«Gormenghast»: Il Castello. Il Mondo Di Mervyn Peake

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«Gormenghast»: Il Castello. Il Mondo Di Mervyn Peake «GORMENGHAST»: IL CASTELLO Il mondo di Mervyn Peake Abstract – Titus Groan (1946) and Gormenghast (1950) are the first two books of the trilogy written by Mervyn Peake. They are set in the ancient and crumbling castle of Gormenghast, a place where time seems to have stopped and where nobody has ever left or come to. The first aim of this essay is the exploration of the representation of the castle of Gormenghast: since it has been defined as the typical gothic structure, it is considered how Gormenghast diverges from the traditional stereotypes of the genre. Mervyn Peake creates a labyrinthine place, isolated in time and space, which gradually seems to expand its volume, multiplying rooms and roofs. It is remarked the symbolic value of the castle and how the inhabitants and the villain relate with this place. In fact, all the characters, except for the protagonist and the villain, are defined in their identity by a room, which becomes their own universe. In the last part of the essay, it is underlined how the metamorphosis of the castle is followed by the metamorphosis of the villain Steerpike as embodiment of pure evil. doi: 10.7358/acme-2012-003-bell Il castello è per eccellenza tra i luoghi dell’immaginazione letteraria: co- struzione architettonica fondamentale della tradizione letteraria europea, esso è stato riproposto, nei secoli, in generi letterari di diversa origine. Accanto al castello magico legato al mondo delle fiabe, del poema ca- valleresco e del ciclo arturiano, troviamo il castello shakespeariano di Hamlet e di Macbeth, uno spazio scenico caratterizzato da sotterfugi, violenze e terribili omicidi, celati dalla spaventosa oscurità delle tenebre. Secondo Paolo Orvieto, il castello costituisce, insieme a altri luoghi di segregazione ed erranza come la casa o la caverna, «un tema letterario che tuttavia è, alle radici, un mito letterario […]». Perciò, esso è: […] atemporale e transculturale (a livello primordiale di mito è di inte- resse “antropologico”), ma per altro verso assume anche un radicamento culturale […] perciò il tema pur “trascendente” per la sua genesi mitica, è sempre anche interprete significativo e contingente dell’ideologia, della ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano Volume LXV - Fascicolo III - Settembre-Dicembre 2012 www.ledonline.it/acme/ 184 SILVIA BELLOTTI cultura e delle paure del preciso momento storico […] da trascendente si fa immanente, per adattarsi al tempus e al genius loci […]. 1 La definizione suggerita da Orvieto potrebbe apparire forzata, se si pren- dono in considerazione i miti greci e latini più celebri. Tuttavia, come so- stiene Jean Rousset, uno dei tratti fondamentali del mito è «son pouvoir durable sur la conscience collective; celui-ci va de pair avec son aptitude à toujours naître et renaître en se transformant» 2. Perciò, è essenziale con- siderare l’evoluzione del castello come luogo simbolico, sia nella realtà sociale storica, sia nell’immaginario letterario. Nel Medio Evo, il castello era uno spazio fondamentale: centro di organizzazione sociale e politica, ma soprattutto, per la sua imponenza strutturale, espressione del potere. Perciò, data la centralità del castello nella vita sociale, non appare strano l’utilizzo, nella letteratura europea, di questa costruzione architettonica come lo spazio privilegiato in cui ambientare romanzi e opere teatrali. La persistenza del castello, nel passaggio dal Medio Evo alla cultu- ra elisabettiana, dalla letteratura gotica e romantica al periodo contem- poraneo, è il risultato del fatto che «ce que protège le château, c’est la transcendance du spirituel. Il est censé abriter un pouvoir mystérieux et insaisissable» 3. Tuttavia, è soprattutto con la nascita del romanzo goti- co, dalla pubblicazione di The Castle of Otranto di Horace Walpole nel 1764 in poi, almeno fino a Walter Scott, che il castello diventa il centro dell’azione narrativa. La fortezza gotica si trasforma nel luogo abitato dal “male”, in cui si celano oscure presenze e in cui vengono compiuti i delitti più efferati. Esso, come afferma Mirella Billi: […] è luogo privilegiato e immancabile, sempre feudale, imponente, im- penetrabile, appare il prodotto del suolo da cui emerge come la testa di un gigantesco corpo naturale al quale è legato da radici profonde, tentacolari, simili a quelli di un albero immane. I personaggi, creati da autori come Walpole, Radcliffe, si trovano a confrontarsi con le loro paure all’interno delle mura del castello. 4 Dietro le mura si celano i sotterranei e i corridoi, che formano un labi- rinto in cui la perdita dell’orientamento fa presagire la crisi dell’identità. Il castello di Gormenghast, spazio scenico in cui si intrecciano i de- stini dei personaggi della trilogia di Gormenghast 5 di Mervyn Peake, si inserisce nel discorso letterario degli anni quaranta-cinquanta del Nove- 1) Orvieto 2004, p. 8. 2) Rousset 1978, p. 7. 3) Chevalier - Gheerbrant 1973, p. 340. 4) Billi 1986, p. 29. 5) La composizione e la pubblicazione della trilogia di Gormenghast si articola in un arco di tempo di circa venti anni. Il primo libro della trilogia, Titus Groan, è pubblica- to nel 1946, mentre Gormenghast e Titus Alone sono pubblicati, rispettivamente, nel 1950 ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano Volume LXV - Fascicolo III - Settembre-Dicembre 2012 www.ledonline.it/acme/ «GORMENGHAST»: IL CASTELLO. IL MONDO DI MERVYN PEAKE 185 cento, a cui l’autore dà un suo contributo significativo, attingendo non solo alla tradizione letteraria precedente, ma anche all’esperienza perso- nale. Perciò, le mura di Gormenghast, che separano l’interno dal misero spazio esterno dei Mud Dwellers, richiamano alla mente il compound cinese dell’infanzia di Peake 6. D’altra parte, è importante ricordare che Peake si dedica alla stesura di Titus Groan in un periodo drammatico come la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, mentre era arruolato nell’esercito co- me soldato d’artiglieria. L’esercito, con la sua rigida organizzazione si configura come una dimensione estranea alla personalità eclettica dell’ar- tista, che si sente impossibilitato a sfruttare il suo talento. Solo nel 1942, Peake verrà chiamato a contribuire come war artist e la visita, nel 1945, ai campi di concentramento di Bergen-Belsen rimarrà indelebile nella sua memoria, tanto da influenzare la sua visione artistica. Infatti, sebbene lo scrittore non fosse stato coinvolto nelle operazioni belliche, egli rimase, senza dubbio, segnato dall’esperienza del conflitto. Perciò, non sembra azzardato ipotizzare che la scelta di scrivere un romanzo come Titus Groan, ambientato in un mondo lontano dalla dimensione quotidiana e isolato nello spazio e nel tempo, fosse una precisa esigenza per allonta- narsi da una difficile realtà storica. Inoltre, come afferma Carlo Pagetti: «[…] ci si chiede quanto del sistema di elaborati rituali che scandiscono il tem po nel castello di Gormenghast abbia una corrispondenza “storica” nel la pompa scenografica che caratterizzava il regime nazista, il cui disfa- cimento Peake aveva intravisto» 7. Il castello di Gormenghast, con le sue anomalie e le sue rovine di- venta la metafora di quell’estetica del grottesco che caratterizza lo stile di Peake sia nella produzione letteraria sia nella produzione artistica. Nel disegno peakiano, così come nella prosa e nella pittura prevale la rappre- sentazione parodica della deformità, della bruttezza e dell’anomalia. Nei ritratti delle persone e dei personaggi i difetti fisici e morali sono con- tinuamente sottolineati e ingigantiti, fino a essere posti in primo piano. L’universo di Gormenghast è un mondo parallelo a quello del lettore, ma profondamente diverso da luoghi letterari come la Middle Earth di The Lord of the Rings di J.R.R. Tolkien, la cui pubblicazione si articola più o meno nello stesso periodo. Infatti, la Middle Earth tolkieniana è un mondo pre-industriale, parallelo e alternativo al mondo empirico, con confini geografici precisi. Come afferma Rosebury, Tolkien «offers an e nel 1959. I romanzi presentano numerose differenze stilistiche, che sono il frutto delle circostanze storiche del momento e dell’esperienze personali dell’autore. 6) Per conoscere e approfondire la vita e l’esperienza artistica dell’autore si rimanda ai memoirs e alle biografie che sono state scritte dalla morte di Peake, nel 1968, in poi. Per i memoirs, scritti da familiari e amici dell’autore, si vedano: Gilmore 1999, Smith 1984, Peake 1999. Per le biografie: Watney 1976, Yorke 2000, Winnington 2009. 7) Pagetti 2001, pp. 186-187. ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano Volume LXV - Fascicolo III - Settembre-Dicembre 2012 www.ledonline.it/acme/ 186 SILVIA BELLOTTI alternative history» 8; ma soprattutto l’autore di The Lord of the Rings concepisce lo spazio come una dimensione in cui i movimenti dei perso- naggi sono fondamentali per lo sviluppo dell’andamento narrativo. Inve- ce, Gormenghast è privo di indicazioni geografiche e i personaggi si spo- stano entro i confini limitati del castello e del territorio circostante senza una logica apparente, se non quella determinata dal ripetersi degli antichi rituali che vengono seguiti con assoluta fedeltà. Come afferma Manlove: «[…] the essence of Gormenghast and its people is changelessness. […] At the heart of Gormenghast’s life are the static and the antique Ritual and immemorial loyalty to the Stones» 9. Inoltre, l’impossibilità di misu- rare lo spazio del regno di Gormenghast
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