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Myth in the Holy Qur'an ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه اﺳﻄﻮره در ﻗﺮآن

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Myth in the Holy Qur'an ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه اﺳﻄﻮره در ﻗﺮآن Biannual Journal Quran and Religious Enlightenment VOI.1, NO.1, Summer 2020 http://quran2020.journals.pnu.ac.ir Myth in the Holy Qur’an ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه اﺳﻄﻮره در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ Received: 12/02/2019 Accepted: 03/02/2020 Jafar Nekoonam1 ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻧﻜﻮﻧﺎم1 Abstract: In the Qur'anic view, the main mission of the prophets and their heavenly books is ﭼﻜﻴﺪه: preaching. If the Qur'an, in some cases, ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪ در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻗﺮآﻧﻲ، رﺳﺎﻟﺖ اﺻﻠﻲ اﻧﺒﻴﺎء و ﻛﺘﺐ آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ deals with any subject, it has only a ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺛﻤﺮه ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪاي ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻛﺮدن ﻗﺮآن، preaching approach. If we look at the Qur'an as a book of preaching, we sometimes come آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ آﺷﻜﺎر ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﻼف across verses that seem untrue: such as the واﻗﻊ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺧﻮرﻳﻢ؛ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺒﻮس ﺑﻮدن ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻳﺄﺟﻮج و imprisonment of a people called Gog and ﻣﺄﺟﻮج در ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺪي ﺗﺎ روز ﻗﻴﺎﻣﺖ و ﻳﺎ اﻓﻜﻨﺪن ﺷﻬﺎبﻫﺎ Magog behind a dam until the Day of Judgment or the dropping of meteors to ﺑﺮاي راﻧﺪن ﺷﻴﺎﻃﻴﻦ از آﺳﻤﺎن. ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ دو را drive demons out of the sky. Allameh ﺧﻼف واﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻤﺎرد و آﻳﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط را ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. Tabatabai considers these two as untrue and اﻳﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﺴﺮان ﻃﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرده ﻗﺮن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ، .considers the relevant verses as permissible ﻫﻤﮕﻲ اﻳﻦ آﻳﺎت را ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﺮدﻧﺪ و ادﻋﺎي اﻳﻨﻜﻪ However, all the commentators of the Qur'an, in the last fourteen hundred years, آﻧﺎن ﻗﺮآن را اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻣﻲﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻧﺪ، دﺷﻮار اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ رﻗﻴﺒﻲ ,have all considered these verses to be true ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد، اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ and it is a difficult claim to claim that they ﻣﻮارد، اﺳﻄﻮرهاﻧﺪ و در ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪاي ﻫﻴﭻ اﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺪارد misunderstood the Qur'an. The competitive theory, which is discussed in this article, is ﻛﻪ از اﺳﻄﻮرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺑﺰاري ﺷﻮد. اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ، that those are myths, and in preaching, there ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ آﻳﺎت ﻗﺮآن ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻇﺎﻫﺮيﺷﺎن ﻛﻪ is nothing wrong with using the myths of the ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻔﺴﺮان ﻃﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرده ﻗﺮن ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪهاﻧﺪ، ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﺮآن را audience as a tool. This theory, while leaving the verses of the Qur'an on their ﻧﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. apparent meaning that all commentators have understood over fourteen centuries, ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪ، اﺳﻄﻮره، ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ، ﻣﺠﺎز. .also proves the legitimacy of the Qur'an Keywords: Sermon, Myth, Allegory, Metaphor. 1. اﺳﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻮم ﻗﺮآن و ﺣﺪﻳﺚ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻗﻢ، اﻳﺮان. ,Professor of Quranic and Hadith Sciences . 1 Qom University, Iran. [email protected] [email protected] 142 Biannual Journal Quran and Religious Enlightenment, VOI.1, NO.1, Summer 2020 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction In this regard, one of the theories and In several verses of the Holy Quran, the justifications they have offered is the Quran is mentioned as a sermon. mythical theory of biblical descriptions. Furthermore, preaching is present in all Scientists such as Ernest Cassirer, verses of the Qur'an. In the Qur'an, there Richard Braithware and Winston L. is always a sermon on every subject that King, Paul Tilich have called the is spoken, including the blessings and language of the Bible, and in particular signs of divine power and the rules, its stories, the language of myth. One of stories, and resurrection. There are also the things that, in their view, has become questions in such regard, for example: a myth from the Bible, is the story of the First: Are there any false statements creation of the world and the descent of in the descriptions of the Qur'an, as a man and desire. The debates that have sermon, whether in the field of history taken place among Muslims so far about and stories or the field of nature? the existence of myth in the Qur'an are Second: Do descriptions containing mostly negative. false statements in the Qur'an interfere That’s, in general, they deny the with the authority and legitimacy of existence of myth in the Qur'an and Qur'anic statements? Is it true to use consider it to be detrimental to the false descriptions to preach? Doesn't legitimacy and violate the guiding that invalidate the preaching itself? purpose of the Qur'an. But some modern Third: What descriptions of the thinkers have confirmed the existence of Qur'an are mythical and contain false myth in the Qur'an and have not statements? How can factual considered it as a violation of the propositions be distinguished from false legitimacy and guiding purpose of the propositions of the Qur'an? Qur'an. In the contemporary period, Fourth: Why was it necessary to use some Islamic thinkers, such as Amin false myths and statements in the Kholi and his colleague Taha Hussein, Qur'an? Why should there be myths and as well as Amin Kholi's student, false statements in a divine book? Was Muhammad Ahmad Khalafullah, as it not possible not to use myth and all the well as Nasr Hamed Abu Zayd, believe statements of the Qur'an to be true? that there is a myth in the Qur'an. They The present paper seeks to answer consider the same cases that some those questions as clearly as possible. commentators, such as Allameh Tabatabai, consider as metaphor and 1. Background allegorical, as examples of Qur'anic It seems that at the beginning of Islam, myths. there was a real view of all the stories of Khalafullah believes that there is no the Qur'an and considered all of them as connection between the mythic nature of real events. Gradually, however, doubts the Qur'an and its falsehood. He arose among the commentators of the considers Quranic myths as a means of Qur'an about the veracity of some of its transmitting true knowledge. It is stories. The same is true about the Bible. thought that the main reason for Westerners, before Muslims, have made accepting the existence of myth in the worthy efforts to provide correct and Qur'an is that there is no argument that convincing theories and justifications on it is figurative or allegorical. But on the topics that are considered untrue. other hand, they do not correspond to Myth in the Holy Qur’an / Jafar Nekoonam 143 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ reality. Two examples of this are the fall world of angels. He also stated about the of meteors to drive demons out of the second theme that the crushing of Dhu sky, and the confinement of the people al-Qarnayn? The dam is the of Gog and Magog behind the dam that ineffectiveness of that dam due to the Dhu al-Qarnayn built in front of them. development and diversity of These two examples are significant communication channels and through in that they have been proven to be the scientific and technological contrary to reality by scholarly development of human beings. The commentators such as Allameh problem with metaphor in such cases is Tabatabai. But the cases that have not that metaphor is known to linguists. been proven to be untrue have been left Metaphor is different from the truth. out in our discussions. Of course, it However, in these two cases, which should be noted that any unusual event are considered metaphorical and cannot be considered untrue. Some of allegorical, no analogy diverts the minds them, such as Satan speaking to man, or of the audience from the real meaning to the prostration of angels to Adam, can the metaphorical meaning. Therefore, be considered as allegory or metaphor. the commentators carried these verses to Others, such as the splitting of the sea the same true meaning until the present and the passage of the children of Israel century and did not interpret them through it, can be considered as miracles figuratively. The novelty of the present of the prophets. paper is that the theory of the myth of Commentators on those two themes the Qur'an in such cases is examined in have believed in their authenticity for more depth. At the same time, the the past fourteen centuries. But in the answer to the question of whether present century, some contemporary considering the above-mentioned commentators, such as Allameh themes as mythical does not interfere Tabatabai, have considered that the with the legitimacy of the Qur'an will be appearance of these verses is not a true examined more closely. story. Therefore, they should not be interpreted in terms of their appearance; 2. The concept of myth rather, they should be considered as a The descriptions in the Qur'an can be kind of metaphor and allegory and divided into three types according to the interpreted with rational meanings. type of realism: First, the descriptions in For example, Allameh Tabatabai, which real beings and events are spoken regarding the meaning of the first theme, of and all its statements are under has stated that the heavenly lights drove reality. They are interpreted as true or the demons away from the world of real descriptions. The second category is angels. For example, Allameh descriptions in which real beings and Tabatabai, regarding the meaning of the events are spoken of in allegory. Here, first theme, has stated that the heavenly the allegories themselves are not lights drove the demons away from the intended; rather, what is allegorized is world of angels. For example, Allameh the meaning and purpose. Those types Tabatabai, regarding the meaning of the of descriptions are allegorical or first theme, has stated that the heavenly figurative descriptions. lights drove the demons away from the 144 Biannual Journal Quran and Religious Enlightenment, VOI.1, NO.1, Summer 2020 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ The third category is descriptions beings have seen that those propositions that seem to speak of real beings and refer to beings and events that events, but studies show that some of its contemporary human beings do not find, propositions do not refer to real beings and there is no way to discover them, and events.
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