Portraying Identities Variety Switching in Stand up Comedy and the Effect of Local Mixing on Crossing in a Multi-Variety Contact Community

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Portraying Identities Variety Switching in Stand up Comedy and the Effect of Local Mixing on Crossing in a Multi-Variety Contact Community HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO Portraying identities Variety switching in stand up comedy and the effect of local mixing on crossing in a multi-variety contact community Milla-Marjaana Ihalainen Pro gradu -tutkielma Englantilainen filologia Helsingin yliopisto 2020 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree Programme Humanistinen tiedekunta Englantilainen filologia Opintosuunta – Studieinriktning – Study Track Tekijä – Författare – Author Milla-Marjaana Ihalainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Portraying identities: Variety switching in stand up comedy and the effects of local mixing on crossing in a multi-variety contact society Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro gradu Toukokuu 2020 97 (+ 29) Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tässä Pro Gradu tutkielmassa tarkastellaan englanninkielen varieteettien vaihtamista, jonka tutkielma jakaa kolmeen eri alatyyppiin: diglossia, ”crossing” sekä etninen vaihtaminen (ethnic switching). Varieteettien vaihtamisen käyttöä sekä vaihtamisen hyväksyttävyyttä tutkittiin erityisessä yhteisössä, jonka erityispiirteenä on altistuminen useille englanninkielen varieteeteille. Suhtautumista vaihtamiseen tutkittiin syvällisemmin standup komiikan genressä. Tutkielma jatkaa pitkää perinnettä kieliasenteiden tutkimuksessa, jonka kohteena on englanninkielen eri varieteetit. Tutkielman kohteena olevat varieteetit ovat: brittienglanti, amerikan englanti, skotlannin englanti, amerikan etelän englanti, afrikkalaisamerikkalaisten englanti, etelä-afrikan englanti sekä intian englanti. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan sekä sitä, miten osallistujien kieliasenteisiin vaikuttaa heidän kielellinen taustansa (äidinkieli, kaksikielisyys sekä omaksuttu englannin varieteetti),että miten komiikka aineistona vaikuttaa arvioihin. Komiikan vaikutusta tarkastellaan vertaamalla esitysten sisältöä esityksistä annettuihin arvioihin. Tutkielmassa hyödynnetään Ben Ramptonin lanseeraamaa ”crossing” termiä. Termillä tarkoitetaan varieteettien vaihtamista kontekstissa, jossa jotain varieteettia lainataan sellaisen puhujan käyttöön, jolla ei ole ilmeistä kytköstä tähän varieteettiin. Tutkielmassa hyödynnetään myös aiempaa tutkimusta koodinvaihdosta, sekä aksenteilla tyylittelystä. Tutkimuksen aineistona toimii yhdeksästä sketsistä koostettu video seitsemästä eri komiikan erikoisjaksosta: Dave Chappellen ”Killin’ Them Softly”, Gabriel Iglesian ”Aloha Fluffy: Gabriel Iglesias Live from Hawaii”, Russell Kanen ”Uptight Brits” ohjelmasta ”Live At the Apollo”, Michael McIntyren ”Micheal McIntyre’s Roadshow”n Glasgow jakso, Trevor Noahin ”Crazy Normal”, Peter Russelin ”How to Become a Canadian Citizen” sekä Jerry Rochan esitys Iglesiaksen ”Stand Up Revolution” kiertueelta. Menetelminä tutkimuksessa käytetään asennekoetta, joka yhdistää sekä kvantitatiivisen että kvalitatiivisen menetelmän. Osallistujia tutkimuksessa oli yhteensä 72, joista suurin osa oli kansainvälisen englanninkielisen lukion oppilaita. Osallistujista noin puolet oli natiiveja englanninkielessä. Kvantitatiivisenä menetelmänä tutkimuksen osallistujat arvioivat näkemiänsä komediaesityksiä 1-5 liikkuvalla skaalalla kuudessa piirteessä. Osallistujia pyydettiin kvantitatiivisen tutkimuksen jälkeen vastaamaan avoimiin kysymyksiin asenteistaan vaihtamista kohtaan, joka muodosti tutkimuksen kvalitatiivisen näkökulman. Tulokset osoittivat että varieteettien vaihtaminen kuului osallistujien kielenkäyttöön, mutta se osa komiikkaesityksistä, joka esitettiin vaihtamisen kautta, arvioitiin negatiivisesti. Eroja hyväksyttävyydessä kuitenkin löytyi alatyyppien välillä. Positiivisimmin arvioitiin etniset vaihdot ja negatiivisimmin diglossia. Vaihtamisen keinot olivat erityisen antoisia standup komiikan genressä. Komiikalla on vahva rooli yhteiskunnalisten tabujen (kuten etnisyyteen liittyvien ongelmien) rikkomisessa. Komedian genressä kaikki kuullut englannin varieteetit arvioitiin pidetyiksi (likeable), sisällöstä riippumatta. Komedia vaikutus näkyi myös osallistujien asenteissa. Eri esitykset vahvistivat eri osia varieteeteihin liittyvistä mielikuvista korostamalla eri piirteitä.Tulokset myös osoittivat kuulijan taustalla olevan merkitystä käsityksiin varieteeteistä sekä vaihtamisilmiöistä. Varieteeteille löytyi yhtäläisyyksiä aiempiin tutkimuksiin, mutta tulokset osoittivat myös kontekstin, genren sekä paikallisten merkitysten vaikutuksen. Tutkimuksen perusteella selvisi, että vähemmän tutkittu kielellinen ilmiö ”crossing” eri englannin varieteettien välillä on havaittavissa myös Suomessa yhteisöissä, joilla on vahvat juuret kansainvälisyydessä. Vaihtamisilmiöille löydettiin useita tarkoituksia, joista tärkein oli eri ryhmiin samaistuminen tai niistä erottautuminen. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Kieliasenteet, koodinvaihto, varieteettien vaihto, crossing, diglossia, stand up komiikka Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto / Helda Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree Programme Humanistinen tiedekunta Englantilainen filologia Opintosuunta – Studieinriktning – Study Track Tekijä – Författare – Author Milla-Marjaana Ihalainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Portraying identities: Variety switching in stand up comedy and the effects of local mixing on crossing in a multi-variety contact society Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro gradu Toukokuu 2020 97 (+ 29) Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tässä Pro Gradu tutkielmassa tarkastellaan varieteettien vaihtamista, jonka tutkielma jakaa kolmeen eri alatyyppiin: diglossia, ”crossing” sekä etninen vaihtaminen (ethnic switching). Variateettien vaihtamisen käyttöä sekä vaihtamisen hyväksyttävyyttä tutkittiin erityisessä yhteisössä, jonka erityispiirteenä on altistuminen useille englanninkielen varieteeteille. Suhtautumista vaihtamiseen tutkittiin syvällisemmin standup komiikan genressä. Tutkielma jatkaa pitkää perinnettä kieliasenteiden tutkimuksessa, jonka kohteena on englanninkielen eri varieteetit. Tutkielman kohteena olevat varieteetit ovat: brittienglanti, amerikan englanti, skotlannin englanti, amerikan etelän englanti, afrikkalaisamerikkalaisten englanti, etelä-afrikan englanti sekä intian englanti. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan sekä sitä, miten osallistujien kieliasenteisiin vaikuttaa heidän kielellinen taustansa (äidinkieli, kaksikielisyys sekä omaksuttu englannin varieteetti),että miten komiikka aineistona vaikuttaa arvioihin. Komiikan vaikutusta tarkastellaan vertaamalla esitysten sisältöä esityksistä annettuihin arvioihin. Tutkielmassa hyödynnetään Ben Ramptonin lanseeraamaa ”crossing” termiä. Termillä tarkoitetaan varieteettien vaihtamista kontekstissa, jossa jotain varieteettia lainataan sellaisen puhujan käyttöön, jolla ei ole ilmeistä kytköstä tähän varieteettiin. Tutkielmassa hyödynnetään myös aiempaa tutkimusta koodinvaihdosta, sekä aksenteilla tyylittelystä. Tutkimuksen aineistona toimii yhdeksästä sketsistä koostettu video seitsemästä eri komiikan erikoisjaksosta: Dave Chappellen ”Killin’ Them Softly”, Gabriel Iglesian ”Aloha Fluffy: Gabriel Iglesias Live from Hawaii”, Russell Kanen ”Uptight Brits” ohjelmasta ”Live At the Apollo”, Michael McIntyren ”Micheal McIntyre’s Roadshow”n Glasgow jakso, Trevor Noahin ”Crazy Normal”, Peter Russelin ”How to Become a Canadian Citizen” sekä Jerry Rochan esitys Iglesiaksen ”Stand Up Revolution” kiertueelta. Menetelminä tutkimuksessa käytetään asennekoetta, joka yhdistää sekä kvantitatiivisen että kvalitatiivisen menetelmän. Osallistujia tutkimuksessa oli yhteensä 72, joista suurin osa oli kansainvälisen englanninkielisen lukion oppilaita. Osallistujista noin puolet oli natiiveja englanninkielessä. Kvantitatiivisenä menetelmänä tutkimuksen osallistujat arvioivat näkemiänsä komediaesityksiä 1-5 liikkuvalla skaalalla kuudessa piirteessä. Osallistujia pyydettiin kvantitatiivisen tutkimuksen jälkeen vastaamaan avoimiin kysymyksiin asenteistaan vaihtamista kohtaan, joka muodosti tutkimuksen kvalitatiivisen näkökulman. Tulokset osoittivat että varieteettien vaihtaminen kuului osallistujien kielenkäyttöön, mutta se osa komiikkaesityksistä, joka esitettiin vaihtamisen kautta, arvioitiin negatiivisesti. Eroja hyväksyttävyydessä kuitenkin löytyi alatyyppien välillä. Positiivisimmin arvioitiin etniset vaihdot ja negatiivisimmin diglossia. Vaihtamisen keinot olivat erityisen antoisia standup komiikan genressä. Komiikalla on vahva rooli yhteiskunnalisten tabujen (kuten etnisyyteen liittyvien ongelmien) rikkomisessa. Komedian genressä kaikki kuullut englannin varieteetit arvioitiin pidetyiksi (likeable), sisällöstä riippumatta. Komedia vaikutus näkyi myös osallistujien asenteissa. Eri esitykset vahvistivat eri osia varieteeteihin liittyvistä mielikuvista korostamalla eri piirteitä.Tulokset myös osoittivat kuulijan taustalla olevan merkitystä käsityksiin varieteeteistä sekä vaihtamisilmiöistä. Varieteeteille löytyi yhtäläisyyksiä aiempiin tutkimuksiin, mutta tulokset osoittivat myös kontekstin, genren sekä paikallisten merkitysten vaikutuksen. Tutkimuksen perusteella selvisi, että vähemmän tutkittu kielellinen ilmiö ”crossing” eri englannin varieteettien välillä on havaittavissa myös Suomessa yhteisöissä, joilla on vahvat juuret kansainvälisyydessä. Vaihtamisilmiöille löydettiin useita tarkoituksia, joista tärkein oli eri ryhmiin samaistuminen tai niistä erottautuminen. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords
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