Natural Sugar Substitutes Stevia Xylitol Erythritol

i Natural Sugar Substitutes Stevia Stevia refers to several species of herbs, related to sunflowers, whose leaves provide an intensely sweet extract and has very little effect on blood glucose levels. It comes in powder or liquid form and can even be found in flavored offerings as counter to the unhealthily sweet additives many of us have grown to love. Xylitol Derived from birch-wood fibres, Xylitol is a sugar alcohol, the body does not require insulin to metabolize xylitol. While xylitol is just as sweet as table sugar (sucrose), it has about % fewer calories and % fewer carbohydrates and is available in powder or liquid form. Warning: recommended in small amounts, as some people experience a strongly laxative effect. Erythritol Erythritol is normally made from glucose that is created from corn or wheat starch. Sugar alcohol with the least impact on blood sugar yet -% of the sweetness of sugar. It comes in both granulated and powdered forms and is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine with studies showing no fermen- tation by the body. As a result, use of erythritol is less likely to cause gaseous and laxation side effects. Artificial Sweeteners Artificial Sweetener General Info Pros Cons Sucralose • Contains • Zero calories. • Bulking agents add (Splenda) maltodextrin (a • Can bake with it. ~12 calories per Tbsp of bulking agent). • FDA concluded that Splenda (though not • 600 times sucralose has no adverse listed on nutritional info). sweeter than sugar. toxic, carcinogenic, • Artificial taste when reproductive or used for baking. neurological risks. Saccharin • 300 times sweeter • Zero calories. • Listed as an (Sweet'N than regular sugar. • Can bake with it. "anticipated human Low) • Is a molecule from carcinogen." Male petroleum. smokers may be at risk • The FDA proposed a of cancer if consuming ban in 1977 when lab large amounts. • Few rats fed huge amounts studies conducted on contracted bladder effects on children, cancer. Ban never consumption should be enacted, warning label small or not at all. dropped in 2000. • Pregnant women advised to use saccharin sparingly. Aspartame • It's 180 to 200 • One gram contains 4 • Can't bake with it. (NutraSweet times sweeter than calories. • Some people may and Equal) sugar. • 70 percent of • In 1996, the FDA aspartame sensitive, all aspartame is used approved use in foods experiencing headaches, in sodas. • The FDA and beverages. dizziness, mood has set the • Approved for changes, or skin acceptable daily consumption by pregnant reactions. intake (ADI) at ~four women, using FDA's (12 oz.) cans of diet guidelines. soda per day(!). Acesulfame- • It's 200 times • 200 times sweeter • Has a bitter taste on K (Sunette or sweeter than sugar. than sugar. its own. Sweet One) • The body can't • Body can't break • Center for Science in break it down, so is it down, so is excreted the Public Interest, excreted unchanged. unchanged. believes studies on this • Zero calories. were poorly done and • Is approved by FDA. didn't test cancer- • Doesn’t increase causing risks. cancer risk, or affect blood-sugar. • You can bake with it. • Approved for consumption by pregnant women, using FDA's guidelines. Sorbitol, • Commercially made • FDA designated as • Slow but partial Mannitol from sugar alcohols "generally safe." absorption, so naturally occurring in consuming large fruits. quantities — over 49 grams of Sorbitol or over 19 grams of Manitol, may cause diarrhea. Excerpted from www.fitsugar.com.

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Basics of Kraft Pulping
Lignin Wood is composed of many chemical components, primarily extractives, carbohydrates, and lignin, which are distributed nonuniformly as the result of anatomical structure. Lignin is derived from the Latin term lignum, which means wood.1 Anselme Payen (1838) was the first to recognize the composite nature of wood and referred to a carbon- rich substance as the “encrusting material” which embedded cellulose in the wood. Schulze (1865) later defined this encrusting material as lignin. Lignin has been described as a random, three-dimensional network polymer comprised of variously linked phenylpropane units.2 Lignin is the second most abundant biological material on the planet, exceeded only by cellulose and hemicellulose, and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants. This macromolecule plays a vital role in providing mechanical support to bind plant fibers together. Lignin also decreases the permeation of water through the cell walls of the xylem, thereby playing an intricate role in the transport of water and nutrients. Finally, lignin plays an important function in a plant’s natural defense against degradation by impeding penetration of destructive enzymes through the cell wall. Although lignin is necessary to trees, it is undesirable in most chemical papermaking fibers and is removed by pulping and bleaching processes. 1.1.1 Biosynthesis Plant lignins can be broadly divided into three classes: softwood (gymnosperm), hardwood (angiosperm) and grass or annual plant (graminaceous) lignin.3 Three different phenylpropane units, or monolignols, are responsible for lignin biosynthesis.4 Guaiacyl lignin is composed principally of coniferyl alcohol units, while guaiacyl-syringyl lignin contains monomeric units from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol.
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Polyols Have a Variety of Functional Properties That Make Them Useful Alternatives to Sugars in Applications Including Baked Goods
Polyols have a variety of functional properties that make them useful alternatives to sugars in applications including baked goods. Photo © iStockphoto.com/Synergee pg 22 09.12 • www.ift.org BY LYN NABORS and THERESA HEDRICK SUGAR REDUCTION WITH Polyols Polyols are in a unique position to assist with reduced-sugar or sugar-free reformulations since they can reduce calories and complement sugar’s functionality. ugar reduction will be an important goal over the of the product’s original characteristics may still be main- next few years as consumers, government, and in- tained with the replacement of those sugars by polyols. Sdustry alike have expressed interest in lower-calorie In addition, excellent, good-tasting sugar-free products and lower-sugar foods. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for can be developed by using polyols. Polyols are in a unique Americans put a strong emphasis on consuming fewer position to assist with reduced-sugar or sugar-free refor- calories and reducing intake of added sugars. The In- mulations; since they are only partially digested and ab- stitute of Medicine (IOM) held a public workshop in sorbed, they can reduce calories and complement sugar’s November 2010 to discuss ways the food industry can functionality. Polyols provide the same bulk as sugars and use contemporary and innovative food processing tech- other carbohydrates. Additionally, polyols have a clean, nologies to reduce calorie intake in an effort to reduce sweet taste, which is important since consumers are not and prevent obesity, and in October 2011 recommended likely to sacrifice taste for perceived health benefits. Poly- front-of-package labeling that includes rating the product ols have a host of other functional properties that make based on added sugars content.
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Biovalorisation of Crude Glycerol and Xylose Into Xylitol by Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia Lipolytica
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Xylitol Production Process Partnering Opportunity
2225 W. Harrison St., Suite F Chicago, IL 60612 312-997-2150 telephone 312-997-2160 fax Xylitol Production Process Partnering Opportunity About zuChem zuChem is a biotechnology company specializing in the development of proprietary bioprocesses for the production of unique carbohydrates and glycochemicals for the food and pharmaceutical markets. The Company has offices in Chicago, Illinois as well as research facilities in Peoria, Illinois. Xylitol Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar polyol that has a sweetening property matching that of sucrose, but contributes one- third less calories. It is used extensively in a variety of confectionary products such as candies and gums. Xylitol has been implicated in the prevention of dental caries, and is thought by many to be anti-cariogenic thus making it the best nutritive sugar substitute with respect to the prevention of dental cavities. Xylitol growth has been severely limited because of price and, more importantly, supply constraints. Current processes for the manufacture of xylitol require pure xylose, which is expensive and in limited supply. This in turn has made xylitol end users reluctant to launch new products containing xylitol. If price and supply limitations were to be removed, it has been estimated that the market for xylitol could grow significantly, particularly in the U.S. zuChem’s proprietary process has been designed to overcome the supply constraint by removing the requirement for pure xylose, while also providing a significant cost of goods advantage. The zuChem Process zuChem has developed a fermentation process for the production of xylitol using a hemicellulose (i.e. a C5/C6 sugar mixture) feedstock instead of the purified xylose required by traditional chemical manufacturing methods.
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OX Solid Base Catalysts for the Upgrading of Xylitol to Glycols in Water
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Sugar Alcohols Fact Sheet
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Eur Food Res Technol DOI 10.1007/s00217-017-2916-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Mitigation role of erythritol and xylitol in the formation of 3‑monochloropropane‑1,2‑diol and its esters in glycerol and shortbread model systems Anna Sadowska‑Rociek1 · Ewa Cies´lik1 · Krzysztof Sieja1 Received: 10 March 2017 / Revised: 30 April 2017 / Accepted: 13 May 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract The effect of the addition of six sweeteners did not show any inhibitory effect, and in some cases led to (erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, sucrose, steviol sweetener, the increase in the 3-MCPD generation, so their use in the and stevia leaves) on the formation of 3-monochloropro- bakery industry should be reconsidered. pane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD esters in glycerol and shortbread model systems subjected to heat treat- Keywords 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol · 3-MCPD ment was investigated. The highest level of free 3-MCPD esters · Thermal processing · pH · Antioxidants · was reached for the glycerol model system with the addi- Sweeteners 1 tion of steviol sweetener (114.8 μg kg− ), in contrast to 1 the model with stevia leaves (51.9 μg kg− ). The level of free 3-MCPD in the shortbread model was roughly similar, Introduction whilst the levels of esterifed 3-MCPD were about 12 times higher. The maximum content was obtained in the model Because of their sensory qualities, pastry goods such as 1 with sucrose (1112 μg kg− ) and the lowest with erythritol shortbread are very popular all over the world and are an 1 (676.4 μg kg− ).
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Hydrogenolysis of Polyols to Ethylene Glycol in Nonaqueous Solvents
Europaisch.es Patentamt European Patent Office @ Publication number: 0 086 296 Office européen des brevets B1 EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION @ Date of publication of patent spécification: 20.03.85 © int. ci.4: C 07 C 31/20, C 07 C 29/00 (Jj) Application number: 82303834.4 ® Date offiling: 21.07.82 ® Hydrogenolysis of polyols to ethylene glycol in nonaqueous solvents. (§) Priority: 01.02.82 US 344302 (§) Proprietor: E.l. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY 1007 Market Street (§) Date of publication of application : Wilmington Delaware 19898 (US) 24.08.83 Bulletin 83/34 (72) Inventor: Tanikella, Murty Sundara Sita Rama (45) Publication of the grant of the patent: 314 Hampton Road 20.03.85 Bulletin 85/12 Wilmington Delaware 19803 (US) (§) Designated Contracting States: @ Représentative: Jones, Alan John et al BEDEFRGBLU NLSE CARPMAELS & RANSFORD 43 Bloomsbury Square London, WC1 A 2RA (GB) (5§) Références cited: US-A-2965 679 US-A-3 396199 Références cited: INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Chemical Abstracts vol. 63, no. 9 25 October Vol. 50, No. 8, Aug. 1958, Washington I.T. 1965 Columbus, USA N.A. VASYUNINA Cû Ohio, CLARK "Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol" pages et al. "Hydrogénation of xylitol. II. Effect of 1 125 to 1126 <0 promoters" column 11637, sections b, c o Chemical Abstracts vol. 63, no. 3, 2 August CM 1965 Columbus, Ohio, USA N.A. VASYUNINA et al. "Préparation of glycerol and glycols by (O hydrogenolysis of xylitol" columns 3304h to 00 3305b O o Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted.
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