The Afrikaner's Die Afrikaners Se

2 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Inhoud Boodskap van die President / Message from the President 2 Boodskap van die Rasdirekteur / Message from the Breed Director 6 Die Bestuur / the Council 8 Ultrafin 10 Om te meet / To measure 12 ‘n Lae energie voerkraal rantsoen / A low energy feedlot diet 18 The Afrikaner – herd of milk & honey 22 Uit die verlede / From the past 28 Die toekoms van die Afrikaner / the Afrikaner’s future 38 Prestasie inligting vir seleksie / Performance information for selection 45 Bestaan daar werklik suiwer rasse? / Do pure breeds really exist? 54 Original Afri Beef 56 Afri Beef in Namibië / Afri Beef in Namibia 57 Algemene Jaarvergadering / Annual General Meeting 62 Thabazimbi Skou / Thabazimbi Show 64 Nampo 66 ALFA 68 Paresis Namibië veiling / Namibian acution 70 Intergis 72 Nasionale veiling en Dinee / National auction and Dinner 76 Hoopstad Afrikaner bulveiling / Hoopstad Afrikaner bull auction 79 Fase C Toetse / Phase C Tests 82 Afrikaner & Afrisim telers / breeders - LNR toekennings/ARC awards 84 Sandstone Estates kursus / course 88 Sandstone Estates 90 Die / The Afrisim 92 Afrisim teelbeleid 95 Advertensies - Adverts

Afric 53 Karstveld Afrikaners 47 Agri4all 78 Klipheuwel 81 BenguFarm 40 Landbou radio 91 Boshoff Afrikaner IFC Landbouweekblad 60 Deelfontein Afrikaners 15 LNR 43 Demeter 91 Molatek 50 Derus Afrikaner Stoet 85 Nutrifeeds 86 Doornkloof Afrikaners 27 Plaasmedia 71 Esfane OBC Pronk Afrikaners 5 Etambeni Afrikaners 65 Sahara Afrikaners 21 Geelbos Afrikaners IBC Salztal Afrikaner Stoet 36-37 Grootkuil Afrikanerstoet 9 Sanmaroux Afrikaner Stoet 48-49 Holmedale Afrikaner Stud 74 Sanra Afrikaners 59 Hoopstad Afrikanerbultelers- Unistel 75 vereniging 78 Vleissentraal 67

VOORBLAD/COVER: Fotograaf Reint DYKEMA

AFRIKANERBEESTELERSGENOOTSKAP AFRIKANER CATTLE BREEDERS’ SOCIETY Posbus/PO Box 29571, Danhof 9310 [T]: 051 447 7405 • [F]: 051 448 8404/ 086 270 3988 [E]: [email protected] [W]: www.afrikanerbees.com van die | from the President - DR PIETER DE KOCK -

Sedert 2012 tot nou 2018, was seker die mees Since 2012 until now 2018, it was probably the opwindende tyd wat ons beleef het met die most exciting time we have experienced with the Afrikanerbees ras. Waar daar 6 jaar gelede gelag is Afrikaner cattle breed. Where, 6 years ago, there by veilings oor die ou Afrikanertjies, word daar nou was laughter at the “old Afrikaners” on auctions, met belangstelling en respek navraag gedoen oor there is now interest in this particular indigenous hierdie besonderse inheemse ras – die Afrikaner breed, the Afrikaner, which can add value to any – wat waarde kan toevoeg tot enige beesboer se cattle farmer’s herd. kudde. What has been achieved: Wat is bereik: - An average calf weaning weight of over 200kg. - ‘n Gemiddelde kalf speengewig van bo 200kg. - An average ICP which decreased by 19 days. - ‘n Gemiddelde TKP wat verminder het met 19 - Meat quality recognized by the public - dae. nationwide and reflected in the delivery of Afri - Vleiskwaliteit wat deur die publiek besef is – Beef. landswyd en weerspieël word met die lewering - Cow efficiency improved by 18%. van Afri Beef. - The fact that the Afrikaner is known as the - Koei doeltreffendheid wat verbeter het met 18%. most heat-tolerant cattle breed - as proved by - Die feit dat die Afrikaner as die mees hitte research evidence. tolerante beesras bekend is – soos met - 2 Afrikaner training courses take place per year navorsing bewys. at various locations in the country. - 2 Afrikaner opleidingskursusse per jaar vind - Disease resistance - especially the resistance plaas op verskeie plekke in die land. to malignant catarrhal fever is a revolutionary - Siekte weerstand - veral die bestandheid teen characteristic, especially for game farmers who snoksiekte is ‘n revolusionêre eienskap, veral want to farm with cattle. vir die wildboere wat met beeste wil boer. - The prices of Afrikaners have doubled on well- - Die pryse van Afrikaners op bekende veilings known auctions. het verdubbel. - As far as crossbreeding in South Africa is - Wat kruisteling in Suid-Afrika betref, is bewys concerned, it proves that the Afrikaner is dat die Afrikaner absoluut die aangewese ras is absolutely the designated breed to use in om mee te kruis. crossbreeding.

4 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal - Daar is bewys dat die Afrikaner optimaal voer - It is proved that the Afrikaner can be optimally – uit 14 bulle in Fase C groeitoets was daar fed – out of 14 bulls in Phase C growth test there 7 goue merietes en 5 silwer merietes. Dus were 7 gold merits and 5 silver merits. Thus, optimale voeromsetverhouding. Hierdie was ‘n the optimal feed conversion ratio. This was a dramatiese resultaat. dramatic result. - Ons ledetal neem progressief toe- wat - Our member numbers have progressively absoluut nie die tendens landswyd by ander increased - which is certainly not the trend at Genootskappe is nie. other Societies nationally. - Die ABTG is ook nou die registrerende owerheid - The ACBS is now also the registering authority vir die Afrisims en die Ankole’s en ander rasse for the Afrisims and the Ankoles and other mag dalk ook volg. breeds might follow. - Hegte bande is gebou met die LNR en die - Close ties were built with the ARC and the media – in besonders met Plaas Media en media - in particular with Plaas Media and Landbouweekblad. Landbouweekblad. - By die 50 artikels oor die Afrikaner het verskyn, - Around 50 articles about the Afrikaner appeared, Landbou Radio & TV onderhoude is gehoor en Landbou Radio & TV Interviews were heard and 2 Afrikaner bylae het die lug gesien in 2016 & 2 Afrikaner supplements were issued 2016 and 2018. 2018. - Met nougesette korrektheid het ons die mylpaal - With precise correctness, we reached the bereik dat ‘n gewone kantoordame haarself en milestone whereby an ordinary office lady ook met hulp van die Bestuur, opgegradeer upgraded herself with the help of the council, het tot ‘n kundige beeskenner wat die pos van to a cattle expert, whom could fill the position Rasdirekteur kon vul. Ons is dan bevoorreg om of Breed Director. We are therefore privileged in die Afrikaner Genootskap, sekerlik die mees to have within the Afrikaner Society, the most bekwame Rasdirekteur in die land in ons diens competent Breed Director in the country, whom te hê, wat die registrasie van ons eie ras en can handle the registration of our own breed verskeie ander rasse kan behartig. Voorwaar ‘n and various other breeds as well. Certainly a big groot mylpaal. milestone. Wat van die volgende 5 jaar: What about the next 5 years: - Ons neem ten volle deel aan die genomiese - We are fully participating in the genomic project projek vir die Afrikaner. for the Afrikaner. - ‘n Teelwaarde profiel, eksklusief vir die Afrikaner, - A breeding profile, exclusively for the Afrikaner, is in wording, gedoen deur Dr Mike McNeil van is being initiated by Dr Mike McNeil of the USA. die VSA. - A 5 year herd improvement project, under the - ‘n 5 jaar kudde verbeteringsprojek, onder leiding direction of Dr Norman Maiwashe, is in process. van Dr Norman Maiwashe, is in die proses. - A special Phase E test for fat coverage, marbling - ‘n Spesiale Fase E toets vir vetbedekking, and growth is now being implemented, where marmering en groei word nou geïmplementeer, marketable cattle will undergo sonar scanning waar elke bemarkbare bees ‘n sonar skandering and measurement for market-readiness at 18- en meting sal ondergaan vir markgereedheid op 24 months. 18 -24 maande. - A special auction at Hoopstad is being planned - Daar word ‘n besonderse veiling by Hoopstad in honour of their 80th anniversary. Our National beplan ter verering van hulle 80 jarige bestaan. Auction will soon become a regular occurrence Ons Nasionale veiling gaan dan ook van nou with more and more minimum standards to be af ‘n gereelde instelling met meer en meer applied. minimum standaarde wat toegepas gaan word. - Afrikaner genetics abroad is a major target for - Afrikaner genetika na die buiteland is ‘n groot the next 5 years. mikpunt vir die volgende 5 jaar. What a privilege it is for me to write and share these Wat ‘n voorreg is dit vir my om oor al hierdie mylpale milestones and future planning. en toekoms beplanning te skryf en dit met u te deel. The one thing that is still an anti-climax for us, is Die een enkele aspek wat nog vir ons ‘n antiklimaks internal differences and conflict amongst breeders. is, is onderlinge verskille en konflik onder die telers. The Afrikaner of today is 97% full blood, with 3% Die Afrikaner van vandag is 97% volbloed geteel met strange genes, especially from the Nguni (See

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 5 3% vreemde gene, komende van veral die Nguni article in the journal, pg 54). This in the midst of the (Sien artikel in die Joernaal, bl. 54). Dit te midde appendix system and the scientific infusion project. van die hulpstamboekstelsel en die wetenskaplike According to the study, out of 44 breeds worldwide, infusie projek. Volgens die studie is die Afrikaner uit the Afrikaner is the purest breed. Can we, as 44 rasse wêreldwyd, die suiwerste ras. Kan ons as breeders, not bury the hatchet about pure bred or telers nie maar nou die strydbyle oor suiwer al dan not. It does so much damage to our relationships. nie, begrawe nie. Dit doen soveel skade aan ons With all my personal shortcomings and judgment verhoudings. errors of the past and possibly still in the future, Met al my persoonlike tekortkominge en we place, as a person and the management of oordeelsfoute van die verlede en moontlik nog in the ACBS, our lives and actions in the hands of die toekoms, plaas ek as persoon en die Bestuur the Lord. We give all the glory and credit to our van die ABTG, ons lewens en optrede in die hande Heavenly Father for our existence as a Society. van die Here. Ons gee al die glorie en krediet aan I thank you for this term and salute Me Lauren ons Hemelse Vader vir ons bestaan as Genootskap. James and every member of the council as well Ek dank u vir hierdie termyn en salueer Me Lauren as the breeders who are part of the Afrikaner James en elke Bestuurslid asook die telers wat deel cattle success story and will continue to be. I will is van hierdie suksesverhaal van die Afrikanerbees leave you with the following life’s thought that we en nog gaan wees. Ek laat u met die volgende all, especially myself, must make our own in order lewens gedagte wat ons almal, veral myself, ons to keep our heads high and to look life square in ons eie moet maak om in tye van klimaat, finansieel, the eyes in terms of climate, financial, political and politieke en maatskaplike krisisse ons koppe hoog social crises. te hou en die lewe vierkantig in die oë te kyk. Blessings for each and everyone of you. Seën vir elkeen van u.

Mark Linton wrote: A real man is the kind of man that when your feet hit the floor each morning the devil says Oh Crap, he’s up! Brother, life is too short to wake up with regrets. So love the people who treat u right. Forgive the ones who don’t just because you can. Believe everything happens for a reason. If you get a second chance, grab it with both hands. If it changes your life, let it. Take a few minutes to think before u act when you’re mad. Forgive quickly. God never said life would be easy. He just promised it would be worth it. A Brother walks with u when the rest of the world walks on you.

6 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 7 MESSAGE from the BREED DIRECTOR BOODSKAP van die RASDIREKTEUR

2018 – what a year! Who could have believed how this 2018 - wat ‘n jaar! Wie sou kon raai dat die jaar so sou year would turn out! The highlight of this year had to uitdraai? Die hoogtepunt van die jaar, was sekerlik ons be our National Auction at Kroon Boma. Thank you and Nasionale veiling by Kroon Boma! Dankie en ook baie congratulations once again to all involved, especially geluk aan almal wat betrokke was, veral die verkopers the sellers and buyers and in special our sponsors: en kopers en dan in spesiaal ons borge: Nutri Feeds, Nutri Feeds, Plaas Media and Landbou Radio! Plaas Media and Landbou Radio! So much has happened since I first started writing my Soveel het gebeur vandat ek my gedeelte begin skryf piece for the journal, but this year was definitely one to het vir die joernaal, maar die jaar was verseker ‘n jaar remember and be proud of! om te onthou en op trots te wees! As I said in my thoughts for the Landbouweekblad Soos ek gesê het in my gedeelte in die Landbou- supplement, The Afrikaner – what more can a weekblad se Bylaag, Die Afrikanerbees; wat kan ‘n commercial or Stud breeder ask for? This breed has kommersiële of Stoetteler nou meer voor vra? Dié everything needed for reproduction and beef cattle bees het alles wat benodig is vir reproduksie en production in South Africa and worldwide. During the vleisbeesproduksie in Suid-Afrika en wêreldwyd. hard and the heatwave times, the Afrikaner continues Gedurende die moeilike en warm tye, bly die Afrikaner to produce; the bulls serve, the cows become pregnant, produseer; die bulle dek, koeie word beset en speen wean their calves with ease whilst being pregnant yet hulle kalwers met gemak terwyl hulle herbeset is. Die again. The cows wean their calves at a mass of 220 - koeie speen hulle kalwers op rekord massa van 220 – 250kg and still maintain their condition, no matter 250kg en behou steeds hulle kondisie, maak nie saak what calving season is used. We breed with animals watter kalf seisoen gebruik word nie. Ons teel met that have passed the test of time and if we were to diere wat die toets van tyd deurstaan het en as ons ‘n draw a chart to look at the Afrikaner over the past few grafiek sou optrek om te kyk na die Afrikaner oor die years, we would see that the Afrikaner continues to afgelope paar jaar, sou ons sien dat die Afrikaner bly rise and grow at a constant rate. Many breeds climb styg en groei. Baie rasse klim die leer baie vinnig en is the ladder very quickly and only last for a while before slegs daar vir ‘n rukkie, voordat hulle weer afkom, maar coming down again, but the Afrikaner is constant and die Afrikaner is konstant en aan die styg in terme van lede, diere en kommersiële telers. So veel Afrikaner telers kan sekerlik nie verkeerd wees nie? Kantoor dienste: As ons eie registrerende Owerheid, offer ons alle dienste van toepassing op alle dier opnames, geboortes, prestasie data ens. Ons doen tans die administrasie van die Afrikaners, Afrisims en die Ankole’s met groot sukses en is iets wat die kantoor baie geniet. Die direkte kommunikasie tussen die teler en die kantoor bou ‘n goeie verhouding, omrede daar geen derde party betrokke is nie. Die teler hoef dus net die kantoor te kontak met enige navraag of vraag. Prof. Mike McNeil van VSA is ook besig om ‘n nuwe BLUP analise vir ons te ontwerp, waarna ons baie uitsien om te sien en te ontvang. Die ABTG is ook nou op ‘n wye front besig met genomiese data om die teelwaardes nog meer akkuraat te maak.

8 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal rising in terms of members, animals and commercial Ek wil ook graag die volgende nuwe lede verwelkom breeders. So many Afrikaner breeders can certainly not by die ABTG: be wrong? Afrikaner Stoet lede: Office services: Werner Boshoff van Zeerust As our own Registering Authority, we offer all services Jannie Visagie van Kimberley applicable to all animal recordings, births, performance Myburg Goosen van Hoopstad data, etc. We are currently doing the administration of Mike van Greunen van Fochville the Afrikaners, Afrisims and Ankoles with great success Su-Mare Scholtz van Plooysburg and is something that the office enjoys. The direct Le Roy v.d. Merwe van Lephalale communication between the breeder and the office Afrisim Stoet lede: builds a good relationship, as no third party is involved. The breeder only has to contact the office with any JJ Scheepers van Stoffberg inquiry or question. Kategorie A. B & Subskripsie lede: Prof. Mike McNeil of USA is also developing a new BLUP Sandstone Estates van Ficksburg analysis for us, which we look forward to seeing and Ben Foulds van Thabazimbi receiving. The ABCS is now also on the wider front with Abraham Groenewald van Thabazimbi genomic data to make the breeding values even more accurate. Afri Beef lede: I would like to welcome the following members as new Sakkie Prinsloo van Vryburg Stud Breeders: Ek wens u almal ‘n geseënde Kersfees en voorspoedige Afrikaner Stud members: Nuwe jaar toe! Werner Boshoff from Zeerust Jannie Visagie from Kimberley Myburg Goosen from Hoopstad Mike van Greunen from Fochville Su-Mare Scholtz from Plooysburg Le Roy v.d. Merwe from Lephalale Afrisim Stud members: JJ Scheepers from Stoffberg Category A. B & Subscription members: Sandstone Estates from Ficksburg Ben Foulds from Thabazimbi Abraham Groenewald from Thabazimbi Afri Beef Members: Sakkie Prinsloo from Vryburg I would like to wish everyone a Merry Christmas and a prosperous New Year!

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 9 BESTUUR AFRIKANER MANAGENT PRESIDENT VISIE PRESIDENT ERE-LEWENSLANGE PRESIDENT

Dr Pieter de Kock David van der Linde Martin Ras

Estienne Cronjé Herbert Bruinette Jacquies Steenkamp RASDIREKTEUR

Lauren James Pierre-André Cronjé Lynton Vermaak Afrisim Verteenwoordiger

10 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 11 If only I had . Ai, het ek maar .

12 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Oom Donny het destyds ’n baie duur bul verkoop aan Uncle Donny sold a very expensive bull to a fellow een van sy mede telers vir R200,000. Die bul was die breeder for R200,000. This bul was the last son of one laaste nageslag van een van die mees bekende bulle of the best known bulls in the breed, with breeding in die ras, met syfers wat skrik vir niks. Die laaste van values normally only dreamt of. He was the last of an ’n besonderse bloedlyn! Pedrie, die koper is deur die outstanding bloodline. Pedrie, the buyer, was asked by afslaer se dame gevra of hy die bul wil verseker, waarop the Auctioneer’s clerk whether he would like to insure Pedrie geantwoord het: “Wat? gaan dit soveel kos (toe the bull to which Pedrie answered, ”what! is that what hy die premie sien)? Nee wat los maar”. Die premie was it’s going to cost?’ (When he saw the premium). No R3000-00 eenmalig! thanks.” The premium would have been R3000 once off. Alles het goed afgeloop en die bul het die 3uur rit na All went well and the bull took the 3 hour drive to Pe- Pedrie se plaas goed hanteer. Op die plaas aangekom drie’s farm well. On the farm, Jonas opened the first maak Jonas die eerste hek van die sleepwa oop, maar gate of the trailer, but wasn’t quick enough (to the bulls hy is nie vinnig genoeg, na die bul se sin, met die 2de liking) with the second gate. Our bull, hence decided hekkie nie en die bul besluit om sy lyf perd te hou. Maar to be a gymkhana horse, but, alas, he was not! The bull o wee! Hy is toe nie ’n perd nie! Hy spring nie hoog didn’t jump high enough and, in the process, damaged genoeg en die allerbelangrikste sakkie haak vas en kry the all-important bag hanging between his hind legs. seer. Dr Olaf word ontbied en ja, daar is onherstelbare Dr. Olaf was summonsed and yes, there is irreparable skade. Die besonderse bloedlyn is daarmee heen. damage. The outstanding bloodline was history and Pedrie het R200,000 se biltong, al lewe die dier nog. Pedrie was left with R200,000 worth of live biltong. Hoeveel maal koop ons bulle en koeie by veilings How many times don’t we buy animals at auctions sonder om daaraan te dink dat so ’n oeps kan gebeur, without thinking that an “oeps” like this could happen? of dat ons in ’n ongeluk betrokke kan raak en die swaar Or that, following an accident, the highly pregnant dragtige koei verloor haar kalf, of breek haar been en cow could lose her calf or break a leg, resulting in the die koei en kalf is daarmee heen? loss of cow and calf. Ons kan ons beeste verseker! We can insure our cattle! Transito dekking, verseker die dier vir ’n tydperk van tot Transit cover ensures animal during transit as well as 14 dae na aankoms op die plaas en kan ook uitgebrei for a period of up to 14 days after arrival on the farm. word om o.a. in die geval dat daar wel ’n ongeluk is en It can be ‘expanded’ to cover the animal against theft die dier word in die harwar gesteel, te dek. that could occur in the confusion following an accident Waardevolle diere kan op ’n jaarlikse grondslag Valuable animals can be insured annually against a verseker word en boonop teen ’n hele klomp siektes number of sicknesses (including some tick-borne dis- (soos van die bosluis oordraagbare siektes ens.) Ook eases) as well as certain forms of poisoning or injury sekere vergiftigings wat deur die inneem van vreemde when foreign material is ingested or strange feed is voorwerpe of voer veroorsaak word, kan gedek word. eaten. Attacks by dogs and wild animals are covered Aanvalle deur honde en wilde diere word ook gedek. as well, depending on the insurer’s rules, against theft. Diere kan, onderhewig aan die versekeraar se reëls, Insurance is often not a priority in our lives, but the teen diefstal verseker word. purpose of insurance is to soften the impact of finan- Versekering word nie as ’n hoë prioriteit beskou nie, cial loss. It is a fallacy that premiums are un-affordable maar die doel van versekering is om finansiële verlies and often it is a small price to pay to stop the Ulcer te versag. Premies is nie, soos wat dikwels geglo word, from growing, or the heart condition from worsening. onbekostigbaar nie en is dikwels ’n klein bedrag om Had Pedrie paid the R3000 premium the policy would prys te gee om te sorg dat die maagseer of hartkwaal at least have paid his money back because it provides nie erger word nie. Indien Pedrie wel die R3000 premie for “accidental damage whilst in transit”. betaal het, sou die polis hom darem sy geld terug gegee het omdat daar op die polis voorsiening gemaak is vir “toevallige ongeval tydens vervoer”

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Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 13 Why is it IMPORTANT to measure? - MICHIEL M SCHOLTZ & FRANS J JORDAAN LNR-Diere-Produksie, Irene

Hoekom is dit BELANGRIK om te meet?

In1983 Prof Jan Bonsma published a book with the Prof Jan Bonsma het ‘n boek met die titel “Livestock title “Livestock Production: Man Must Measure”. Production: Man Must Measure” geskryf wat in The principles which are addressed in this book are 1983 gepubliseer is. Die beginsels wat in hierdie still applicable today. boek aangespreek word is nog steeds geldig. Man must measure Man must measure Om te meet is om te weet Om te meet is om te weet Amadoda makajonge umlinganiselo Amadoda makajonge umlinganiselo Go lekanyetsa ke go itse Go lekanyetsa ke go itse In this article we’re attempting to demonstrate why it In hierdie artikel gaan ons probeer demonstreer is also important for Afrikaner breeders to measure. waarom dit ook vir Afrikanerbees-telers belangrik is WHY IS THE CHOICE OF A BREEDING om te meet. BULL IMPORTANT HOEKOM IS DIE KEUSE VAN ‘N One of the most important steps in genetic TEELBUL BELANGRIK? improvement of a herd is the selection of bulls to be Een van die belangrikste stappe in die genetiese used in the herd. The bull has a very big impact on verbetering van ‘n kudde is die seleksie van bulle a herd since 50% of the genetics of the calves will wat in die kudde gebruik gaan word. Die bul het be influenced by him. ‘n groot inpak op die kudde omdat 50% van die kalwers se genetika deur hom beïnvloed word. There is also a big difference between genetic change and genetic improvement. When setting Daar is ook ‘n groot verskil tussen genetiese minimum standards for production and reproduction verandering en genetiese verbetering. Wanneer

14 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal characteristics, the breed will be genetically daar minimum standaarde vir produksie en improved but not necessarily genetically modified. reproduksie eienskappe gestel word, gaan die ras geneties verbeter word, maar nie noodwendig The changes in the Afrikaner breed can be used as geneties verander word nie. an example to demonstrate this. Over a period of 33 years, the breed’s weaning weight increased by Ter illustrasie hiervan kan die veranderings in die 20.4kg, the cow weight decreased by 8.3kg and the Afrikaner ras as voorbeeld gebruik word. Oor ’n inter-calving-period decreased by 19.7 days. Did tydperk van 33 jaar het die ras se speengewig these differences improve or change the Afrikaner met 20.4kg toegeneem, die koeigewig het met breed? 8.3kg afgeneem en die tussen-kalf-periode het met 19.7 dae korter geword. Het hierdie verskille die These differences led to an improvement of 18.8% Afrikaner ras verbeter of verander? in cow efficiency, when cow efficiency is expressed as kg calf weaned per Large Stock Unit mated or kg Hierdie verskille het koeidoeltreffendheid, waar dit calf weaned per ha. It, therefore, did not change the uitgedruk word as kg kalf gespeen per Grootvee breed but improved it. Eenheid gepaar of kg kalf gespeen per ha, met 18.8% verbeter. Dit het dus nie die ras verander If a herd is to be genetically improved, the choice nie, maar wel verbeter. of a breeding bull is important. Choosing a suitable breeding bull, however, needs not be difficult. If you Indien ‘n kudde geneties verbeter wil word is die select a bull in the same way that you would go keuse van ‘n teelbul belangrik. Gelukkig hoef die about appointing a new employee, you are on the keuse van ‘n teelbul nie moeilik te wees nie. As right track. An employer will not appoint a worker die prosedure gevolg word, wat ook gevolg word on the presentation of a birth certificate only, but om ‘n werknemer aan te stel, dan is dit maklik. if the potential employee has the appropriate ‘n Werkgewer sal nie iemand aanstel net op sy qualifications and a good CV, the potential identiteitsdokument nie, maar as die potensiële employee stands a better chance. Buying a bull is werknemer die gepaste kwalifikasies en ‘n goeie very similar. CV het, het hy ‘n beter kans om die werk te kry. Om ‘n teelbul te koop is basies dieselfde. “Are you prepared to use a bull of which you have no information or only a birth certificate? No”. Proof “Is u bereid om ‘n bul te gebruik waarvan u geen of the bull’s performance must be given. Similarly, inligting het nie? Nee.” ‘n Bewys van die bul se an employer will not appoint a worker on which he prestasie moet gegee word. Soortgelyk sal ‘n has no information, except for a birth certificate. A werkgewer nie iemand aanstel waarvan hy net bull’s registration certificate will only tell you when die geboorte sertifikaat het en geen ander and where it was born (breeder), who its parents are and if its F3, F4 or SP. Whether a bull is required for stud breeding or for commercial purposes, it should be picked on its performance record. Pick a bull that suits the production system and farming environment best. The “job description” for the bull should be determined. Determine what the specific herd needs: fertility, a better growth rate, bigger or smaller cows, increased milk production or increased weaning weight. Once this step is complete, a farmer can draw up a “shortlist” of the most suitable bulls. A registration certificate is the bull’s “identification document” and indicates that the bull is of a specific breed and that it has

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 15 been approved by the specific Breeders’ Society inligting nie. ‘n Bul se registrasie sertifikaat lewer to meet the minimum breed standards. It also net bewys oor wanneer en waar dit gebore is (die contains some pedigree information and may also teler), wie die bul se ouers is en of hy F3, F4 of SP have some performance information. is. The performance information is the “qualifications” Of die bul nou vir stoetteling of vir kommersiële of the bull. In other words, what level of education doeleindes gebruik gaan word, moet seleksie does the potential employee have and what were gebaseer word op die bul se prestasie rekords. his marks. The performance information indicates Kies ‘n bul wat die produksie sisteem en die whether the bull was performance recorded and in plaasomgewing die beste gaan pas. Die ‘pos which Phases. beskrywing’ vir die bul moet bekend wees. Besluit wat die spesifieke kudde benodig: vrugbaarheid, ‘n • Phase A: Pre-weaning beter groeitempo, groter of kleiner koeie, verhoogde • Phase B: Post weaning melkproduksie of verhoogde speengewig. As • Phase C: Central growth test hierdie stap afgehandel is, kan die boer ‘n kortlys • Phase D: On farm growth test opstel van die mees geskikte bulle. It also gives the actual performance of the bull. ‘n Registrasie sertifikaat is die bul se Estimated Breeding Values (EBV’s) is the “CV” of “identiteitsdokument” en bewys dat die bul van ‘n the bull and refers to the value of an animal for a spesifieke ras afkomstig is en dat dit voldoen aan specific trait in a breeding programme. A person’s die minimum standaarde wat deur die Genootskap CV can change over time and should always be daargestel word. Dit bevat ook sekere stamboom updated. Similarly a bull’s EBV’s can change over inligting en mag ook prestasie inligting bevat. time as more information becomes available and Die prestasie inligting is die ‘kwalifikasies’ van die the latest breeding values should always be used. bul. Met ander woorde; wat is die vlak van onderrig General guidelines on how breeding values can wat die potensiële werknemer het, asook sy punte. be used in selection are available, but will not be Die prestasie inligting wys of die bul getoets was en discussed in this article. It is important to note that in watter fases. breeding objectives may vary for different conditions • Fase A: Voorspeen and that breeding values should be utilized as such. • Fase B: Na Speen For example, conditions may be such that the • Fase C: Sentrale groei toets reserves of a cow weaning a heavy calf, because of • Fase D: Op die plaas groei toets high milk production, are depleted to such an extent that she fails to become pregnant the next season. Dit gee ook die werklike prestasie van die bul. In situations like this, one must discriminate against Beraamde teelwaardes (BTW) is die ‘CV’ van die too high breeding values for milk, since it will have bul en verwys na die waarde van die dier vir ‘n a negative effect on fertility. spesifieke eienskap in ‘n teelprogram. The next step is to identify the bulls that meet your ‘n Persoon se CV kan verander oor tyd en moet breeding objective. This is the process where you altyd opgegradeer word. ‘n Bul se teelwaardes kan “shortlist” the potential bulls using the information ook oor tyd verander, soos meer inligting beskikbaar available from the registration certificate, word en die mees onlangse waardes moet altyd performance recording and EBV’s. gebruik word. Ask for the sales catalogue beforehand and look Algemene riglyne oor hoe die teelwaardes gebruik at the performance information and EBV’s of the kan word in seleksie is beskikbaar, maar word nie bulls on the catalogue. It is also important to look in hierdie artikel bespreek nie. Dit is belangrik om at the performance of relatives (age at 1st calving in ag te neem dat teeldoelwitte anders mag wees and inter-calving-period of the dam). In the case of vir verskillende omstandighede en dat teelwaardes a private sale, ask for the information. Identify the in lyn daarmee gebruik moet word. Byvoorbeeld, bulls that meet your requirements and only look at die toestande mag sodanig wees dat ‘n koei wat these bulls. ‘n swaar kalf speen omdat sy baie melk het, se When you look at the bulls you have identified you reserwes sodanig uitgeput word dat sy nie die

16 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 17 should do a “visual appraisal”. This is when you volgende dekseisoen dragtig word nie. Onder conduct an “interview” with the shortlisted bulls. An sulke toestande moet daar gediskrimineer word employer will not interview someone that is not on teen ekstreme teelwaardes vir melk, want dit gaan his shortlist of candidates. So do not look at bulls vrugbaarheid nadelig beïnvloed. that you have not shortlisted, since this will only Die volgende stap is om die bulle te identifiseer wat confuse you if you see a bull that you like, but have u teeldoelwit kan nastreef. Hierdie is die proses not shortlisted. waar ‘n kortlys opgetrek word van die potensiële Concentrate on the following functional efficiency bulle, deur te kyk na die inligting beskikbaar van traits when you look at the bull: die registrasie sertifikaat, prestasie inligting en teelwaardes. • Masculinity (imbalance of testosterone) • Scrotum Bekom die veilingskatalogus vooraf en bestudeer • Sheath die prestasie inligting en teelwaardes van die bulle • Hooves op die katalogus. Dit is ook belangrik om na die • The rump prestasie van naby verwantes te kyk (ouderdom • The legs and pasterns by eerste kalf en die tussen-kalf-periodes van die • Temperament moer). In die geval van ‘n privaat koop moet daar ook vir die inligting gevra word. Identifiseer die bulle Now you are ready to make “an offer of appointment” wat voldoen aan die behoeftes van u teeldoelwitte for the bull. Remember that you may not succeed en oorweeg net daardie bulle. in buying your first choice, but there may be other options if you have shortlisted more than one bull. Wanneer die bulle geïdentifiseer is, moet ‘n visuele An employer should never appoint someone that ondersoek van die bulle gedoen word. Hierdie is cannot do the job. Never buy a bull that that does wanneer die werkgewer (u, as boer) ‘n onderhoud not meet your requirements. voer met die werknemer (gekortlyste bulle). ‘n PRACTICAL GUIDELINES Werkgewer gaan nie ‘n onderhoud voer met iemand wat nie op die kortlys verskyn nie. So moenie na Minimum fertility standards (scrotal size, age at bulle kyk wat u nie gekortlys het nie. Dit mag u first calving, inter-calving-period) must be set for deurmekaar maak as u ‘n bul sien waarvan u hou, the Afrikaner. However, one must take into account maar nie gekortlys is nie. the specific environment in which the herd is kept. Konsentreer op die volgende funksionele Furthermore, it is important that minimum (and doeltreffendheidseienskappe wanneer na die bul maximum) standards are applied to other traits, gekyk word: such as weight and growth. 1. Manlikheid (wanbalans van testosteroon) A practical guideline that can be used as starting 2. Skrotum point would be to: 3. Skede 1. Cull all heifer calves with a weaning / breeding 4. Kloue value that is 15% below the herd average (index 5. Die romp (rump) below 85%) and those that are 20% higher than 6. Die bene en kootgewrigte the herd average (index greater than 120%). 7. Temperament 2. In the case of bull calves, the limits may be 10% Nou is u reg om ‘n ‘aanbod van aanstelling’ aan die below herd average (index below 90) and 25% bul te maak. Onthou dat u miskien nie suksesvol higher than herd average (index above 125) for gaan wees met die aankoop van u eerste keuse weaning weight, 18 month weight and even on- bul nie, maar daar mag ander opsies wees as daar farm growth tests. meer as een bul gekortlys is. ‘n Werkgewer moet Such standards will ensure that outliers are removed nooit iemand aanstel wat nie die werk kan doen from the herd and, consequently, the breed. nie. Moet nooit ‘n bul koop wat nie aan u vereistes voldoen nie. The long-term goal should be to develop custom- made models for estimating breeding values for PRAKTIESE RIGLYNE the Afrikaner’s breed-specific traits, which may not Minimum vrugbaarheid standaarde (skrotum

18 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal necessarily be the same as for other breed types. omvang, ouderdom by eerste kalwing en tussen- The ARC is busy with such a study. The Afrikaner kalf-periode) moet vir die Afrikaner daargestel breed is quite unique, as it is one of the purest word. Dit moet egter die spesifieke omgewing, tropically adapted taurus breeds. This requires a waarin die kudde aangehou word, in ag neem. Dit unique approach. is egter belangrik dat minimum (en maksimum) standaarde ook vir ander eienskappe soos gewig en groei toegepas word. ‘n Praktiese riglyn wat as vertrekpunt gebruik kan word sou wees om: 1. Alle verskalwers waarvan die speengewig/ teelwaarde 15% swakker as die kuddegemiddeld (indeks van onder 85%) en 20% “beter” is as die kuddegemiddeld (indeks van groter as 120%), moet geprul word. 2. In die geval van bulkalwers kan die grense 10% onder kuddegemiddeld (indeks onder 90) en 25% beter as kuddegemiddeld (indeks bo 125) wees vir speengewig, 18 maande gewig en selfs op-die-plaas groeitoetse. Sulke standaarde sal verseker dat uitskieters uit die kudde, en gevolglik die ras, verwyder word. Die langtermyn doelwit behoort egter te wees om pasgemaakte modelle te ontwikkel vir die beraming van teelwaardes vir die Afrikaner se ras-spesifieke eienskappe, wat nie noodwendig dieselfde as vir ander rastipes mag wees nie. Die LNR is besig met so ‘n studie. Die Afrikaner ras in redelik uniek, aangesien dit een van die suiwerste tropies aangepaste taurus rasse is. Dit verg ‘n unieke benadering.

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 19 - DINA LINDE, MICHIEL SCHOLTZ, GEORGETTE PYOOS & JURGEN HENDRIKS LNR-Diere-produksie, Irene - ANETTE THEUNISSEN Vaalharts Navorsingstasie, Jan Kempdorp

‘n Lae energie voerkraal rantsoen mag ons inheemse rasse bevoordeel A low energy feedlot diet may favour our indigenous breeds

Fenotipies verskil diere omdat ‘n dier afhanklik is van The phenotypes of animals vary due to differences sy genetika sowel as die omgewing. Die uitdrukking in their genetics and environment. The expression van ’n dier se gene kan ook beïnvloed word deur of the genes of animals can also be influenced by die rantsoen wat gevoer word. Sanga beeste their diet. In South Africa, Sanga cattle (like the (soos die Afrikaner) is inheems tot Suid-Afrika en Afrikaner) are adapted to various environments is daarom redelik aangepas tot ’n verskeidenheid and production systems. However, these cattle are plaaslike omgewings- en produksiestelsels. mostly found in extensive production systems that Die meeste Sanga beeste word in ekstensiewe make use of natural grazing. They are not preferred produksiestelsels, wat natuurlike beweiding insluit, aangehou. Voerkrale verkies om nie Sanga beeste in the feedlot, as their smaller frame sizes compared te voer nie, omdat hulle kleiner raamgroottes, in to Bos Taurus types and crossbreds, will lead to

20 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal vergelyking met Bos Taurus rasse, gewoonlik lei smaller carcass sizes. The traditional diet fed in tot kleiner karkasse. Die tradisionele dieet wat in the feedlot is a high energy diet which includes voerkrale gevoer word, is ‘n hoë energie rantsoen, maize and maize by-products. There are, however, wat mielies en mielie byprodukte insluit. Daar is wel farmers that believe that a high energy diet does boere wat beweer dat ‘n laer energie rantsoen beter not suite the genetics of Sanga cattle and that these by die genetika van Sanga beeste pas. breeds would do better on a lower energy diet. ‘n Studie is gedoen om alternatiewe strategië te A study was done to find alternative strategies for ondersoek om Sanga beeste beter te laat presteer Sanga cattle in the feedlot. A diet low in energy (10.9 in ‘n voerkraalomgewing. ‘n Lae energie rantsoen (10.9 MJ ME/kg) en ‘n hoë energie rantsoen (12.5 MJ ME/kg) and a high energy diet (12.5 MJ ME/kg) MJ ME/kg) was aan 40 Sanga en Bonsmara was fed to Sanga cattle and Bonsmara cattle for bulkalwers vir 120 dae gevoer. Geen wetenskaplik a period of a 120 days respectively. No significant beduidende verskille kon tussen die rantsoene vir difference could be found between the diets with lewendige gewig, oogspier oppervlakte, rib- en regard to live weight, eye muscle area (EMA), rib fat boud (rump) vet gekry word in die Sanga beeste and rump fat in the Sanga cattle. Breed differences nie. Daar was wel rasverskille. Karkasgewig en were however found. Carcass weight and marbling marmering het beduidende verskille getoon sowel did, however, show significant difference as well as as die interaksie tussen ras en rantsoen. an interaction between breed and diet. Ras het bepaald ‘n groter effek in vergelyking met Breed had a much bigger effect compared to diet, die rantsoen gehad, met 2214 gene wat differensieel with 2214 differentially expressed genes (DEG) uitgedruk was in die geval van ras en 74 gene in and 74 DEG, respectively. Of the genes found die geval van rantsoen. Verskeie van die gene differentially expressed between the breeds, several wat marmering tussen rasse beïnvloed (SIRT, ND, COX, ADIPOQ, SERPINF2) was meer uitgedruk in genes known to be involved in marbling (SIRT, ND, die Sanga beeste in vergelyking met die Bonsmara. COX, ADIPOQ, SERPINF2) was expressed higher Die fenotipiese marmering-telling was egter hoër in in the Sanga cattle compared to the Bonsmara. die Bonsmara teenoor die Sanga beeste. However, the phenotypic marbling score was higher in the Bonsmara compared to the Nguni. Hierdie resultaat dui daarop dat die Sanga beeste meer tyd benodig vir die uitdrukking van die gene This led to the suggestion that Sanga cattle needed om tot ‘n verskil in fenotipes oor te gaan. Dit is in more time (a longer feedlot period) for the expression teenstelling met die persepsie van die industrie wat of the marbling genes to show phenotypically. This is aandui dat die Sanaga beeste te vroeg vet neerlê in in contrast to the industry that perceives that Sanga vergelyking met eksotiese en kruisgeteelde beeste. cattle deposit fat too early in comparison to exotic Sanga beeste neig om eerste tussenspierse vet neer and crossbreds. Sanga cattle tend to first deposit te lê. Hierdie mag ‘n aanpassingsmeganisme wees fat intramuscularly, which might be an adaptation omdat die beeste in redelike strawwe omgewings mechanism to the harsh conditions in which these aangehou word. Uit die navorsing blyk dit asof die Sanga beeste eers spierweefsel begin neerlê na ‘n cattle lived. It seems, however, that Sanga cattle aanvaarbare laag vet neergelê is. Hierdie mag dalk only begin depositing muscle tissue after a sufficient die rede wees vir ‘backgrounding’, wat algemeen layer of fat is deposited. This might be the reason gepraktiseer word in die Nguni ras, en ook op die for backgrounding, which is a common practise in Afrikaner van toepassing mag wees. the Nguni breed. This phenomenon may probably also be applicable to the Afrikaner breed. Tussen die Sanga beeste op die hoë energie en dié op die lae energie het 288 gene verskillend Between Sanga cattle fed the high energy diet uitgedruk. Die verskillende vlakke van energie and Sanga cattle fed the low energy diet, 288 in die rantsoene (laer en hoër) lyk asof dit die genes were differentially expressed. The different komponente (spier of vet) wat neergelê word, levels of energy in the diets seem to result in verander. Verskeie gene (PITX2, PAX, Leptin, AVP, different components being deposited. Various OXT) wat betrokke is in spierneerlegging was hoër genes (PITX2, PAX, Leptin, AVP, OXT) involved uitgedruk in die bulle wat die hoë energie rantsoen in muscle deposition were upregulated in the bulls gevoer is, teenoor die bulle wat die laer energie rantsoen ontvang het. that received the high energy diet, compared to the bulls fed the low energy diet. This is also seen Dieselfde is ook te sien in die fenotipiese resultate

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 21 van die karkasgewigte van die bulle wat die in the phenotypic results with the carcass weight hoë energie gevoer is, alhoewel die verskil in of the bulls fed the high energy diet, being higher karkasgewig baie klein tussen die Sanga beeste compared to the bulls fed the low energy diet. op die hoë energie dieet en die op die lae energie dieet (6 kg) is. Gene wat vet neerlegging binne The difference in carcass weight is very small die spier beïnvloed (SPARC, CRNR2, CHRND, between Sanga cattle fed the high energy diet NR4A3, MMD) was hoër uitgedruk in die bulle wat and Sanga cattle fed the lower energy diet (6 kg). die laer energie gevoer is teenoor die bulle wat die However, genes that influence intramuscular fat hoër energie gevoer is. Hierdie het ook nie in die deposition (SPARC, CRNR2, CHRND, NR4A3, fenotipe te voorskyn gekom nie. Met die verlenging MMD) were elevated in the bulls that received van die voer-periode kan hierdie verandering van the low energy diet compared to the bulls which gene tot uiting kom. received the high energy diet. This was also not Dit is duidelik dat dit lyk asof die laer energie shown in the phenotypic traits. Extending the period rantsoen die Sanga beeste beter pas as dit vergelyk of feeding may result in the bulls which received the word met die tradisionele hoë energie rantsoen wat low energy diet to express the phenotype. deur die voerkrale gevoer word. Hierdie stelling It seems that the low energy diet suits the Sanga moet verder bestudeer word omdat hierdie studie cattle better, when compared to the traditional ‘n redelike klein monster grootte gehad het (n=40). Omdat hierdie diere herkouers is, sal dit interessant high energy diet fed in the feedlots. This should be wees om die rumen mikrobiome ook in so ‘n studie further investigated as this study had a relatively te bestudeer. small sample size (n=40). Furthermore, as these animals are ruminants, it would also be interesting LNR-Diere-produksie het vier jong suiwer Afrikaner to study the rumen microbiome in another study of bulletjies van die Vaalharts kudde, wat ‘n lae energie this kind. rantsoen gevoer is, vir die karkaskompetisie by die “African Livestock Trade Fare” (ALFA), wat ARC-Animal Production entered four young pure by Parys in September 2018 gehou is, ingeskryf. Afrikaner bulls from the Vaalharts herd, fed on a Alhoewel die Afrikaner-karkasse nie wonderlik in low energy diet, for the carcass competition at die karkaskompetisie gevaar het nie, is een van the African Livestock Trade Fare (ALFA), which die bulle 8ste uit 36 bulle tydens die op-die-hoef was held at Parys in September 2018. Although, beoordeling geplaas. the Afrikaner carcasses did not score high in the Die slag-resultate van die Afrikaner bulle was carcass competition, one of the bulls was placed nogal merkwaardig, soos in die resultate hieronder 8th out of 36 bulls, during the on-the-hoof judging. aangetoon word: The slaughter results were quite remarkable for • Gemiddelde lewendige gewig: 497 kg Afrikaner bulls, as demonstrated in the information • Gemiddelde karkasgewig: 296 kg presented below: • Gemiddelde uitslag persentasie: 59% • Average life body weight: 497 kg • Karkasklassifikasie: 3 x A2, 1 x A3 • Average carcass weight: 296 kg Dit is bemoedigend dat suiwer Afrikaner bulle van • Average dressing percentage: 59% ongeveer twee jaar, ‘n karkas van bykans 300kg kan lewer, terwyl dit nog steeds in die A ouderdoms • Carcass classification: 3 x A2, 1 x A3 klassifikasie groep val en nie oorvet is nie. Die It is encouraging that pure Afrikaner bulls of moontlikheid moet ondersoek word dat Afrikaner approximately two years could render a carcass of bulle op ‘n later ouderdom wissel wanneer hulle ‘n almost 300kg, whilst still falling in the A classification laer energie rantsoen ontvang. age group and not being overfat. The possibility of the later shedding of teeth in animals that receive a low energy diet should also be investigated.

22 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 23 The Afrikaner herd of milk & honey

An Analysis Of Colour In The Afikaner Cattle Breed (By PROFESSOR C.J. UYS - Head of the Department of History, University of the Orange Free State)

Hilson Shuman of the historic farm Grey Craig near Queenstown in the Eastern Cape, breeder of the KS Afikaner Stud as well as Red and White and Yellow cattle that became well-known as the “Afikaner Herd of Milk and Honey”. This is an appropriate title which pertains to the colour of this beautiful herd of cattle. The following is an explanation of the interesting meaning of the title: The Red and White Afikaner Hilson secretly loved these Afrikaners with their combination of red and white and thought they looked as if they had “walked through milk”. The Yellow Afrikaner Hilson always said that this beautiful colour reminded him of honey, hence the phrase - “The Honey- Coloured Afikaner”. The following is an explanation of the unique origin of the title: The Exodus The most important event in the history of Israel God chose Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt to The Promised Land. The Lord your God is bringing you into a fertile land - a land that has rivers and springs and underground streams gushing out into the valleys and hills; a land that produces wheat and barley, grapes, figs, pomegranites, olives, honey and grass for your cattle. You will give thanks to the Lord your God for the fertile land that he has given to you - A Land flowing with Milk and Honey (Deuteronomy - Chapter 8/Verse 7-10) History tells us that some of the cattle mentioned here were of an Afrikaner type. They were also multi-coloured - red, white and yellow. The Promised Land with its “Herds of Milk and Honey Cattle”

24 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal The Origin of Afrikaner Cattle According to scientists like neighbourhood of the Cape, about 500 B.C. Curson, Thornton and Epstein, It is clear from this short History that Afikaner cattle, which are most cattle breeds originated descendants of the Lateral-horn Zebu are pure Bos Indicus and have on the steppes of Asia and are no trace of the Shorthorn Zebu or the Bos Taurus (Brachyceros), in descendants of the so-called them. Bos Nomadicus. The following are descendants of this family in A VINTAGE PHOTO Central Asia: Bos Taurus, genus Brachyceros and Bos indicus genus Lateral-horn Zebu and Shorthorn Zebu. About 2,000 B.C. the migration of these kinds of cattle began with the Semitic invasion of Africa. At that time, cattle were already known in Egypt, namely the Hamitic Longhorn (Bos Primigenius). The Semites were the descendants of Shem, the son of Noah, who in Asia probably were in the possession of the Brachyceros and the Blom - Hilson’s first red and white calf. (Heaviest Ox - Border Agricultural Lateral-horn Zebu, while the Show - Queenstown - 1955) He was always keen on building a herd of “Skiller Afrikaners” since childhood, when he took an immediate liking to a red so-called Hamitic Longhorn and white calf born of a pure red cow belonging to him. belonged to the Negro tribes, descendants of Ham, the second The Red and White Afrikaner - “Skiller” son of Noah, than living in North Hilson secretly loved these Afikaners with their combination of red Africa. About 1,000 B.C. a Semitic and white and thought they looked as if they had “walked through invasion across the southern milk”. end of the Red Sea took place at the Gulf of Aden. With this invasion the so-called Lateral- horn Zebu, the ancestor of the Afrikaner, migrated to Eritrea in Africa. Hamitic Longhorns were present there and interbreeding between the two breeds may have taken place. It is also alleged that the Semites mixed with the natives there, who probably were Bushmen, and that the Khoikhoi originated from this interbreeding; this possibly took place in Abyssinia. The Khoikhoi migrated southwards steadily taking the Lateral-horn Zebu with Mooibont - She is the progeny of a red sire and dam which were both of them and eventually reached red and white ancestry. (1961) The strong red and white, or “skiller” strain, a “throwback” to the original Afrikaner (which was a variety of colours) is the south coast of Africa in the however, still constantly appearing in even the best stud herds in the country.

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 25 In 1948, Ken Shuman, Hilson’s showing white in a lesser or greater degree are also found. The white father, bought a bull from Harry is mainly confined to the underline which sometimes is white to a Nash-Webber near Graaff-Reinet great extent. Apart from the underline it also occurs on the front part that would have an unexpected of the dewlap (rinkhals), above the groins (red-white groin) and even impact on the Shuman’s herd of in the switch (white switch) and behind feet (white foot). In some Afrikaners. cases the white occurs along the backbone (red-white back). To Ken’s horror, the bull produced Red roans, i.e. animals with a more or less uniform mixture of red and calves with white markings and white hairs do not occur in this breed, while the red-speckled animals, he told Harry his bull was a i.e. red with bright white speckles on the belly and the dewlap, chest, “baster” (Harry did supply another groins and ribs, are found in most herds. bull). The “throwing of colour” by the bull uncovered the fact that the ancestors of modern red Afrikaner cattle were the multi- coloured red, white and yellow cattle of the Khoikhoi pastoralists from whom early European farmers acquired cattle. In time, these white farmers selected only red calves and so the genetic base for the future was laid. Hilson was often heartbroken when Ken culled them, so it is maybe not surprising that almost twenty percent of his now - deregistered herd of about a Vrystaat - An influencial bull in the Grey Craig red and white herd. This herd, being the only one of its kind in the Eastern Cape, had an enviable reputation hundred Afrikaner cows are multi- for the stock it supplied to breeders. coloured animals. During the 1960’s, Hilson was the The Yellow Afrikaner first farmer to breed red and white Hilson always said that this beautiful colour reminded him of honey, Afrikaner cattle in the Eastern hence the phrase - “The Honey-Coloured Afrikaner”. Cape. Hilson has always felt that this writing best describes the occurrence of white, hence the Red and White Afrikaner. The following is an extract from the book Afrikaner Cattle of South Africa by H.B.K. Opperman Distinctive Breed Characteristics The colour of the hair of purebred Afrikaner cattle varies from dark to light red and from a dark golden-coloured yellow to a light colour. But the skin itself in all Sonstraal - This cow played an important roll in a unique breeding cases has a brownish-amber progamme. (1966) In collaboration with the Bureau of Animal Breeding and pigmentation. Pure-bred animals Genetics in Scotland, Hilson began to experiment in his pursuit of breeding a pure yellow Afikaner herd.

26 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Mr T.G.W. Reinecke, a The latter breed was only introduced after 1907.” government official, put forward In 1965, Hilson made an attempt to breed a pure herd of yellow a controversial theory as to the Afrikaner cattle. This endeavour was recognised as a “first” by the origin of the yellow colour in the Afrikaner Cattle Breeders Society. Afrikaner breed. Known as “The Reinecke Theory”, he stated With a great love for the yellow Afrikaner he describes it as not just a that the yellow strain of Afrikaner colour but a type - a well-built beef type with a good constitution that cattle indicates the admixture has in the past been used by well-known breeders amongst their red of foreign blood through former herds to maintain body conformation. cross-breeding with Swiss cattle The magnificent yellow Afrikaner with its sterling qualities and and that on this account the dark remarkable stamina has always been known as “The Animal of the muzzle and led-coloured “points” Desert”. are more common among yellow In Hilson’s efforts to breed a pure herd of yellow Afrikaners, he Afrikaner cattle. sought advise from the Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding In 1938, Ken Shuman, Hilson’s and Genetics in Edinburgh, Scotland. The following is an extract of father, an Afrikaner breeder relevance from the letter of response dated 2nd May 1966. and enthusiast, disagreed with “The Reinecke Theory” and put The Origin of the Afrikaner Cattle by Epstein “Zeitschrift für forward the Epstein interpretation Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie” as to the origin of the yellow The colour of the Afrikaner cattle ranges from the darkest to the colour. lightest red. Until a few decades ago yellow, varying in shade from a dark golden-coloured yellow to a light cream, was the prominent In point of fact, yellow Afrikaners colour in a number of purebred herds. usually have flesh-coloured muzzles, and not dark but When the red progeny of yellow cattle are bred with red animals, the flesh, amber or yellowish brown resulting progeny is usually red in colour. There are, however, a few coloured “points”. “The progeny cases on record where the progeny of a red sire and a red dam, both of any admixture of Afrikaner and of yellow ancestory, were born yellow. Although the yellow colour has Swiss blood are generally fawn- been practically eliminated in most of the pedigree Afrikaner herds coloured and not yellow. Such of today, nevertheless yellow calves from red parents still appear “throwbacks” usually have dark occasionally, despite the fact that no yellow animals have appeared lead-coloured muzzles, with dark for several generations in the ancestory. It appears that the creamy hooves and dark-tipped round- or yellow colour does not owe its origin to crossing with a Swiss shaped horns, whereas the true breed, but rather to the introductionof the white or creamy white yellow-coloured Afrikaner has a factor by one parent, a theory upheld by experienced breeders of flesh-coloured muzzle with light Afrikaner cattle. These maintain that if yellow is bred to yellow, there yellow-coloured hair around the is a tendency for the colour to become lighter in shade, until almost muzzle and eyes, with amber- white progeny are produced. Professor J.C. Bonsma, who has made coloured hooves and light- a genetical study of the light-coloured Afrikaner, considers that there coloured horns. This is further are six shades in the Afrikaner, namely, dark red, blood red, light red, substantiated by the fact that the golden yellow, light yellow, and cream, forming an epistatic series. red progeny of a mating between “The yellow colour in the Afrikaner seems to behave in a recessive a red and yellow Afrikaner, or one manner. The differences in colour intensity found with both red and with yellow coloured individuals yellow coloured Afrikaners, however, suggest that probably various further back in the pedigree, modifying factors of a multiple factor nature are involved in the colour frequently show a light-coloured inheritance of the Afrikaner.” band of hair around the muzzle and eyes. In any case the yellow Afrikaner was in existence long before the introduction of Brown Swiss cattle into South Africa.

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 27 A Shuman “Milk and Honey” Advert The breeding of high quality yellow Yes, Moses was on his way to a bulls has always been Hilson’s pride and joy. great destiny and ahead of him, he believed was the “Land of In conclusion, the Afrikaner cattle breed has different shades of the Promise” colour, namely dark red, blood red, light red, copper yellow, golden yellow and white. Apart from the above mentioned colours there are The Solemn Promise Afrikaner also the red and white cattle or “skiller”, a name they are also known Cattle Breeders Society We by, where white markings in the colour pattern are present. Only the as breeders ofthis Society shades of red with white on the underline are allowed for registration. recognise God the Father and There is no doubt that the yellow Afrikaner as well as the red and his son Jesus Christ as our white or “skiller” are just as pure as the red Afrikaner, but for certain reasons the founders of the Afrikaner Cattle Breeders Society only Creator, Leader, and King and allowed certain shades of colour for entry into the stud book. the Holy Spirit within us, for The Afrikaner Cattle Breeders Society was brought into life during the present, but certainly also a specific foundation meeting in 1912. At this event, the meeting for the future and our mission commenced in the name of our Heavenly Father - God. During the is to, through our involvement years that followed, each meeting, farmer’s day and show, where the breed was represented, the daycommenced with a prayer in His with Afrikaner cattle, holy His name. name and serve Him.

28 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 29 From the past Uit die verlede

Span of twelve Afrikaner oxen and wagon belonging to William Shuman of Brosdial farm in the Elliot district. Photograph taken in front of the Queenstown station 1898.

Africander Cattle - King Ranch 1939

30 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal

the Afrikaner’s Future die Afrikaners se Toekoms After the scorching heat of 2 years ago and the Na die versengende hitte van 2 jaar gelede en drought, more characteristics of the Afrikaner die droogte, kom nog meer eienskappe van die have been revealed, making it very sought-after Afrikaner aan die lig om dit ‘n baie gesogte bees cattle breed in South Africa and neighbouring in Suid-Afrika en buurlande te maak, veral in countries, especially in combination with a kombinasie nou met ‘n sukkelende wildbedryf. Die struggling game industry. The characteristics of eienskappe van die Afrikaner, soos sy smaaklike the Afrikaner, such as its tasty meat, adaptability, vleis, aanpasbaarheid, hitte toleransie ens. was heat tolerance etc. has always been there, a rough nog altyd daar, ‘n rowwe diamant, maar niemand diamond, but nobody knew of this. Now, with all het hiervan geweet nie. Nou, met al die waardevolle the valuable characteristics, as indigenous breed eienskappe, as inheemse ras en ‘n klomp with a lot of additional characteristic-values such ekstra waardes soos prestasietoets gegewens, as performance test data, better muscling, milk beter bespiering, melkproduksie en genetiese production and genetic traits, makes our cattle a eienskappe, maak van ons bees nou ‘n waardevolle worthy shiny diamond - surely the most useful and glans diamant – sekerlik die mees bruikbare en well-balanced cattle breed in the world. gebalanseerde beesras in die wêreld. What about the way forward, especially the next Wat van die pad vorentoe, veral die volgende 5 5 years: jaar: This involves upgrading the Afrikaner Cattle breed Dit behels die opgradering van hierdie Afrikanerbees and the process commences in 2019. We have en die proses begin in 2019. Ons moet onsself to ask ourselves the question: How much is the die vraag afvra: Hoeveel is die Afrikanerbees van Afrikaner of today, which is on an auction tomorrow, vandag, wat more op die veiling is, vir ons werd? worth to us? Are we looking for a bargain or are Soek ons ‘n winskoop of is ons bereid om vir die we prepared to pay for the real value for the cattle werklike waarde van die bees van die toekoms te of the future? Our auction in 2018 already set the betaal. Ons veiling in 2018 het reeds die tendens trend. 2019 is now the challenge. daar gestel. 2019 is nou die uitdaging.

40 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal The second step in this process is to create a Die tweede stap in die proses is om ‘n genetiese genetic profile for every Afrikaner stud animal in profiel vir elke Afrikaner stoet bees in Suid-Afrika South Africa. According to Prof Scholtz, at least te skep. Volgens Prof Scholtz is daar ten minste 600 hair samples are needed every year. We 600 haarmonsters nodig elke jaar. Ons het ± 1000 already have ± 1000. This means that cattle have reeds in. Dit beteken dat beeste ‘n ekstra kriteria op an additional criteria on the catalogue, where the die katalogus het, waar die genetiese teelwaarde genetic breeding value will also appear, which will ook sal verskyn, wat die moontlikheid om jou kudde increase the ability to further improve your herd. verder te verbeter, net soveel beter sal maak. Kontak Contact Lauren James for arrangements in this Lauren James vir reëlings in hierdie verband. regard. Die derde: Afri Beef. Ons benodig 10 karkasse per The third: Afri Beef. We need 10 carcasses a week week vir ‘n spesifieke prestige afdelingswinkel wat for a specific prestigious department store, whom Afri Beef op die rakke gaan plaas. Ons probleem will have Afri Beef on their shelves. Our problem is die abattoirs, maar daar word ernstig daaraan is the abattoirs but we are seriously working on it. gewerk. Telers, lewer asb. Afri Beef, tans R2.00 Breeders, please deliver Afri Beef, currently R2.00 premie vir A’s en super pryse vir AB en B3,4 & 5 premium for A’s and super prices for AB and B3,4 (slegs vroulike diere) tot en met vier-tand. Voorwaar & 5 (females only) up to four-tooth. Certainly an ‘n uitstekende premie! As u belangstel om aan te excellent premium! If you are interested in joining sluit as Afri Beef Produsent, kontak vir Lauren as an Afri Beef Producer, please contact Lauren James by die Kantoor vir meer inligting. James at the Office for more information. Ons vierde opgraderingsproses vir die Afrikanerbees Our fourth upgrade process for the Afrikaner is an is ‘n Afrikanerbees Verbeteringsprogram wat deur Afrikaner Improvement Program which will be run ‘n komitee van jong opkomende telers gedryf by a committee of young emerging breeders who gaan word wat na alle moontlike opsies gaan kyk, will look at and implement all possible options. They implementeer en deur te voer. Hulle moet sorg dat must ensure that Afrikaner cattle, as it currently die Afrikanerbees soos tans, nie momentum verloor stands, does not lose momentum and examine nie en alle nuwe opsies ondersoek. Dit baan ook all new options. It also paves the way for young die weg vir jong telers om betrokke te raak by die breeders to become involved in the organization of organisasie van die ras en om ons op die wenpad the breed and to keep us on the winning track. te hou. Albert Loubser said: “The Afrikaner lost its market Albert Loubser het gesê: “Die Afrikaner het sy share, then a second chance was created by the markaandeel verloor, daar is toe ‘n tweede kans Council and utilized by the breeders and never geskep deur die Bestuur en benut deur die telers could one breed succeed in so much.” There will en nooit kon een ras soveel regkry nie”. Daar gaan no longer be a course in March next year, but a nie meer volgende jaar in Maart ‘n kursus wees nie, future planning workshop in Pretoria. Referrals will maar wel ‘n toekoms-beplanning werksessie in be delivered and future decisions will be taken. All Pretoria. Referate gaan gelewer word en toekoms- breeders must please be there. The date in March besluite gaan geneem word. Alle telers moet asb. 2019 will still be sent through. daar wees. Die datum in Maart 2019 sal nog deurgegee word. We also opened an online store this year, where all the clothing available with the Afrikaner and Afrisim Ons het die jaar ook ‘n aanlyn-winkel oopgemaak, logos can be ordered and posted to you. So you do waar alle klere wat beskikbaar is met die Afrikaner not have to wait for Nampo every year, please visit en Afrisim logo’s, bestel kan word en na u toe the website at: www.afrikanerbees.com gepos kan word. So u hoef nie elke jaar te wag vir Nampo nie, besoek gerus die webtuiste op: www. The next five years is a great exciting challenge to afrikanerbees.com continue the successes since 2012. Experts, such as Prof Frikkie Neser, economists, researchers, Die volgende vyf jaar is ‘n groot opgewonde uitdaging such as Prof Scholtz, administrators, such as om die suksesse sedert 2012 voort te sit. Kundiges, Mr Joel Mamabolo, Prof Norman Maiwashe and soos Prof Frikkie Neser, ekonome, navorsers, animal experts/performance experts such as Dr soos Prof Scholtz, administrateurs, soos Mnr Joel Ben Greyling, Frans Jordaan, along with the media Mamabolo, Prof Norman Maiwashe en veekundige/ experts Mr Albert Loubser of Plaas Media, gathered prestasie kenners soos Dr Ben Greyling, Frans on 2 November with a young breeders committee, Jordaan tesame met die media kenners Mnr Albert consisting of: Lauren James, Ben Foulds, Jandré Loubser van Plaas Media, het op 2 November met

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 41 42 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal van Wijk, Jurgen Hendriks and Pieter de Kock. ‘n teler-komitee vergader, bestaande uit: Lauren Targets and milestones for the next 5 years were James, Ben Foulds, Jandré van Wijk, Jurgen investigated, explored and will be executed by the Hendriks & Pieter de Kock. Mikpunte en mylpale young breeders committee, namely: vir die volgende 5 jaar is uitgestip wat deur die jong teler-komitee ondersoek, ontgin en deurvoer moet 1) Cow efficiency must be expanded, which means word, nl.: that all breeders are advised to weigh the cow as well as the calf at weaning. This will make our 1) Koeidoeltreffendheid moet uitgebou word, wat breeding values more accurate for a selection beteken dat alle telers aangeraai word om tool. tydens speentyd, die kalf en die koei te weeg. Dit gaan ons teelwaardes meer akkuraat maak 2) A meat quality index must be developed by as seleksie-hulpmiddel. scanning Afri Beef animals and female breeding- animals on 24 months to determine fat coverage 2) ‘n Vleiskwaliteit-indeks moet ontwikkel word and marbling (bulls that breed market-ready deur Afri Beef diere en vroulike teeldiere op animals on 24 months is the ideal). 24 maande te skandeer om vetbedekking en marmering te bepaal (bulle wat mark-gereed 3) Phase C testing is strongly recommended, diere teel op 24 maande is aangewese). and animals with the best feed-conversion are identified – thus the bull which produces the 3) Fase C toetsing word sterk aanbeveel en most meat with the least feed intake. These dan word die diere met die beste voeromset cattle are ideal for the farmer to produce kg identifiseer – dus is dit die bul wat die meeste meat per hectare. vleis aansit met die minste voerinname. Hierdie beeste is ideaal vir die boer om kg vleis per 4) Indigenous breed involvement at ALFA cattle hektaar te produseer. week as well as exhibitions and competitions, especially to market the indigenous breed, the 4) Inheemse ras betrokkenheid by ALFA beesweek Afrikaner, are already in place. asook uitstallings en kompetisies, veral om die inheemse ras, die Afrikaner, te reklameer, is 5) A 2-yearly supplement in Veeplaas to add to our reeds in plek. journal, so that the Afrikaner story is read in a wider spectrum, is planned for 2019. At the end 5) ‘n 2-jaarlikse bylaag in Veeplaas om ons joernaal of the year, this supplement is summarized as aan te vul sodat die Afrikaner verhaal wyer one journal and distributed to all the breeders. gelees word, word beplan vir 2019. Jaareinde word hierdie bylae saamgevat as een joernaal 6) Export of Afrikaner Genetics is a very important en aan die telers versprei. priority to expose our genetics abroad. Africa and especially Brazil, is on the export list. 6) Uitvoer van Afrikaner Genetika is ‘n baie belangrike prioriteit om die buiteland bloot te stel 7) The genomic project needs to be expanded. aan ons genetika. Afrika en veral Brasilië is op There are 600 hair samples needed every year die uitvoer lys. for three years for this project, so that meaningful genetic profiles of the Afrikaner can be compiled. 7) Die Genomiese projek moet uitgebrei word. Lauren James at our office coordinates it. Daar is 600 haarmonsters nodig per jaar vir drie jaar vir hierdie projek, sodat sinvolle genetiese Afrisims: profiele van die Afrikaner saamgestel kan word. Janes Wasserman, Dr. Pieter de Kock, Lauren Lauren James by ons kantoor koördineer dit. James, Albert Loubser, Prof Michiel Scholtz and Afrisims: Frans Jordaan held a meeting on the future of the Afrisim on the 2nd of November. The Afrisim Janes Wasserman, Dr Pieter de Kock, Lauren is part of the Society and must receive the same James, Albert Loubser, Prof Michiel Scholtz treatment. They participate in our auctions and en Frans Jordaan het die 2de November ‘n support the Society. It was decided to test the meat vergadering gehou oor die toekoms van die Afrisim. quality of the Afrisim and the ARC is going to help Die Afrisim is deel van die Genootskap en moet us with this. When the Afri Beef project grows to a dieselfde behandeling kry. Hulle neem deel aan ons certain extent, we would like to consider the Afrisim veilings en ondersteun die Genootskap. Daar was to help supplement the project, provided that the besluit om die vleiskwaliteit van die Afrisim te toets Afrisim’s meat quality qualifies. Reproduction is en die LNR gaan ons hiermee help. Wanneer die one characteristic that will be tested and research Afri Beef projek so groot word, wil ons graag die

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 43 will also be done on the Afrisim by the ARC. They Afrisim oorweeg om te help aanvul, mits die Afrisim also intend to participate in the carcass competition se vleiskwaliteit daarvoor kwalifiseer. Reproduksie during ALFA 2019 and would also like to add their is een eienskap waarvoor getoets gaan word en own section in the next supplement with research navorsing gaan ook op die Afrisim gedoen word on the Afrisim in order for this breed’s outstanding deur die LNR. Hulle beoog om ook aan die karkas traits to be introduced. kompetisie tydens ALFA 2019 deel te neem en sal ook graag in die volgende bylaag hulle eie seksie Specific deadlines have been set for the wil insit met navorsing oor die Afrisim, sodat die implementation of this 5 year plan and we foresee Afrisim se uitstekende kenmerke bekend gestel kan progress with new breeds whom might be making word. use of the ACBS/ARC’s services, together with the Ankole’s. Spesifieke sperdatums is vasgestel vir die implementering van hierdie 5 jaar plan en ons What is the role of each breeder? voorsien vooruitgang met nuwe rasse wat saam Please take part in these initiatives. Send your met die Ankole’s van ons dienste by die ABTG/LNR hair samples to the office, weigh and measure gaan gebruik maak. your cattle, apply the breeding values in your Wat is die rol van elke teler? selection process, attend courses and improve your knowledge of how a functional Afrikaner should Neem asb deel aan hierdie inisiatiewe. Stuur jou look and apply this strictly to your selection. The haarmonsters na die kantoor, weeg en meet jou strict selection for pure-bred Afrikaners was a major beeste, pas die teelwaardes toe in jou seleksie contributor to the fact that our cattle tested the proses, woon kursusse by en verbeter jou kennis van purest cattle breed out of 24 breeds - 97% pure- hoe ‘n funksionele Afrikaner moet lyk en pas hierdie bred. It ensures meat quality, adaptability and heat keurings streng toe vir jou seleksie. Die streng tolerance in a world of global warming. Thank you seleksie vir rasegte Afrikaners was ‘n groot bydrae to all breeders for your cooperation and support of tot die feit dat ons bees die suiwerste enkel beesras this young breeders herd improvement committee. uit 24 rasse getoets is – 97% raseg. Dit verseker vleissagtheid, aanpasbaarheid en hitte toleransie We can work and safely control all of these matters. in ‘n wêreld van aardverwarming. Dankie aan alle However, one aspect is still, and as it was in the past telers vir julle samewerking en ondersteuning van - a dilemma: the INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. die hierdie kuddeverberteringskomitee van jong Today I categorically state that there is a place in telers van die ABTG. the Society for all recognized breeding policies. Cattle with horns, red, yellow or “bont” cattle. Cattle Aan al hierdie sake kan ons werk en kan ons with breeding values – because of performance verseker beheer. Een aspek is egter tans, nog steeds and genomics or without - but we and everyone en soos dit in die verlede was – ‘n dilemma: Die in the cattle industry whom have to do with cattle INTERPERSOONLIKE VERHOUDINGS. Ek stel dit breeding, so strongly recommend performance vandag kategories dat daar plek in die Genootskap testing, that the idea of an option without it, is is vir al die erkende teelbeleide. Beeste met horings, unthinkable. Herds without infusion of genes, or rooi, geel of bont beeste. Beeste met teelwaardes – herds with infusion of genes both have existence a.g.v. prestasie en genomika of daarsonder – maar rights. The market requires highly muscled, fertile ons en almal in die beesbedryf wat met beesteling cattle with a good calf weaning-weight, soft, juicy, te doen het, beveel prestasietoetsting so sterk aan, tasty meat, heat, drought and disease resistant dat die opsie daarsonder ondenkbaar is. Kuddes animals which will adapt in any environment. Let’s sonder Infusie van gene, of kuddes met Infusie give everyone their space. Let’s breed a winning van gene het beide bestaansreg. Die mark vra product. Let’s compliment and support each other! sterk bespierde, vrugbare beeste met ‘n goeie kalf speengewig, sagte, sappige, smaaklike vleis, Our end goal - A successful, unanimous hitte- droogte- en siekte weerstandige diere wat Afrikaner Cattle Breeder family! in enige omgewing sal aard. Kom ons gee almal hulle ruimte. Kom ons teel ‘n wen produk. Kom ons komplimenteer en ondersteun mekaar! Ons eind-mikpunt – ‘n suksesvolle eendragtige Afrikanerbeestelers-familie!

44 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 45 - FRANS JORDAAN & PROF MM SCHOLTZ (ARC-Animal Production)

46 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal Practical application of performance information for selection Praktiese toepassing van prestasie inligting vir seleksie

Background Agtergrond Selection is a decision-making process, which Seleksie is ‘n besluitnemingsproses wat objektief includes objective (measurements) and subjective (metings) en subjektief (voorkoms) toegepas word (visual) decisions and applied to improve the beef met die uitsluitlike doel om die kudde in ‘n meer herd into a more sustainable unit. Both measured ekonomiese en volhoubare eenheid te verbeter. and evaluated traits are genetically heritable and Beide die gemete en voorkoms geëvalueerde therefore carried over to the offspring and it is eienskappe is geneties oorerflik. Derhalwe is dit important to use these selection tools to identify belangrik om al die hulpmiddels tot die teler se breeding stock. beskikking te gebruik tydens seleksie van teeldiere. Visual versus performance Visueel versus prestasie Opinions differ regarding visual appearance Baie is al gepraat oor visuele voorkoms versus versus performance figures as the “best” method prestasie of “syfers” van diere en wat nou eintlik of selection. The truth is that both are part of the die beste metode is vir seleksie doeleindes. Die selection process as a more complete process for waarheid is dat beide onlosmaaklik deel is van selection. Functional efficiency traits such as body mekaar en saam vorm dit ‘n meer volledige seleksie conformation, hair coat and walking ability can be proses. Funksionele eienskappe soos bouvorm, evaluated visually as well as udder development haarkleed en loop-vermoë kan visueel beoordeel and femininity of heifers, which is also an indication word, en selfs uier ontwikkeling en vroulikheid by of hormone balance and fertility. verse. Laasgenoemde is ‘n aanduiding van haar hormoon ontwikkeling en vrugbaarheid. The same principle applies to performance information such as the heifer’s own ability for Dieselfde kan ook gesê word van prestasie inligting growth within her contemporary group and within soos haar eie groei vermoë binne kudde en ras the whole breed, as well as the fertility status of her verband, asook haar ma en pa se reproduksie parents. It makes sense that a cow which calves syfers. Dis tog logies dat ‘n koei wat vroeg in die earlier in the calving season will produce a heavier seisoen kalf vir jou ‘n swaarder kalf by speen calf at weaning and the more fertile cows will calve gaan verseker en indien sy elke jaar kalf ook meer every year. These statistics cannot be determined vrugbaar is. Hierdie statistiek kan egter nie visueel on visual appearance and performance information bepaal word nie en daarom speel prestasie inligting plays an important role. ‘n belangrike rol. Traits of importance for cow efficiency Eienskappe van belang vir koei doeltreffendheid The owner of a well-known Afrikaner herd, whom In ‘n video opname van ‘n Afrikaner kudde wat had been very successful in winning the ARC’s baie sukses behaal en gereeld die LNR se Elite Elite cow competition, made important remarks koei kompetisie wen, het die teler ‘n paar baie regarding the basis of cow efficiency. Reproduction belangrike punte uitgewys wat die basis vorm and cow-calf ratio forms the basis of a sustainable van koei doeltreffendheid. Reproduksie en koei- beef production system. Selection of the breeding kalf verhouding vorm die basis van ‘n volhoubare bull will always be important but the cow creates vleisbees-produksiestelsel. Bulkeuse is natuurlik a maternal environment for the calf to perform baie belangrik, maar die koei skep ‘n maternale

Joernaal 2019 Journal| AFRIKANER 47 according to its genetic potential. The cow needs omgewing vir die kalf om sy genetiese potensiaal to produce enough milk, especially in the first three te verwesenlik. Indien sy nie genoeg melk het nie, months after calving. veral in die eerste 3 maande na kalwing, sal die kalf nie tot sy reg kom nie. Selection of heifers as an example Seleksie van verse as voorbeeld The breeding objective must be to improve cow efficiency in the herd and the focus area of selection Die doelwit moet wees om koeidoeltreffendheid in should be fertility and growth tempo with a restriction die kudde te verbeter en seleksie druk moet geplaas on mature weight of the cow. Obviously, selection word op vrugbaarheid en groei met ‘n beperking op begins with the right choice of bull and which bull to volwasse gewig. Seleksie begin natuurlik reeds mate with which cow. by bulkeuse en watter bul met watter koei gepaar word. Table 1 is an example of a weaning group of six heifers listed from the heaviest to the lightest calf Tabel 1 is ‘n speengroep van ses verse en gelys van in the group. For the purpose of the example, we die swaarste tot die ligste. Gestel die eerste stap van can accept that the first step of selection was for seleksie, wat funksionele doeltreffendheid insluit, functional efficiency. All six heifers were selected is reeds afgehandel. Al ses verse is op bouvorm on body conformation and complied with the breed geselekteer en voldoen aan die rasstandaarde. standards. Weaning weights listed in “column 2” In kolom 2 is die speen gewigte en vers A is die with heifer A being the heaviest of the group and swaarste vers in die groep met vers F as die ligste heifer F being the lightest calf in the group. In in die groep. Kolom 3 dui die geboorte datums en “column 3” all the respective birthdates are found speen datum aan as “31 Mei 2017”. Vers A is ook die as well as the date of weaning which is “31 May oudste van die groep, wat die vraag laat ontstaan of 2017”. Heifer A is the oldest calf in the group, which sy die swaarste is vanweë haar groei potensiaal, of raises the question whether she is the heaviest omdat sy die oudste is en vir ‘n langer periode bloot because of her growth ability or because of her age gestel was aan haar ma se melkproduksie? and the benefit of a longer period exposed to her Al die verse se ouderdomme word gekorrigeer na mother’s milk? 205 dae en deur die gemiddelde groei per dag vir Age adjustments of the heifers are corrected to elke vers te bereken, kan ‘n gekorrigeerde 205 205 days and by calculating the daily weight gain dae gewig bereken word en die gewig verskyn in of each heifer, makes it possible to calculate a 205 kolom 4. Die speenindeks in kolom 5 word as ‘n day weight, indicated in “column 4”. The weaning persentasie uitgedruk teenoor die gemiddeld van index is calculated by dividing the 205 day weight die groep wat 100 is. Nou is vers A slegs gemiddeld by the average of the group and expressed as a binne die groep met ‘n 100 indeks en vers F het die percentage in “column 5”. The performance of beste indeks binne die groep. Die speenindekse is heifer A is now just average within the group and egter slegs ‘n aanduiding van die dier se prestasie heifer F has the highest weaning index within the group. Also keep in mind that the weaning index is only an indication of performance within the calf’s own weaning group, relative to its contemporaries. Table 1: An example of a weaning group and all the figures used for selection/ Tabel 1: ‘n Voorbeeld van ‘n speengroep en al die gegewens wat gebruik word vir seleksie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Heifer Nr/ Wean weight Birth/Wean Dates 205 Day Wean Index A2add EBV/ A2add EBV A2mat A2mat EBV Vers no Speen gewig Geboorte/Speen Weight/Dae Speen Indeks BTW Index/BTW EBV/BTW Index/BTW datums gewig Indeks Indeks A 230 kg 01/09/16 180 kg 100 -1.5 85 2.1 100 31/05/17 (65) (50) B 218 kg 02/09/16 171 kg 96 2.5 92 1.5 98 31/05/17 (56) (51) C 201 kg 31/09/16 174 kg 97 3.2 95 1.8 99 31/105/17 (61) (50) D 195 kg 20/10/16 181 kg 101 1.5 89 -1.5 85 31/05/17 (75) (50) E 189 kg 31/10/16 183 kg 102 7.7 105 3.0 108 31/05/17 (69) (51) F 170 kg 30/11/16 187 kg 105 9.5 110 2.5 103 31/05/17 (76) (50)

48 AFRIKANER | Joernaal 2019 Journal