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Osmanli Hariciyesinde Gayrimüslimler (1836-1876)

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Osmanli Hariciyesinde Gayrimüslimler (1836-1876) T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (YAKINÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI HARİCİYESİNDE GAYRİMÜSLİMLER (1836-1876) Doktora Tezi Musa KILIÇ Ankara-2009 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (YAKINÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI HARİCİYESİNDE GAYRİMÜSLİMLER (1836-1876) Doktora Tezi Musa KILIÇ Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Musa ÇADIRCI Ankara-2009 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ..................................................................................................................... IV KISALTMALAR..................................................................................................... VI KAYNAK BİLGİSİ.............................................................................................. VIII GİRİŞ.......................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM HARİCİYE NEZARETİ’NİN MERKEZİ TEŞKİLATLANMASI VE GAYRİMÜSLİM MEMURLAR 1.1. Babıali Tercüme Odası’nın Kurulması.............................................................................. 8 1.2. Fenerlilerin Diplomasi Hizmetinde Yeniden İstihdamları.............................................. 17 1.3. Hariciye Nezareti’nin Kurulması ve Tanzimat Döneminde Gelişimi............................. 40 1.4. Hariciye Nezareti’nin Merkezi Kalemlerinde Gayrimüslim Memurlar.......................... 50 1.4.1. Babıali Tercüme Odası................................................................................................. 50 1.4.2. Hariciye Müsteşarları....................................................................................................72 1.4.3. Tahrirat-ı Hariciye Odası.............................................................................................. 81 1.4.4. Tahrirat-ı Hariciye Evrak Odası................................................................................... 97 1.4.5. Hariciye Kitâbeti ve Deâvî Odası............................................................................... 100 1.4.6. Hariciye Muhasebe Odası.......................................................................................... 107 1.4.7. Hariciye Evrak Odası................................................................................................. 108 1.4.8. Hariciye Matbuat Odası.............................................................................................. 109 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM OSMANLI DIŞ TEMSİLCİLİKLERİ VE GAYRİMÜSLİM DİPLOMATLAR 2.1. İkamet Elçiliklerinin Yeniden Kuruluşu....................................................................... 111 2.2. Diplomasi Hizmetinde Gayrimüslim Elçiler ve Maslahatgüzarlar............................... 120 2.2.1. Gayrimüslim Elçilerin İstihdam Nedenleri................................................................ 120 I 2.2.2. Gayrimüslim Osmanlı Temsilcilerinin Kökenleri: 1832-1876.................................. 134 2.2.3. Görev Yaptıkları Merkezler....................................................................................... 144 2.2.3.1. Viyana..................................................................................................................... 144 2.2.3.2. Londra..................................................................................................................... 151 2.2.3.3. Paris......................................................................................................................... 154 2.2.3.4. Berlin....................................................................................................................... 155 2.2.3.5. Atina........................................................................................................................ 159 2.2.3.6. İtalya Şehir Devletleri............................................................................................. 165 2.2.3.7. St. Petersburg........................................................................................................... 170 2.2.3.8. Brüksel..................................................................................................................... 173 2.2.3.9. Vaşington................................................................................................................. 178 2.2.4. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Elçi Olmak: Terfiler, Görevden Alınmalar ve Sonrası............ 181 2.3. Maiyet Memurları.......................................................................................................... 201 2.4. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Şehbenderlik Hizmeti ve Gayrimüslim Şehbenderler................. 235 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM HARİCİYE NEZARETİ’NİN GAYRİMÜSLİM BÜROKRATLARINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ 3.1. Hariciye Nezareti’nde Gayrimüslim Memur İstihdamının Ana Nedenleri................... 241 3.1.1. Devletin Bütünlüğünü Koruma Düşüncesi: Reformlar ve Osmanlıcılık.................... 241 3.1.2. Fransızca’nın Önem Kazanması ve Yabancı Dil Bilen Personel Bulmakta Yaşanan Sıkıntı................................................................................................................................... 257 3.1.3. Kalifiye Eleman İhtiyacı........................................................................................... 265 3.1.4. Memur İstihdamında Etkisini Koruyan Himayecilik: İltimas.................................... 270 3.1.5. Aile ve Akrabalık İlişkileri......................................................................................... 281 II 3.2. Gayrimüslim Memurların Sosyo-Kültürel Alt Yapıları................................................ 291 3.2.1. Toplumsal Kökenleri……………………………………....……................………. 291 3.2.2. Eğitim Durumları....................................................................................................... 299 3.2.3. Osmanlı Kültür ve Entelektüel Dünyasına Katkıları.................................................. 312 SONUÇ ............................................................................................................................... 319 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ........................................................................................................... 324 EKLER ............................................................................................................................... 344 ÖZET................................................................................................................................... 363 ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ 364 III ÖNSÖZ 1821 Rum İsyanı’nın başlamasıyla kurulan Babıali Tercüme Odası’nın amaçlarından biri tercümanlık hizmetini yürütecek Müslüman memurlar yetiştirmekti. Bu amaç doğrultusunda genç kâtipler odaya alınarak yetiştirilmeye çalışılmışsa da 1830’lara kadar çok fazla bir gelişme yaşanmamıştır. Bu dönemde Rum İsyanı nedeniyle dışa kapalı bir siyaset izlenmesi diplomaside iş yoğunluğunu azaltmış bundan dolayı yetişmiş eleman sıkıntısı çok fazla hissedilmemişti. Fakat sonraki dönemde yaşanan siyasal gelişmeler diplomasiye yeni bir ivme kazandırmıştır. Neticede Babıali Tercüme Odası önemi giderek arttırmış, ikamet elçilikleri yeniden açılmış ve Reisülküttaplık kurumu Hariciye Nezareti’ne dönüştürülmüştür. Doğal olarak diplomaside istihdam edilecek personel ihtiyacını arttırmıştır. Bu ihtiyaç Tercüme Odası’nda yetişen kâtiplerle kapatılmaya çalışılmışsa da yeterli olmamış ve diplomaside kullanılmaları sakıncalı görülen Gayrimüslimlerden yeniden yararlanılmaya başlanmıştır. “Osmanlı Hariciyesinde Gayrimüslimler (1836-1876)” adlı doktora çalışmamızın amacı da Babıali Tercüme Odası’nın kuruluşundan itibaren Osmanlı diplomasisinde yaşanan gelişmeler, Gayrimüslimlerin istihdamına yol açan nedenler, Hariciye Nezareti’ne bağlı hangi birimlerde, niçin ve ne oranda temsil edildiklerini belirlemektir. Tezimizin birinci bölümünde Babıali Tercüme Odası’nın kuruluşundan itibaren Hariciye merkez kalemlerinde yaşanan gelişmeler ve bu kalemlerde çalışan Gayrimüslimler üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde ise yurtdışında Osmanlı temsilciliklerinin kurulmasına ve Gayrimüslim diplomatlara son bölümümüzde ise Gayrimüslim memur istihdamının ana etkenleri ile bu memurların sosyo-kültürel alt yapıları konu edinilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında yönlendirme ve bilgilerinden istifade ettiğim değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Musa Çadırcı’ya, erişemediğim bazı kaynaklara ulaşmamı sağlayan ve verdiği tavsiyeler için Sinan Kuneralp’e, Londra’da bulunduğum sürece desteklerini IV gördüğüm Benjamin Fortna ve Yusuf Teke’ye, tez çalışması sırasında yardımlarından dolayı arkadaşlarım Yrd. Doç. Dr. İbrahim Şirin, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sezai Balcı, Arş. Gör. Dr. Erdoğan Keleş, Arş. Gör. Dr. Murat Keçiş, Arş. Gör. Tülay Ercoşkun, Fuat Gök’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca tezimle ilgili İngiltere’de yaptığım çalışma için maddi destek sağlayan TÜBİTAK’a müteşekkirim. Eğer yardımları olmasaydı bu çalışmayı tam anlamıyla bitirmek mümkün olmayacaktı. V KISALTMALAR A. AMD. Sadaret Amedi Kalemi A. DVN. Sadaret Divân Kalemi A. DVN. MHM. Sadaret Divân Mühimme Kalemi A. MKT. Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi A. MKT. MHM. Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Mühimme Kalemi A. MKT. NZD. Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Nezaret ve Devair A. MKT. UM. Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Umumi Evrakı a.g.e. adı geçen eser a.g.m. adı geçen makale a.g.t. adı geçen tez A.Ü. Ankara Üniversitesi AYN.d. Ayniyat Defteri B Receb Bkz/bkz Bakınız BOA. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi C Cemaziye’l-ahir Ca Cemaziye’l-evvel C. DH. Cevdet. Dahiliye C. HR. Cevdet. Hariciye C. ML. Cevdet Maliye Çev. Çeviren DH. SAİDd. Dahiliye Nezareti
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