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Cholangitis of Pancreatitis? Does the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype Favor Either?

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Cholangitis of Pancreatitis? Does the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype Favor Either? BJMG 12/2 (2009) 53-57 10.2478/v10034-010-0006-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE CHOLANGITIS OF PANCREATITIS? DOES THE ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME GENOTYPE FAVOR EITHER? Kasap E1*, Akyıldız M2, Akarca U2 *Corresponding Author: Elmas Kasap, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey; Tel.: +90-236-2330115-+90-542-2457238; Fax: +90- 236-2370213 ; e-mail: elmaskasap@ yahoo.com ABSTRACT polymorphism did not seem to favor development of either cholangitis or pancreatitis. Acute cholangitis and pancreatitis are serious Key Words: Cholangitis, Pancreatitis, Angio- complications of gallstones, with considerable mor- tensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Common bile duct bidity and mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme stone (ACE) is an exopeptidase that is important in regulat- ing blood pressure, metabolizing bradykinin and in INTRODUCTION maintaining an inflammatory response. To determine whether the ACE genotype determines occurrence of Gallstones are frequent in the Western world, cholangitis or pancreatitis we examined ACE I/D gen- with up to 10% of the general population affected. otypes in 31 patients who had cholangitis, 44 patients Gallstone prevalence is higher in the elderly and in with biliary pancreatitis and 157 healthy individuals. women [1]. Most series indicate that the prevalence The patients had been hospitalized at the Department rate of gallstones in women between the ages of 20 and Intensive Care Faculty of Medicine, Ege Uni- and 55 years varies from 5 to 20%, and in those older versity, İzmir, Turkey. The patients were recalled 4 than 50 years, from 25 to 30%. The prevalence rate years later and their prognosis was evaluated. The in men is approximately one-half that in women for ACE II genotype was found at a higher frequency in a given age group and the prevalence in children is the cholangitis and biliary pancreatitis patients when 0.13% [2]. Acute cholangitis and pancreatitis are the compared with the healthy subjects (p <0.05). There most serious complications of gallstones, with con- was no significant difference between cholangitis siderable morbidity and mortality [1,3]. and biliary pancreatitis cases regarding the genotype Acute cholangitis is an infectious disease of the and allele distribution (p >0.05). Recurrence of infec- biliary tract ranging in severity from a mild form tion occurred more frequently in the patients with the with fever and jaundice to a severe form with sep- DD genotype, although it was not significant accord- tic shock. Patients are febrile, often have abdominal ing to the first assessment (p >0.05). The ACE gene pain, and are jaundiced [4]. There is usually leukocy- tosis, and serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels are generally elevated [4,5]. Approximately 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medi- 85% of cases are caused by an impacted stone in the cine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey common bile duct, with resulting bile stasis [6]. 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medi- Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory pro- cine, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey cess with varied etiologies [7], but its pathogenesis is 53 CHOLANGITIS, AP AND ACE GENOTYPES not fully understood [8]. Blockages of the duodenal Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, papilla or ampulla of Vater are the common charac- Turkey, and 157 healthy individuals were studied. Pa- teristics of the disease being most commonly due to tients with common bile duct stone and cholangitis gallstones, causing approximately 40% of cases [9]. did not have pancreatitis on the basis of radiological, Gallstone pancreatitis may be associated with cho- laboratory and clinical tests. All patients and healthy langitis but is also common as a separate entity [10]. control individuals were over 18 years of age, were A popular mechanism of gallstone pancreatitis is that informed about the study and consented to take part; an impacted gallstone in the distal common bile duct they also consented to be recalled after 4 years. obstructs the pancreatic duct, increasing pancreatic All patients were checked for fasting blood sug- pressure and damaging ductal and acinar cells [11]. ar, blood urea, creatinine, serum alanine aminotrans- Several studies have shown the existence of lo- ferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase cal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in (AST), serum alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutam- brain, heart, kidney, pancreas, adrenal glands and yltransferase (GGT), serum amylase, serum lipase, gonads [12,13]. Local RAS functions include the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sodium (Na), regulation of cell growth, differentiation, prolifera- potassium (K), calcium (Ca), serum total cholesterol, tion and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigylcerides, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL), generation, tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and hor- serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and serum very monal secretion [14]. low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. Complete The systemic hormonal RAS regulates electro- blood counts (CBCs), whole abdominal ultrasonog- lyte balance, fluid and blood pressure. The angio- raphy and abdominal tomography were performed tensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is responsible for on all patients. All patients had abdominal pain, fe- the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, ver, raised ALT, AST and serum alkaline phosphatase which is a potent vasoconstrictor [15,16] and also levels, whereas pancreatitis patients only had elevat- inactivates bradykinin, a vasodilator produced by ed amylase levels. The serum bilirubin level was the kallikrein-kinin system, which has major impli- above 2 mg/dL in all patients. Endoscopic retrograde cation in acute pancreatitis and other inflammations cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterec- [17,18]. The ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) poly- tomy were performed on all patients. morphism is localized in intron 16 of the human ACE The cholangitis and biliary pancreatitis patients gene and corresponds to a repetitive sequence about were recalled 4 years later and their prognosis was 287 bp long [18,19]. evaluated. For detection of the ACE polymorphism, In our clinical experience, some individuals with blood specimens from all participants were obtained common bile duct stones are hospitalized more than by standard venipuncture into ethylenediamine tetra- once for treatment of biliary pancreatitis or for cho- acetic acid-containing tubes. DNA was isolated by a langitis. Why do some of the people with common standard phenol/chloroform extraction method [14]. biliary duct stone suffer cholangitis, while others We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) develop pancreatitis? The answer to this question is methodology [19] with an upstream primer (5’-CTG not yet quite clear. Angiotensin is a proinflammatory GAG ACC ACT CCC ATC CTT TCT-3’) and a down- molecule and may have a role in cholangitis (an in- stream primer (5’-GAT GTG GCC ATC ACA TTC fectious disease) and pancreatitis (a sterile inflamma- GTC AGA T-3’). Amplification was performed for tion). To determine if the ACE genotype determines 35 cycles with denaturation, extension and annealing the occurrence of cholangitis or biliary pancreatitis, temperatures of 94.8°C, 60.8°C and 72.8°C, respec- we studied patients with these diseases and healthy tively. The resulting PCR products were separated on controls. 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining and visualized under ultraviolet light. Homozygotes for MATERIALS AND METHODS the deletion or insertion genotypes were described as DD and II, respectively, and the heterozygotes were Forty-four patients with biliary pancreatitis and reported as ID. 31 patients with common bile duct stone and cholang- All statistical analyses were performed using the itis hospitalized at the Department and Intensive Care SPSS 11.0 statistical program. Genotypes, allele fre- 54 BALKAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS Kasap E1*, Akyıldız M2, Akarca U2 quency, and clinical features at diagnosis were evalu- another bout within this period, and one case had two ated by the χ2 test. Clinical data are reported as mean bouts twice within the same period. Six patients in ± SD (standard deviation) and as percentages. Statis- the group with cholangitis suffered from cholangitis tical significance was accepted as p <0.05. within this period, but none had experienced pancre- atitis during the last 4 years. RESULTS Genotype distribution of the ACE gene in acute pancreatitis, cholangitis and patients with recurrent There was no significant difference between the disease are summarized in Table 2. Recurrence of in- mean ages of acute pancreatitis and cholangitis pa- fection occurred more frequently in the patients with tients, however, they were higher than those of the the DD genotype, although it was not significant ac- healthy control individuals (p <0.05). There was also cording to the first assessment (p >0.05). was no significant difference between cholangitis and biliary pancreatitis cases regarding the genotype DISCUSSION and allele distribution (p >0.05). Genotype distribution of the ACE gene in acute Gallstone disease is a common disorder of the pancreatitis, cholangitis and healthy controls are gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of gallstones summarized in Table 1. The ACE II genotype fre- in the United States is approximately 10 to 15%. quency was found to be higher in cholangitis and Symptoms occur in approximately 20% of those biliary pancreatitis patients when compared
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