Hofman & Haviser Hofman edited by edited Managing our past into the future Caribbean archaeological heritage is threatened by natural impacts but also increasingly by economic developments, often resulting from the tourist industry. The continuous construction of specific projects for tourists, accompanied by illegal practices such as looting and sand mining, have major impacts on the region’s archaeological heritage. The geopolitical and cultural diversity of the Caribbean, the general lack of awareness of island histories and multiple stakeholders involved in the Managing our past into the future the into our past Managing preservation process, have in many cases slowed down the effective enforcement of regulations and heritage legislation. The development of archaeological heritage management (AHM) in the Dutch Caribbean islands started slowly in the early years of their semi-autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1954 onwards. With the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010, Curaçao and St. Martin obtained a more autonomous status within the Kingdom, similar to Aruba has since 1986. Simultaneously, Bonaire, Saba and St. Eustatius became special overseas municipalities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Consequently, these islands now fall under Dutch regulations for cultural resource management. Irrespective of these geopolitical changes, AHM has been developing on the six islands over the past 25 years, partly because of the active role of localized island-specific archaeological institutions. This volume provides a background to the history of archaeological research in the Dutch Caribbean and compiles a number of compliance archaeology projects that have been carried out under and in the spirit of the Valetta Treaty. In addition, with its discussion of the successful creation of localized community-based archaeological heritage associations serving as an excellent model for other island communities in the Caribbean, this volume represents a unique contribution to AHM in a wider regional perspective. Managing our past into the future archaeological heritage management 3 in the dutch caribbean Taboui no.3 ISBNSidestone 978-90-8890-325-0 Press collection d’archéologie Caraïbe Sidestone dirigée par Benoît Bérard ISBN: 978-90-8890-325-0 edited by Corinne L. Hofman & Jay B. Haviser AIHP/GEODE EA 929 9 789088 903250 This is an Open Access publication. Visit our website for more OA publication, to read any of our books for free online, or to buy them in print or PDF. www.sidestone.com Check out some of our latest publications: Managing our past into the future Sidestone Press Managing our past into the future archaeological heritage management in the dutch caribbean edited by Corinne L. Hofman & Jay B. Haviser IN MEMORIAM Willem J.H. WILLEMS (1950-2014) A dear friend and colleague Champion of archaeological heritage management © 2015, individual authors Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com ISBN 978-90-8890-325-0 Photographs cover by Hofman and Haviser Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Also available as: e-book (PDF): ISBN 978-90-8890-326-7 Cet ouvrage a été publié grace au soutien du Ministère de la Culture, Direction des Affaires Culturelles de la Martinique Taboui no.3 collection d’archéologie Caraïbe dirigée par Benoît Bérard IN MEMORIAM Willem J.H. WILLEMS (1950-2014) A dear friend and colleague Champion of archaeological heritage management Contents Preface 11 Contributors 13 List of Figures 19 List of tables 23 ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IN THE 25 DUTCH CARIBBEAN 1. Introduction 27 The current status of archaeological heritage management (AHM) in the Dutch Caribbean Corinne L. Hofman and Jay B. Haviser 2. A review of archaeological research in the Dutch Caribbean 37 Jay B. Haviser and Corinne L. Hofman 3. Achieving sustainable heritage management in Aruba 71 Raymundo A.C.F. Dijkhoff and Marlene S. Linville 4. Heritage Management on Bonaire and Curaçao 89 A step towards an integral approach to heritage Richenel Ansano and Claudia T. Kraan 5. Heritage Management and the public sphere 103 Doing archaeology on Saba Ryan Espersen 6. Skeletons in the closet 113 Future avenues for the curation of archaeological human skeletal remains in the Dutch Caribbean and the rest of the region Hayley L. Mickleburgh COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 131 7. Community archaeology as an essential element for successful 133 Archaeological Heritage Management Jay B. Haviser 8. Community engagement, local identity and museums 153 A review of past heritage initiatives and recent developments on the island of Saba Helena Boehm 9. The Curaçao archaeological exploration group 169 François van der Hoeven and Fred M. Chumaceiro EARLY VALETTA TREATY APPLICATIONS 181 10. Archaeological assessment in compliance with the Valetta Treaty 183 Spanish Water, Curaçao Menno L.P. Hoogland and Corinne L. Hofman 11. Early Valetta Treaty application at Slagbaai-Gotomeer, Bonaire 195 Jay B. Haviser 12. Archaeological assessment at Bethlehem, St. Maarten 217 An early Valetta Treaty project in the Dutch Winward Islands Menno L.P. Hoogland, Corinne L. Hofman and R. Grant Gilmore III 13. An ‘Emporium for All the World’ 233 Commercial archaeology in Lower Town, St. Eustatius Ruud Stelten 14. Three early examples of Valetta Treaty application in the Dutch 245 Windward Islands Jay B. Haviser 15. An archaeological assessment of Cul-de-Sac (The Farm), 271 St. Eustatius The Nustar project R. Grant Gilmore III, Menno L.P. Hoogland and Corinne L. Hofman 16. Heritage management of an 18th-century slave village at 291 Schotsenhoek plantation, St. Eustatius Ruud Stelten 17. Heritage management on St. Eustatius 305 The Dutch West Indies headquarters project R. Grant Gilmore III and Louis P. Nelson 18. Mapping sites, mapping expectancies, mapping heritage 335 The archaeological predictive maps of St. Eustatius, Saba, and Sint Maarten Maaike S. de Waal, Jochem Lesparre, Jay B. Haviser, Menno L.P. Hoogland, Ryan Espersen and Ruud Stelten EPILOGUE 351 19. Into the Future for Archaeological Heritage Management in 353 the Dutch Caribbean Corinne L. Hofman and Jay B. Haviser Preface The first ideas for this volume were born at the symposium ‘ The archaeology of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba‘ organised by Corinne Hofman during the 16th annual meeting of the European Association of Archaeology (EAA) held in The Hague, The Netherlands in September 2010, one month prior to the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. This EAA meeting was organised by the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, the Department of Archaeology of the Municipality of The Hague and the Cultural Heritage Agency (Ministry of Education, Culture and Science), with financial support from the Ministry of Culture. The chair of the steering committee was our dear colleague and friend Prof. dr. Willem Willems (1950- 2014), professor of Archaeological Heritage Management, he participated in the Council of Europe committee that drafted the Malta Convention and he was a world-leader in international heritage policies. As a heritage expert Willems was involved in the Synergy project ‘Nexus 1492. New World encounters in a Globalizing world’ financed by the European Research Council to advise on archaeological heritage management in the geopolitically complex and diverse region of the Caribbean. Although Willem had originally agreed to write the forward for this book, he unfortunately passed away very suddenly, thus to still have him as a part of this effort we dedicate this volume in recognition of his contributions to world heritage. We thank all the participants who presented at the symposium during the EAA in The Hague, i.e. Menno Hoogland, Jay Haviser, Raymundo Dijkhoff, Hayley Mickleburgh, Harold Kelly, Alistair Bright, Benoit Bérard and Grant Gilmore, of whom several contributed to the present volume. We also thank Claudia Kraan, Arsano Richenel, Marlene Linville, Ruud Stelten, Francois van der Hoeven, Fred Chumaciero, Ryan Espersen, Helena Boehm, Jochem Lesparre, Louis Nelson and Maaike de Waal who were not there in The Hague but whose contributions have been essential to this book. We are indebted to the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (VICI-grant nr. 277-62-001) and the European Research Council (Nexus1492 Synergy grant nr. 319209) for the financial help in organizing the symposium and producing this volume. We are extremely grateful to Dr. Arie Boomert and Dr. Andrjez Antczak for reviewing the manuscript. Liliane de Veth is acknowledged for her help in preparing the manuscript for final publication. Finally, we would like to acknowledge all the students, volunteers, GOs, NGOs and local communities with whom we have engaged throughout the years and who have been participating in several projects presented in this volume. Their participation is crucial for the managing of our past into the future! Corinne L. Hofman and Jay B. Haviser April 2015 preface 11 Contributors Editor. Professor Dr. Corinne L. Hofman is professor of Caribbean archaeology and directs the Caribbean Research Group at the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University. Hofman has carried out archaeological research in the Caribbean since the 1980s. Her primary interests are the communication systems and interaction networks of the indigenous populations in the period before and after the European colonization of the Americas in 1492. Currently, she is corresponding principal investigator of NEXUS 1492, ‘New World encounters in a Globalizing World’, a synergy project supported