held direct from Govern­ ment under a tenure less substan­ tial than ownership 3 Land held from private pel"SODll or institutions

4 Land given out to private pc:II'8ODI or instituticma lZ7

have giveD ou't laad 'to odler. for CaltivatiOD

Maheahwarpara

Number of Households and extent of land -----_------. 10 to 20 20 to SO SO Cents to 1 to 2.4 2.S to 4.9 Sto 10 10 Acres and Cents Cents 1 Acre Acres Acres Acres above 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3 IS 14 35 S Nil 1 Nil Nil Nil 2 Nil Nil Nil

Nil 16 7 36 7 Nil Nil

Nil Nil 2 Nil Nil S 128

Table No. XXVI Geaeral

NlUll.e or Village: Maheshwarpura

Number of Households..A.______-,

Total No. of ~iDgdaily Member or Members Member or Members Member or Membeft Households. News-paper of which work for of which take active of which have joined Social uplift. part in Politics. co-operativc Societies.

I 2 3 S 85 9 27

Table No. I Set (B) . Caste/tribe or coD11ll1lllity aad ...ture of faunlly Based 011 Item. three of·Ulode) Schedule

NlUll.e or ViDap: Maheshwarpara

Type of Families livin& .in the housebolds r------" ~ Caste/Tribe or Communi ty Total No. Simple IDtcrmedi- Joint Othcn R.emark. of house- ate bolds 2 3 4 , 6 7 ]. Kashmiri Muslims 33 20 7 9. Kaabmirl Hindus 1

Simple famiJy-COosists of husband, wife and umnarried children. Intermediate -Married couple: and UDJDarric:d brothers, sisters, one of the parents. Joint -Married couple: with married SDDsfdauahters or with .married brothcn/siaten.

Table No. 2-(A) SettleJDeD.t history of households (Based OD IteDl 4(a) of !Dodel Schedule) . Nauae or V:Ulase; Maheshwarpura

Number of households ICtdcd

r------.-----A- ---~ Cute/Tribe or Total No. of Before Between Between 1 Preaent Community. bouseholds. S 4-5 2-4 Generation Generation Generations Generations Generations ago 2 3 4 5 6 7 I. Kashmiri 84 74 2 2 S Muslims 2. Kasluniri Hindus J29 Table No. 2(B) . Settle.n.ent history of households (Based on Itmn 4(b) of Dlodel Schedule)

Naaae o£ ViUage : Maheshwarpura

CastelTribe ,--______Number of families . __that_..A.. have CO"ll~ to th: vlllage from ....___" Remarks Outside the State Outside the District Outside the Taluk. (Indicate the time of each migration in a a running note) 2 3 .5 I. Kashmiri Muslims Nil Nil Nil Nil 2. Kashmiri Hindus Nil Nil Nil Nil

Table No. 3(A) 3-(A) Religion and Sect (Based on IteIDs 5(a) & (b) of !nodel Schedule)

Naaae of V:il1age: Maheshwarpura

Religion Total No. of Number of households. the heads households of which belong to ,------..A..------.-----""'I Sect J .. Sect II Number of households (name) (name) the heads of which do Suni Brahmin not belong to any Sect. ! 3 4 S . Islam 84 84 Hindusim

Table ·No. 3(B)

Sect and Caste/Tribe (Based on ite~s 5 (b) and (e) of Model Schedule)

Nam.e of Village: MaheshwarpUra

Sect Total Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste number of Bhat Dar Mir Ganayi Najar Gojri Darzi Baba Sapru households 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 to II

1. Kll.shmiri 84 65 7 2 6 1 Muslims 2. Ka"bmiri Hindus 130

Table No. 3(C)

Association of Deity/Special object of Worship of Caste/tribe. (Based on Iteaa 6 of Model Schedule)

N8.D1e o~ Village: Maheshwarpara

Number of households that worship the deity and bclooB to .A-____ "-l By Special act of Caste/tribe I Caste/tribe II Caste/tribe III worship (name) (name) (name) '" 10 OD. 1 3 <4- :S Sapru Shiv.

Table No.4 Awareness ofllDtouchability o.freaces Act (Based on IteDl7 of lDodel Schedule)

NlUDe ~ viUage-Maheshwarptu"a

Caste/tribe Number of persons interviewed 2 3

I. Kashmiri Muslims 8<4- Not applicable

2. Kashmiri Hindus 1 Di]

Table No. 5(A) Contravention of lDarriage rules (Based on Ite.ns 8(a) and (b) of Dlodel Schedule)

NUDe ~ ViUage: Maheshwarpura

,-_____Frequencies• ______of each ..A.type ______of contravention. ____ -.., Caste/tribe Number of Type ] Type II Type ]11 Remarlca marriages in &50 on contravention of Caste/tribal law 2 3 4 6

I. Kashmiri Muslims Nil 2. Kashmiri Hindus Nil Jal

Table No. 5-(B) Pe~ssibility of intercaste :m.arriage based on Ite:m. 3(1) 01- :m.odel Sehedule Maine of Village-r-Maheshwarpura

Number ef persons who consider it permissible to form marital ties with r- _ ,-______-.A. ------.. - Caste/Tribe Number of Caste Tribe CasteTribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe RemarkS - persons I II_ III IV including running Interviewed (Name) (Name) (Name) (Name) no te on backgro- Sunni Brahmin and so on und of the persons Muslims giving affirmative reply (educated yOUDg men PaD­ dlayat members etc). 2 3 4 6 7 ]. Kashmiri 14 84 Muslims 2. Kashmiri Hindus

Table No. 5-(C) Desirability of iDtereast m.arriage. (Based on Ite:m. 8 (1) of :m.odel Schedule) NUDe of Village--Maheshwarpura

Caste/Tribe Number bf Number of persons who consider it desirable Remarks persons to form marital tie with Including running interviewed r---- ______----A-_. ______.----. note on background Caste/Tribe CastefTribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe of the persons giving I II III IV affirma five reply (Name) (Name) (Name) (Name) (educated yOUDg Dar Ganayi Najar Darzi Bhat Gojri Baba Mir men, Panchayat member, etc). Hindu Brahman 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (A) Kashmiri Muslims 1. Bhat 65 65 65 65 6S 65 nil 65 65 nil 2. Dar 7 7 7 7 7 7 nil 7 7 nil 3. Ganayi 2 2 2 2 2 2 nil 2 2 nil 4. Najar 6 6 6 6 6 6 nil 6 6 nil 5. Gojri nil 6. Darzi . 1 nil 1 nil 7. Mir nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil 8. Daba nil

(D) Kashmiri Hindus 9. Sapru nil nil nii nil nil nil nil nil 192

Table No. 5(D)

AttitUde towards aaarriage with perSODS of difrereat

(Based on ite:m. 10 oC

NlUlle of Village:

NlJDlber baving DO objection to marriap with community• r------..A.. .c.ste/ttibe Number of abc d e f II h Persons interviewed. Baidya Mcbisya Dom Brahman Dboba Baari Rhutia Napit

2 3 5 6 7 I 9 10

1. Kashmiri 84 MUslims 2. ICashmiri 1 Hindus 138

collUlluDities but of the 8IIDle SociO-ecODO:miC status. Dlodel Schedule).

~

Number havina DO objection to marriage with comm:unity. r-- ...:...... A------.. i j 11: m n 0 p q r Santal Muslim Chamar European KanDar- Kayastha Pod Raj- Nama- kar banahi sudra 11 12 .13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21

84 134

Table: No. 6(A)

Awareness of changes in Hindu Laws of succession aDd adoption (Based on ItelD 11 and 12 of :m.odel Schedule)

NlUlle or Village-Maheshwarpura

Caste/tribe Number of Number aware Number that Number aware Number __ that _ Remarlcs. community. persons that there have could describe that there have could 'describe in terviewed been changes in the changes been changes the changes in Hindu adoption in Hindu in :E{indu Hindu Act. Adoption Act Succession Act. SucCession Act Correctly. Correctly. 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Kasbmiri 84 Not Not Not Not Muslims applicable applicable applicable applicable 2. Kashmiri Nil Nil Nil Nil Hindus

Table No. 6(A)-l Inheritance of property as in practice (Based on ItelD. 13(a) oC :!Dode! Schedule

NaDle oC Village-Mahesbwarpura

Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entitled to inherit property in their respective caste tribe r------.-.~--.. --.------.___:--.- .------, Caste/tribe Number of Son Daughter Wife Mother Brother Sister's Brother's Others Remarks community persons son son interviewed 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

I. Kashmiri 84 84 84 84 nil nil nil nil nil Muslims 2. Kashmiri Wife gets Hindus share, if she bas no male i!lSue Table No. 6(B)-1 Share of property for cliB'ereat categories 01 relatives-daaghters ' Based 081teD!. t3(b) 01 Dlodel Schedule)

NalDe 01 VIJIace : Maheshwarpara

Number indicatina that daughters inherit property in the followins manner ~------~~.------Caste/tribe/community Number of Daughters only ·Daughters Eldest daughter Youngliist pcr~ns inter­ inherit to the inherit equally only inherits clauahtcr om" viewed exclusion of the with sons iDherits sonl 2 3

1. Kashmiti Muslims nil nil nil nil nil 2. .. Hindus nil nil ail nil nil

Share of property for different categories of relatives-daughter-contd. (Based on Item l3(b) of model Schedule)

Number indicating that daughters inherit property in the following lIlIUUler r------.------,...... ~ ---. Daughters inherit only Daughters acquire only Only that duaghtcr Daughter gets Remarks if there is no son life interest if there inherits whose maintenance onl)' till is no son husband is adopted marriage 7 8 9 10 11

nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil Share of property for different categories of relatives-sons Based ·OD Item 13(h) of m.odel Schedule

NUDe o£ Village: Maheshwarpura

Number indicating that sons inherit property in the following manner ..------_ ------"----_. Caste/tribe Number of Persons All sons get equal share Only eldest son Only youngest son ICOmmunity interviewed inherits inherits .. J .. 3 4 5

1> K81lhmiri .. 84 84 nil nil .. Muslims z. Kashmiri nil nil Hindus

Share of property for different categories of relatives-sons - concld. Based on Item 13(b) of model Schedule

Number indicating that sons inherit property in the ,...--______following .A. manner ______.. __----..

Larger share is given to Larger share is given 1 f there arc children Any other Remarks eldest son, other sons to . younger sons, other by more than one wife manner iuherit equally sons inherit equally property first divided per strips among sons of different wives and then per capita amoq sons of the same wife 6 7 8 9 10

nil 84 114 nil nil nil nil nil ·:137

Table No. 6(B)-3 Share of property for difl"erent categories of relatives-wife (Based OD IteDl 13(b) of Dlodel Schedule NalDe of Village: Maheshwerpura Number indicating that wife inherits the property in the following manner r------"-----.------"_ ..A... .. Caste/tribe/ Number of Wife inherits Wife gets a Wife gets Wife acquires Others community persons equally with smaJler sh~ maintenance life intercs\ Specify interviewed sons only (if she if there is no does not child provided re-marry) tha t she does not re-marry 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Kashmiri 84 nil 84 nil nil nil Muslims 2. Kashmiri nil nil nil In Hindus Hindus wife sets share only if she has no male issue Table No: 6 (C) Attitude about inheritance of property· by daughters equally with SOD. (Based on ItelD 14 of Dlodel Schedule Nam.e of Village: Maheshwerpura Number of persons who agree that daughter should inherit equally with ..A.sons______...-, ,--- Caste/tribe! Number of Aged above Aged Aged Aged Aged 20 and Community persons SO 41-S0 31-40 21-30 below interviewed 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Kashmiri Muslims 84 nil •nil nil nil nil 2. Kashmiri Hindus 1 nil nil nil nil

Table No.7 Challge in ownership of lalld during ODe generation (Based OD Item.s 15 (a-c) and 16 of Dlodel Schedule N;une of Village: Maheshwarpura Caste/Tribe/ Number of Number of households that Number of households that Remarks Community households suffered loss of land after have gained land after the " the time of death of the father time of death of the father of the head of the household. of the head of the household, . I 2 3 4 5 1. Kashmiri 84 nil 39 Muslims I nil I 2- Kashmiri Hindus 138

Table No.8 Reciprocal Aid in agricultural practices (Based on IteD1s 15 ~-j) of' :!Dodel Schedule) Nam.e of Village: Maheshwarpura

Caste/tribe! Number of house- Number of house- Number of house- Number of house- Remarks community holds practising holds that borrow holds that take holds that assist agriculture agricultural heJp of neighbours and implements from neighbours at the receive help at others at the time time of SOVling or the timc of of harvesting cultivation .in the cultivation shape of manual .J~ur 2 3 4 1. Kashmiri Muslim!! 82 4 78 78 2, Kashmiri Hindus 1 Nil Nil Nil

Table No.9 Livestock statistics including fishery (Based on IteDl.s 17 and 18 of':!Dodel Schedule) NalDe of Village: Mahesh:warpara

Milckjcattle Draught- bullock ,--__Goats/sheep-..A. ____ .... r-- ._-----A..-~ r------~ Caste/tribel Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total community households number households number households number . owning owning owning 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Kashmiri Muslims 72· 238 20 28 39 293 2. Kashmiri Hindua 1

Livestock statistics including fishery (Based on Items 17 and 18 of model Schedule)

Horse Duckjgee!c Fowl ,--__.A.. ____--, Fisheries r------c-.A..------, r---___..A- ___--, ,------, Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of . Number of households number households number households number families families selling ownins owning owning rearing fish fish I 9 10 11 ]2 13 14 ]S 4 5 5 57 130 2 189

Tabw· No. 10-A 1-VUlage industries -Products (Based on IteDJ. 19 (al or Dlodel Schedule)

Maine o~ village t Maheshwarpur8. Carpentry Tailoring Dairy FanniDg Industry I (name) Industry II (name) Industry III ~ __--A.. ---.~ ,----_ _A_ __ ~ r----~-~ C8steftribe/commUDity Number of Name of Number of Name of Number of Name of households products households products households products 1 2 3 4 S 6 7

1. ICashmiri Muslims 4 nil Ootbes 2 Butter Cheese anll Curll

2-Village industries-Disposal or products (Based on IteDl 19 (b) of Dloclel Schedule) Name of Village: Maheshwarpura Tailoring Dairy Carming Particulars of households that seU Particulars of households that sell to neighbours only in market r----'----A.----~ r------.A..----~ Name of product. Caste Number of Caste No. of Remarks households· households 1 2 J 4 S 6 1. Kasbmiri Muslims Dbat Dbat 2

Table No. lOeB) Industries and tools adoped duriDg last five years (Based OD IteJDS 19 (c) and (d) or Dlodel Schedule) Name of VUlage: Maheshwarpura Industries Particulars of households that adopted Tools Particulars ·of households that adopted the Industries for the first time the tools for first time in course of last Remarks in course of last S years. S years r------A..------~ r------_A_.------~ Caste No. of households Caste No. of households 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Table No. IO-(C)

AttainIDent of' proficiency in Industry. (Based OB Item.s 20 and 21 ofm.odel Schedule).

NaDle of Village: Maheshwarpura

Number of persons that have earned proficiency through r- --A-_____~ H!)ine appren- Apprenticesbip Formal No. of workers Brief Note R.emarks. .. ticcsbip. in the place trainiDs who require on the relaticms or in some further nature of ~bOurs. institUte training. trainin wan~. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Tailoring nil nil nil nil nil 2. Carpc:otly 4 nil nil Ail nil nil 3. Dairy Parmin& 2 nil nil nil nil nil

Table No. ll-(A)

Occupational m.obility-cause of' change. (Based on Iteuu 22 and 23 of' m.odel Schedule)~

NlUDe of Village: Maheshwarpura

No. of perIODS· who No. OfperSODS who have changed changed father's own earliar occupation!!.. occupation. No. of ,- .----.. ,------~------~ persons who Cute/tribe! Voluntarily Forced by . Other Voluntarily Forced by Other arc not R.emarks. community circum- reasons circum8- reasons contented stances (specify) tances with present occupations 2 3 4 6 7. 8 9

Kashmir! nil 39 nil nil nil nil Muslims 141 Table No. 11 (B) OceapatioDa) JDobility-Natare of' change UODl father's generatioD to present- generation. (Based on Ite.n 22 of Dlodel Schedule) Nam.e of Village: Maheshwarpura Number of persons whose father's occupation was r- ---A.------""'I Occupation No. of Occupation Occupation Occupation OcCtlpation Occupation Occupation Occupation persons No.1 - No.2 No.3 No.4 No. 5 No.6 No.7 in the (i.e. his own) occupation. Oil Carpentry Govt. Cultivation Vegetable Haaji extraction service Selling 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Zamindari 7S 72 1 1 1 2. Govt. 1 Service 3. Grocery 1 1 4. Contract 1 S. Tailoring 1 6. Agri- 5 5 cultural Royalty 7. Vegetable SeninB Table No. 11 (C) Occupational DlobUity-!'iature of Aspiration~ - (Based on IteDI. 24 of' Dlodel Schedule). Nam.e or Village: Maheshwarpura Number of persons who want their sons to be r------A. ~ Occupation Number of - In the same Occupation Occupation Occupation persons in the occupation No.1 No.2 No.3 occupation as in col. 1 Govt. Zamindari Trade No. son Unmarried (i.e. his own) Service . & born Carpentry -2 3 4 S 6 7 8 1. Zamindari 75_ 24 20 28 2 2. Agricultural :> 4 1 Royalty 3. Govt. Service 1 4. Vegetable Selling 5. Contract 1 6. Grocery 1 7. -Tailoring 1 l~

Table No. 12 Trade or busiDess (Based OD IteJD 25 or lDodel Schedule) Name o£ Village: Mabeshwarpura

Business I-Milk selling Business 2-Fishing r--- ,---- Jo.. __. -----.---, r------~~------. Caste/tribe/ Number of Communities Source of AVerage Number of Conununity Source of community households finance profit households finance 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 1. Kashmiri 2 Refer By selling Rs 55/- 2 Refer By sellina Muslims colomn No. 1 milk col. No 1· milk

Trade or business'--contd. (Based on Item 25 of model Schedule)

Business 2 Business 3 Shopkeeping Vegetable Se!ling Fishing ,..---_""___ ---. ,------.-___,.__------~ ,.------~------""""'\ Average Number of Commu- Source of Average No. of Communi- Source of Average profit households nities Finance Profit households ties Finance Profit 9 10 11 .12 13 14 15 16 17 Rs.39/- 1 Refer By selling Rs.30/- Refer Col. By selling Rs. 10/- Col. No. 1 goods No. 1 vegetables

Ta.ble No. 13 Range of iD£onnatioD (Based on IteDJ. ~9 or !Dodel Schedule) NlUDe o£ Village: Maheshwarpara

Caste/Tribe/ Total No. Number of households heads of which know the name of community of house. ".---.-' -.-.-----,.------.---.---...... ------holds Union Board Anchal Thana Tehsil TaluK District Name of H Q. Pancha- H.Q. H Q. H. Q. H.Q principal yat rivers of H.Q. the distric~ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Kashmiri :;4 36 36 36 36 36 Muslims. 2. Kasbmiri 1 1 Hindus ·143

Table No.· 14 LBDd reforDls etc. (Based on It~ 30 of Inodel Schedule) .NalDe of Village: Maheshwarpura

Caste/tribel No. of house- Brief indication No of households No. of households Remarks cummunity holds benifitted of the manner of hanned neither benititted by abolition of benifit by abolition of nor harmed Zamindari Zamindari 1 2 3 4 5 6

Kanab marlas I. Kasbmiri Muslims 60 206-10 nil 24 2. Kashmiri Hindus nil nil

Table No. 15 Land rec18.lD.8.Don and developlnent (Based OD IteDJ. 32 oC DIode! Schedule)

Nam..e o£ Village: Maheshwarpura

Caste/ tribe! Number of families benefitted by land Brief description of the land community tec1amation and development measures reclamation and deve10pment measures 1 2 3 :Kashmiri Muslims nil nil Kaabmiri Hindus nil nil

Table No. ·16 N. E. S. Blocks-Nature of benefit (only in respect oCVillages covered by N. E. S. Blocks) (Based on IteD1 35 of D10del Schedule) Nam..e of Village: Maheshwarpura

Caste/tribe/ No. of No. aware Number No. benefited in the manner community house­ of existe­ benefitted as below hoids nce of by N. E. S. , ______..A. __ -----. N.E.S. Block Describe Des.;nLe NotknOWD Block 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7

Village Panchayat Road and established in the Bridge Con- village structed 1. Kashmiri Muslims 84 78 38 35 2 6 2. Kashmiri Hindus 144

Table No. 17 N.E.S. Blocks -Nature of' benefit (Awareness abou:t the f'uncti.ons of GrIUD Sewak (Based on IteDl. 34 of'Dl.odel Schedule) Name or Village: Maheshwarpura No. that c.ould describe the functions of Gram Sewak. r------"----.--- ... Caste/tribc/ No. of No. aware of the Fully Satisfactory Unsatis- Incorree- Not ~ community households functions of Satis- factorily ,tly known Gram Sewak factory 1 2 3 456 7 8 9! 1. Kashmiri Muslims 24 23 60 2. Kashmiri Hindus Table No. 18 InforDl.ation about. Dl.ain fu:i:a.ctious of Panchayat (Based on IteDl. 36 (a-c) of Dl.odel Schedule) Name or Village: Maheshwarpura Number according to whom main functions at the panchayat are , . -----. Caste/tribel No. of No. that could Function Function Remarks includ- community households tell the period of 1 2 ing note on the existence of To settle Village functions of the Panchayat village development panchayat set correctly disputes up according to statute 1 . 2 - 3 4 5 6 Kasbmiri Muslims 84 38 46 Kashmiri Hindus Tab1e No. 18 (A) Opinion about iDl.prOveDlent through Panchayats (Based on Item. 36 (e-f) of Dlodel Schedule) Name or VUlage:- Maheshwarpara No. according to whom after establishment of statutory Panchaya t there has been r------~---.---.... Caste/tribe/ Number of Improvement Improvement Improvement No. according to No. according community Households (a) (b) (c) whom after to whom after Construction Roads Construction establishment of establishmont Work i.e. of Bridges and Statutory of statutory Bridges . Panchayat Panchayats Panchayat Ghar there has been there has been r-----J>..-----.. neither Harm Harm Harm improvement (a) (b) (c) nor harm & so on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9 1. Kashmiri 84 S 3 76 Muslims 2. Kashmiri 1 Hindus 145

Table N9. 18~(B) IDfonnatioa about factions of Paachayats (Based on IteD1 36 (d) of the D10del Schedule)

NUDe o£ Village: MaJaeshwarpura

No. of informants according to No. of informants according to whom main parties are whom dominant castes are ,--- .._--~~ r----___.._----~ Caste/tribe! Party Party Party Caste Caste Caste Remarb (;ommunity (a) (b) (c) (a) . (b) (c) Bhat 2 3 4 s 6 7 ·8 I.· Kasbmiri 84 Muslims .2. Kashmiri 1 HiDdus

Table No. 19

Co-operative Society (Based on It~ 33 of Dlodel Schedule)

NUDe o£ Village: Maheshwarpara

No. of members belonging to Number that have not bcc:ome member~ because of r----:------.A- ----. r----~-~~ . Name of Caste/tribe etc Caste/tribe etc. Caste/tribe etc. Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3 Remarks Not Due to Due to Co-operative (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) aware careless- shortage Society Bhat Gojri Najar Guayi Dar Sapru of its ness of benefits finance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Multipurpose 17 2 4 30 28 Coopera tive s.::kty -146

Ta1?l~ No. 20 Atdtllde towards f'aDdly plaDDing with ~ereD.ce to age .01' the Head or the Household (Based on IteD1S 3 and 38 (c) orlD.odel Schedule

NaJDe of Village: Maheshwarpura

r-.------..A.------Nwnbec wanting more children, the age of the head of household.. ------(male).being- ...... Caste/tribe/community Above 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 or less . 1 2 3 456 1. Kashmiri Muslims 3 9 21 15 2. Kashmiri Hindus 1 Attitude towards family planning with reference to age of the Head of the Household-contd. (Based on Items 3 and 38 (c) of model Schedule . Number wanting no more children. the_...... __ age of the head of household (male) being __ -----"""'\ Above 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 or less Remarks 7 8 9 10 11 12 11 12 6 4 Three heads of the households are unmarried

Table No. 20 (A) Attitude towards raDli1y planning with reference to duration of :marrige (Based on Item 3 and 38 (c) of :model Schedule)

NaDle of Vlllage : Maheshwarpura

Caste/tribe/community Number wanting more children, duration of r------.. ----.. -.------A------_marriage being ...... Over 20 16-20 11-19 6-10 50c . yean years years years .less years 2 3 4 5 6 l. Kashmiri Muslims II 13 8 8 8 2. Kashmiri Hindus 1 Attitude towards family planning with reference to duration of marriase (Based on Item 3 and 38 (c) of model Schedule)

Nnmber wanting.no more children duration of Remarks marriage being ~._--_-_ .. ---_~------_- .. ------.A--.. - _.-...... Three head of households Over 16-20 ] 1-15 6-10 5 or less are unmarried, whose 20 years years years years years a ttitudc towards family plan­ 7 8 9 10 11 ninl could not be checked. ]9 5 3 2 4 147

Ta.,le No. 29 (B) Attitude towards fauU1y planning with reference to :m.onthly Ilico:m.e (Based on ItelD 38 (c) oflDodel SChedUle and mcolDe data) NaD1e o£ Village:· ·Maheshwarpura Number wanting more children. having monthly income of r­ ...A.;_ ___ • __. ___ -.~ ____._;..._~ Caste/tribe/community Above Rs. 150 Rs. 101-150 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 51-75' . Rs.20-50 Rs. 2~ or less I 2 3 4 5 6 7

J. Kashmiri Muslims 1 10 13 21 3 2. Kashmiri Hindus

Attitude towards family planning with reference to monthly income (Based on Item 38 (c) of model Schedule and income data)-contd. Number wanting no more children having monthly income of r------..A.,_------~ Above Rs. 150 R'!.. 100-150 Rs 75-100 Rs_ 51-75 RII. 25-50 Rs. 25 or less Remarks· 8 9 )0 . 11 12 13 Three heads of house­ 2 2 7 13 11 ) holds are unmarried. TWo of them fall in the income group of Rs. 25/- and below and the other in the group of Rs.76-100.

Table No. 21 (A) Habit of'taking sugar as eorelated to meo:m.e . (Based on ItelD 39 (d) of :model Schedule and mcoDle data)

NaDle of Village: Maheshwarpura

Number of households taking sugar with monthly income of r----.------.A.. .~ Caste/tribe! Above Rs. 101-150 R'!..76-100 Iti. 51-75 Rs.26-50 Rs 25 or Ies'!. community Rs. 150 t 2 3 4 . 5 6 7 I. Kashmiri Muslims 3 2 18 26 29 6 2. Kashmiri Hindus

Habit of taking sugar as corelated to income-contd. (Based on Item 39 (d) of model Schedule and income data)

Number of households not taking sugar with monthly income of r------.A.. --. Above Rs. 150 Rs. 101-150 Rs.76-100 Rs.51-75 Rs.26-50 Rs. 25 or less 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tabl~ No_ 21 (B) , Habit oC taldng tea co-related to m.ontbly incoIDe (Based on IteD1 39 (d) ofD1odel Schedule and incoIDe'data) Nam.e of Village: Maheshwerpura Number of households taking tea with monthly income of " ,-___--. ______..A. ~ Caste/tribe/community Above Rs. 150 Rs. ]01-150 Rs, 75-100 Rs 51-75 Rs.26-50 Rs 25 or less 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' KashQliri Muslims 3 2 18 26 29 6 Ka!duniri Hindus I

Habit of taking tea co-related to monthly income (Based on Item 39 (d) of model Schedule and income data)-contd.

Number of households not taking.A.. tea with monthly______inCome of _ r---- ~ Above Rs 150 Rs.I01-150 Rs. 76-100 Rs.51-75 Rs.26-50 Rs. 25 or less 8 9 ' 10 11 12 13

Table No. 22 Prohibited Foods and Drinks (Based on Iteua 39 (c) oflDodel Schedule) Nam.e ~£ Village: Maheshwarpura Cast/tribel Number of households reporting as No_ that did not report No. that did not community prohibited any food to be prohibited report any drink ,.------__,._---"----,-.. ------,. to be prphibited Food Food Food Drink Drink Drink (1) (2) (3) (]) (2) (3) 23' 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kashmiri Muslims consider all such food and drinks prohibi ted as proscribed by the religion_ Kasbmiri Hindus strictly avoid beef. Table No. 23 (A) Material culture-possession o£Furniture (Based on ItelD. 42 (a) of m.odel Schedule) Nalne of Village: MaheBhwarpara

Number of households.A.. ______possessing _ ,------Caste/tribe! Bed stead Khatia Chair Table Mirror Bench Stools Talchowki Wall-Shelf community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]0

Kashmiri Mus1im~ 4 149

Table No. 23-(B) 2-Material culture-Furniture acquired iD last five years (Based on Itan42 (b) of Dlodel Schedule)

Number of households which have acquired in last five years ,------_.. -----"-_-.-.- ----'------, Community Furniture Furniture· Remarks I 2

Chair Bed Stead Kashmiri Muslims 2 I Kashmiri Hindus

Table No. 24 Material Culture PossessioD of CODsum.er Goods (Based on ItelD. 45 (a) or Dlode) Schedule)

Nam.e or Village: Maheshwarpura

No. of hoUseholds -----_._------_...... __ ------, Caste/tribe Hurricane Petromax or Battery torch Kerosene Bicycle Radio set RemaTks community Lantern Hazalc lights stove I 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Kashmiri 16 I": 5 14 5 11 Muslims 2. Kashmiri Hindus

Table No. 24 (A) Material culture-consu:zner goods acquired in last five years (Based on IteDl 45 (b) of Dlodel schedule)

NlilD.e or Village: Maheshwarpura

Number of households which have acquired in last five years __A..______~ ,-- Caste/tribe/community Consumer goods (I) Consumer goods (2) Consumer goods (3) Remarks BattCIy Radio set Lantern 1 2 3 4

Kashmiri Mualims 2 1 2 Kashmiri Hindus 150

Table No. 2:5 Material culture-Habits , (Based on ItelDs 42 (c) and 4:; (c) and (d) o.flDodel Schedule)'

Nammeo£Vnlage:- ~e5h~ura

No. of households that use mosquito No. of households thiOt do not use mosquito curtain having monthly income of curtain having monthly income of ,..__;___ -J- ______-""'l ,.._._------"-----:-----.. Caste/tribe! Rs. 150 & Rs. 101- Rs.51- R'J. 50 or R'>. 150 & Rs. 101- Rs. st- R'J. SO community above 150 100 less above 150 100 or less 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8 9

1. Kashmiri 3 2 44 35 Muslims 2. Kashmiri Hiodus

Material culture- Habits.-contd. (Based on Item 42 (c) and 45 (c) &: (d) of model Schedule

No. of households that use toilet soap/washing No. of households that do not use toilet! soap having mor..hly income of washing soap having monthly income of r------_;_---··-...A.·------·.,-----.. r----.---. _--..A. __ - -_:_----~ Rs. 150 and Rs. 101- Rs. 51- R'J. SO or Rs. ISO & Rs. 101- Rs· 51- . ·Rs SO or above 150 IOO I~ss. ablWC ] 50 100 less 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2 2 42 31 4

Material culture-Habits (Based on liem 42 (c) and 45 (c) and (d) of model Schedule-contd.

Number of households that send clothes Nnumber of households that do not send to washerman having monthly income or clothes to washerman having monthly income of r------_..A. -. ------"'I r------'------.. Rs. 150 and Rf. 150- Rs.51- Rs.50 Rs.150 Rs.IOl· Rs.51- Rs_ SO or Remarks. above 101 100 or less and 150 100 less above 18 .19 :'0 21 22 23 24 25 16

8 3 2 36 32 APPENDIX I DRAFT SUGGESTIONS FOR SOClO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 1960-61 CENSUS 1961 Nam.e of District.... . PART 1 HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Name of TehsiljPolice Station Name of village Number of village on the list 1. Serial number of Household 2. (a) Name of Head of Household (b) Sex (c) Age (d) Caste or Tribe 3. ColDposidou of Household, including Head :

S.No. Name Sex Relationship Age Marital Occu- to Head Status Age., Ipation catioF4u-n .ma;riage I 1 2 3 4 5 I 6 8 .9

I A. Duratiou oC Residence : 4. (a) For how many generations. counting from head of the household backwards, has. the household been residing in this village ? (b) If head of household has migrated to this village, together with the house­ hold, where was his ances­ horne? 152, B. Religion: 5. (a) Religion (b) Sect (c) Tribe or Caste ... (d) Sub-tribe or Sub-caste 6. (a) Is there a deity or object of worship or s~cred plant in the house? (Answer Yes/No.) (b) If 'Yes', where is the deity or subject of worship loca­ ted in the house? (c) What is the name of the deity or object of worship or sacred plant and what is the form of worship? .. 7 . Do you know that untouchability in any form· has been prohibi ted under law? (Answer Yes/No) ... C. Marriage: 8. (a) Has any marriage in contravention of caste or tribal law taken place in this household? (Answer Yes/No) (b) If such a marriage has taken place give details about the marriage (c) With what castes or tribes other than the caste or tribe of the household is .marriage permissible? ... (d) With which of such castes or tribes would marriage be desirable? (e) Was dowry given on the occasion of the marriage of the son? (Answer Yes/No. If 'Yes', mention aniount) ... (f) Was dowry given on the occasion of the marriage of the daughter? (Answer Yes/No. If 'Yes', mention amount) ... 9. (a) Do you know that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Marriage Act 7 (Answer Yes/No. ]f 'Yes', what do you think of the salient features of the Hindu Marriage Act 7) ] O. Have you any objection to contract marriages for persons of your household with persons of same social and economic status as yours but belonging to the following 153

commuDltles ? (Mark with ( ,,/) the names of the communities against which you have no objection) I. Baidya 10. Muslim 19. Chinese 2. Mahisya 11. Chamar 20. Nayi (Hajam) 3. Dom 12. European 21. Shia 4. Brahman 13. Karmakar 22. Hindu 5. Dhoba 14. Kayastha 23. Gujars 6. Bauri 15. Bod 24. Jats 7. Bhutia 16. Rajbanshi 25. Sikhs 8. Napit 17. Namasudra 26. Sunnis 9. San tal 18. Bagdi 27. Budhists D. Inheritance: 11. (a) Do you know that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Adoption Act? (Answer Yes/No.) (b) If Yes, what do you think are the salient features on recent changes ? 12. (a) Do you think that there have been changes in recent years in· Hindu Succession Act? (Answer Yes{No) .... (b) If yes, what do you think are the salient features of such changes? ... 13. (a) Which relatives, including male members and widows and daughters, married and unmarried, inherit pro­ perty on the death of a married male person belonging to the same caste as your household? (b) What is the share of each such member? .. 14. Are you in favour of inheritance of property by daughters equally with sons?

E. Property Land 15. If the household possesses land, give (a) Total area in acres ... (b) Total area under cultivation .. . (c) Area comprising homestead .. . 154

(d) Name of Crop Quantity obtained Quantity sold last year 1 2 3 i) Paddy ii). Wheat iii) Maize, Jowar and Bajra iv) Pulses, including gram v) Sugar cane vi) Barley vii) Vegetables viii) Jute ix) Chillies x) Tobacco xi) Oil Seeds xii) Cotton x.iii) Ginger xiv) Fodder or bamboo or cane xv) Fruits xvi) Agricultural crops. (e) What is the organic manure used? (f) Do you use chemical fertilisers '! (g) Do you use any new agricultural jmpl~ment which has been taught to vou for the first time in the last-five years? (h) Do you borrow agricultural imple­ ments from others at the time of cultivation? (i) Do you take help of neighbours at the time of sowing or harvesting? ... (j) Do you assist your neighbours and receive help at the time of cul­ tivation in the shape of manual labour? (k) Adoption of land improvement mea­ sures like reclamation, soil conser­ vation, consolidation, etc. (1) Increase in irrigated area. (m) Use of improved seeds-cropwise (n) Use of pesticides (0) Use of improved methods of cultivation. like Japanese method of paddy cultivation. 16. How much did your father· own at the time of his death : . (a) Land in acres ... (b) Houses and other property. 17. (a) Do you own any cattle or poultry? Give numbers. (i) Milch Cattle (ii) Draught Bullock (iii) Cows, goats, sheep, pigs, duck/geese and fowl. ... (b) How much milk or milk products do you sell? ... 18. Fishery (a) Does the household own any tank? (b) If fish is reared, was any quantity sold last year '1 (Answer Yes/No. If 'Yes', mention quantity). F. Industry 19. Do you conduct any industry? (a) What are the products ? (b) Which of them do you sell to neigh­ bours or in the market 1... (c) . Have you taken up this industry for the first time in the course of last five years 1 (d) Have you adopted any new tools or instruments for running this industry '1 If so, name·the details of the tools and instruments. 20. Name the art or craft in which you have earned proficiency ... 2) . When and how did you learn the art or craft concerned ? (a) Do you consider further training necessary 1 (Answer Yes/No). (b) If yes, describe the type of training you desire ··156

22. (a) What was your rather's OCCUp8.tion ? .... (b) If you have changed your father's occupation; why have you done so ? (c) Where you forced for lack of choice' into this occupation (Answer Yes/ No) .... (d) If you were not forced for lack of choice why did you choose this occupation? 23. (a) Have you yourself changed your occupation from another kind to this one? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If yes, explain why you have chang- ed your own occupation ? ...... 24. What kind of work would you like your son to do? ... 25. (a) If you are engaged in trade or business" mention the commodities dealt in. (b) How do you get yoUr finance? ... (c) What is your approximate profit? G. IndebtedDess 26. If head of household is in debt (a) . Mention' amount of debt outstanding (b) Source of Credit .. , 27. (a) Are you content with the present occupation? (Answer Yes/No). '" (b) .If no, what other work you are .doing ? H. Education 28. (a) How much did you spend last year on the education of your children ? (b) How many of your children are reading at the School or College? School : Male/Female College: Male/Female ... (c) Does any member of the household regularly read a newspaper or listen to news broadcasts through the community radio sets ?.. __

I. CODUDUnity 29. (a) Does the head of the household ·157

know name of the Union Board/. Ancbal Pancbayat/Thana or Talukl District in which his village is situated? ...... (b) Does the head of the household know names of the principal rivers flowing through the district ? 30. (a) Do you think that abolition of Zamindaci and intermediary rights has resulted in any good to you ? (Answer Yes/No)..•. (b) If yes. indicate how you have been benefitted. ? . ... (c) If no, why have you not been benefitted ? 31. If you are a share-cropper, (a) Could you get yourself recorded as a share-cropper in the revsionary settlement 1 (Auswer yes/No).... (b) Have you been evicted from your land as a result of recent land legislation ? (Answer Yes/No, If yes. give particulars) 32. (a) Have you benefitted from any scheme of land reclamation or land development? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If yes, expJaiIi how have you bene­ fitted? ... 33. (a) Is there a cooperative society in your village? (Answer yes/No) ...... (b) If yes, are you a member? (Answer Yes/No.) ... (c) If no, why are· you not a member? 34. (a) Is there an NES Block in your area 1. (b) Do you know what are the functions of Gram Sewak '1 (Answer Yes/No) .... (c) If yes, describe his functions .... (d) Has the Gram Sewak ever come and talked to you 1. '" (e) Has he demonstrated any of the improved agricultural practices mentioned above ? ... 158

If so, did you follow his advice '1 35. (a) Have you benefitted from the NES Block '1 (Answer Yes/No).... (b) If yes, how have you benefitted 1 ... 36. (a) Is there a Panchayat in your village '1 (Answer Yes/No) ...... '. (b) If yes, how long has the Panchayat been in your village '1 (c) What are the main functions of the Panchayat'1 (d) What are the main parties in your Panchayat and which caste is leading the Panchayat ? (e) Has there been any improvement in your village since the Panchayat was established (Answer Yes/No). (f) If yes. what have been the improve~ ments? ." .. , ... .., ... '" (g) What activities or works of commu­ nity benefit (School buildings. wells Panchayat Ghars. Youth clubs. etc.) have been taken up in your village since the establishment of the Panchayat. (h) Did you panicipate in these (by contributing Land. Labour, Cash or material, etc.) ? If not, why not? (i) Have you benefitted from the work/ activity? .. ' 37. (ll) Has any caste or tribe of your village got a separate Panchayat of its own? (Answer Yes/No). '" (b) If yes, what are the main functions of this caste or tribal panchayat ? (c) Since the statutory Panchayats are functioning. why did you think these caste or tribal Panchayats should still continue? 38. (3.) Is there a family planning centre in your area '1 (Answer Yes/No) ... (b) Do vou know that man and wife can' prevent concePtion of a child by deliberate means, if they wish to do so? .159

(c) Does the head of the household wish that no more children were bom to him? ... J. Diet 39. (a) How many times a day do the mem­ bers of the household take their meals 7 .. , Cb) What are the usual items of diet at each meal ? ... . (c) What are the foods or drinks pro­ habited? ... Cd) Does the household take sugarftea? K. Utensils 40. (a) What utensils are used for prepa­ ring food and for storage of drink­ ing water? (b) Of what materials are important utensils made ? L. Fuel 41. What fuel is ordinarily used for cooking? '" M. Furaiture and OrDalDents 42. (a) Does the Household possess a Bed­ stead / Khatia/Chair/Table/Mirror/ Bench/Stool/Jalchowki/Wall shelf (Cross out those not found) ... (b) Is the household using any new kind of furniture for the first time in the last fi:ve years? ... (c) Does the household use mosquito net? ... 43. List all the ornaments used by (a) men and Cb) women. Give [he lo­ cal names and mention whether gold or silver or brass or any other material is mainly used. Give draw- ings .... N. Houses 44. Give a plane of the house and com­ pound showing the main places, the material of the roof, walls and doors and the measurements of the bed­ room. Note :-Give sketches and photographs. wherever possible. 160

o. ConSUlQer goods 45. (a) Does the household possess Hurri­ cane lantem/Petromax or Hazak/ Battery torchlight/Kerosene Stove/ Bicycle/Gramophone/Radio set ? (Cross out those which do not apply (b) _Has any of the items been acquired for . the first time in the last five years ? If yes, which are these

articles 1 ... .., ... .., .. , .,. .. ~ (c) Does tbe household U$e toilet soap/ washing soap? .. , .. , .. . '" (d) Are clothes sent to washerman to be cleaned 'l APPENDIX II

Additional Quest:ions for Household Schedule

A. Duration of'Residence :

(c) If migrated to this village, State :­ Why? N. Particulars about the House: (a) How many rooms are there in the household? ... (b) How many of them are used for sleeping purpose? ... (c) Is there a separate room for sleeping for every couple? '" (d) Is the household rented/owned? (e) If rented, what is the amount of rent paid? (f) Is the house part of bUilding? (g) If yes, how many households are in this building? ... (h) Does the household own more than one house? If so, how many and where are they situated? 0) Number of households with more than one living in the same house? P. Dress, Oranaments and Footwear: (a) What will be the approximate cost of the ornaments used by the members of the household? H. Education: (d) How many members in the house­ hold are illiterate ? ( e) How many members of the house­ hold know to read and write only? (f) How many members of the house­ hold are :- (i) Primary pass or below; (ii) Junior, basic; 162

(iii) Middle; (iv) Matrie; (v) Intermediate; (vi) Graduate; (vii) Diploma holders (Technical & Non technical); (viii) Holders of oriental title; (ix) How many are attending school or college? ... (8) What is the language spoken in the household? .. '~ (h) How many children in the age group (6-14) are not attending school and for what reason ? .... 0) How many children below 14 who do not attend school are· sent to work in the field or elsewhere ? Q.. Medical Attention

(a) Which of the following systems of treatment are adopted when a member of the household falls sick? (j) Allopathic, (ii) Ayurvedic (iii) Homeophathic (iv) Others (Specify) (b) Have all the members of the house­ hold been vaccinated? When were they last vaccinated ? ... (c) ._ Who usually attends the maternity cases in the household ? .. F. Household Industry (e) What is generally the income derived from the industry'? (f) How many hired workers are engaged in the industry? (g) Does the household receive any aid from Government for running/ developing the industry ? If so, give the value ....

R. IDco~e (a) What is the grand total of income? (b). [s [he annual income of the 163

houacb.old adeql,1ate to meet the annual expenditure ? (c) If nQt. how is the deficit met? E. LaDet (P) Extent of land given to private persons for cultivation ... .;.. (q) Extent of land held from Govern­ ment (r) Extent of land held from priVate persons or institutions. If so. how much? ... (a) How many members of the house­ hold are engaged full-time in culti­ vation during the working season ? (t) Are part-time in work? ... (u) Is the household using own men for cultivation or hired men ? (v) What is the rate of hired labour ? (w) Extent of uncultivable land ...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AYIN AKBARI, written in Persian by Abul Fazal, a minister of Emperor Akbar, published by Munshi and Sons, Lahore 41

FATHATI KUBARAWIYA, a history of Kubarawiya School of mystics of Kashmir. written by Sheikh Abdul Wahab Nuri (1694-1768 A.D.) . 37

HINDU INHERITANCE (REMOVAL OF DISABILITmS) ACT, 1997, (1940 A.D.) Act No. XVIII of 1997, Jammu and Kashmir Laws, Vol. III. published by Jammu and Kashmir Government 34

LAND REVENUE ACT, Act No. XII, 1996 (1939 A. D.) Jammu and Kashmir Laws, Vol. III, published by Jammu ,and Kashmir Government. 34

MYSTERIOUS SPRING OF TULLAMULLA, written by S. S. Koul . 36

RAJ TARANGINI, the political from ancient times to 1148 A. D. written by Kalhana-the first well-known historian of Kashmir. Translated into English by M. A. Stein and published by Moti Lat Banarasi Dass, Bungalow Road, Delhi-6 1

TARIK.HAQWAM-I-KASHMIR, written by Mohammad Din Fauq and published by Zaffar Brothers at Karimi Printing Press, Lahore 9

TARIKH HASSAN, dealing with geography, political history, Muslim saints and poets of Kashmir. Written in four volumes by Pir Hassan Shah Khuihami, (1833-1898 A. D.) and published by Research and Publications Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. 5

VALLEY OF KASHMIR, written by Sir Walter Lawrence and published by Oxford University Press, London in 1895 5

INDEX

1. ABUL FAZAL. a minister of Emperor Akbar 41 2. ADDILLA. a renowned priest of Khir Bhawani templeJn eighth century A. D. 5 3. AKBAR, Emperor ofIndia 41 4. ANCHAR. a lake in the north-east of Srinagar 5, 11 5. ASHRAFI, an old coin of Muslim rule 16 6. BADSHAH, king of Kashmir (1420 A. D.-1470 A. D.) 6 7. BARAWALA, a village in the north of Tullamulla and to the north-west of Ganderbal. 1 8. BARSOO, a village in the north of Tullamulla 11,8 9. BOOHI BHAT, a scholar and musician of Kashmir in 15th century 6 10. CHATTABAL, a suburb of Srinagar city 8 11. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY 39 12. OANGERPORA, a village to the north-east of Tullamulla I, 10 13. DEBT RECONCILIATION BOARD 30 14. DHARMARTH. a trust for the maintenance of Hindu shrines . 24,36 15. DHARMSALA 36 16. DUDHARHAMA, a well-developed village about two miles to the east of Tullamulla 3,9 17. DURGA, Goddess . 1 18. GANOERBAL, another name given to village Dudharhama, also the name of . the Tehsil in which Tullamulla is included S 19. GOVIND Joo GAOROO " 20. HABBA KHATOON, the queen of Yusuf Shah, ruler of Kashmir (died in 1952 A.D.) 42 21. HARI PARBHAT, a hillock in Srinagar city 37 22. KALHANA, the famous historian of Kashmir and author of Raj Tarangini, (I] 00 A. 0.-1200 A. D.) translated into English by M. A. Stein 1,. 5 23. KANVA TPORA, a block of village Tullamulla 4 24. KHIR BHAWANI, the name given to Goddess Durga enshrined in Maheshwarpura 1, 3, 4, 5, 36 25. KOGUND, a village to the south of Tullamulla . 1 26. KRISHNA KAR 4 27. KRUHAMA, a village in the south-west of Tullamulla 1, 8 Date Loaned

28. LAWRENCE. Sir Walter, Settlement Commissioner of Kashmir " author of Valley 0/ Kashmir published by Oxford University Press. London in 1895 6 29. MAHARAJNI, a form ofDurga 1 30. MAHESHWARPURA, a block of village Tullamulla 1,3

31. MAHJOOR, a famous. poet of Kashmir (1894-1954. A. D.) 42 32. MAHMOOD GAMI, a famous poet of Kashmir . 42 33. MAKHDOOM SAHIB, a Muslim saint of wide reputation enshrined on Hari Parbhat Hill (1494 A. 0-1576 A. 0;) 37 34. MAQBOOL SHAH KRALWARI, a famous poet of Kashmir 42 35. MIR BABA HYDER, a great saint of 16th century 37 36. PRATAP SINOH, a ruler of Kashmir (1885 A. D.-1926 A. D.) 36 37~ RANBIR SINGH, a ruler of Kashmir (1857 A. D.-1885 A. D.) 36 38. RASOOL MIR, a famous poet of Kashmir 42 . . 39. SAFFAPORE.a village to the west of Tullamulla . 8 40. SALOORA, a village to the east of Tullamulla 1 41.' SANGRAM DEVA, ruler of Kashmir (948-949 A. D.) 6 42. SEH BHAT, ali~s Saif-ud-Din, chief t'ninister of Suit~ Sikander Butshlkan (1389 A. D.-1413 A. D.) 6 43. SEHIPORA, a village to the south of Tullamtilla . 1 44. SHEIKH ABDUL WAHAB NURI, author of Fathati Kubarawiya dealing with saints of Kubarawiya Schoolofmystics . 37 45. S. S. KAUL, author of Mysterious Spring of Tullamulla 36 46. SIND-refers to river Indus 1 47. SONAWARI. a village and headquarter of Sonawari Tehsil. 15 miles to the north ofSrimigar " 8 48. SOPORE. an important town of Kashmir, 30 miles to north of Sri nagar: 4 49. SUD'RAKOT, a villlige 10 miles from Tullamulla . 8 50. SUHRAWARDI, one of the 14 schools of Muslim mystics . 37 51. THEURU, a village contiguous to Tullamulla iO 52 TULLAMULLA, a village 14 miles. to the north of Srinagar famous for the shrine of Khir Bhawani . 1. 2. 5 53. ZARIGUND, a village contiguous to Tullamulla