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Observations on Regulation D and the Use of Reserve Requirements
United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters October 2016 FEDERAL RESERVE Observations on Regulation D and the Use of Reserve Requirements GAO-17-117 October 2016 FEDERAL RESERVE Observations on Regulation D and the Use of Reserve Requirements Highlights of GAO-17-117, a report to congressional requesters Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Section 19 of the Federal Reserve Act The methods by which depository institutions can implement Regulation D requires depository institutions to (Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions) include maintaining reserves maintain reserves against a portion of against transaction accounts and enforcing a numeric transfer and withdrawal their transaction accounts solely for the (transaction) limit for savings deposits if they wish to avoid classifying those implementation of monetary policy. accounts as reservable transaction accounts. GAO estimates that 70–78 percent Regulation D implements section 19, of depository institutions limit savings deposit transactions. Other methods and it also requires institutions to limit include automatically transferring balances from transaction (e.g., checking) certain kinds of transfers and accounts to savings deposits in order to reduce reserve requirements. Institutions withdrawals from savings deposits to may choose to maintain transaction account reserves against savings deposits to not more than six per month or eliminate the need to enforce the transaction limit. But some institutions GAO statement cycle if they wish to avoid having to maintain reserves against surveyed indicated that they had operational burdens associated with monitoring these accounts. The transaction limit and enforcing the transaction limit (for example, 63–73 percent cited challenges, allows the Federal Reserve to such as creating forms and converting and closing accounts). -
Understanding the Effects of the Repeal of Regulation Q on Financial Institutions and Small Businesses
UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF THE REPEAL OF REGULATION Q ON FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND SMALL BUSINESSES HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONSUMER CREDIT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MARCH 1, 2012 Printed for the use of the Committee on Financial Services Serial No. 112–104 ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 75–076 PDF WASHINGTON : 2012 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:21 Aug 03, 2012 Jkt 075076 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 K:\DOCS\75076.TXT TERRIE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama, Chairman JEB HENSARLING, Texas, Vice Chairman BARNEY FRANK, Massachusetts, Ranking PETER T. KING, New York Member EDWARD R. ROYCE, California MAXINE WATERS, California FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York RON PAUL, Texas LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois NYDIA M. VELA´ ZQUEZ, New York WALTER B. JONES, North Carolina MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York GARY G. MILLER, California BRAD SHERMAN, California SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York SCOTT GARRETT, New Jersey MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas RUBE´ N HINOJOSA, Texas PATRICK T. MCHENRY, North Carolina WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri JOHN CAMPBELL, California CAROLYN MCCARTHY, New York MICHELE BACHMANN, Minnesota JOE BACA, California THADDEUS G. -
ATA TIME When Market Interest Rates Have Soared These Ceilings Were Adopted January 21, 1970
The Administration of Regulation Q * by CHARLOTTE E. RUEBLING ATA TIME when market interest rates have soared These ceilings were adopted January 21, 1970. Dur- to levels never before reached in this country, rates ing 1969 the ceilings were lower, \vith yields on small on deposits at banks and other financial institutions time deposits limited to 5 per cent or less, a rate which have been held much lower, The rate commercial didnot compensate savers for the 6 per cent decline in banks charge on prime business loans has been 8½ the purchasing po\ver of their funds. per cent since early last June. Mortgage and many Interest rate ceilings on deposits at banks which other market interest rates are currently about as high. are members of the Federal Reserve System are es- On the other hand, payment of interest is pro- tablished under Federal Reserve Regulation Q. Ceil- hibited on demand deposits, and the maximum rates ings at insured nonmember banks, which have been permitted on time and savings deposits vary between 1 the same as for mernher banks, are set by a regula- 4.50 and 7.50 per cent. The highest rate applies only tion of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.2 to deposits in denominations of $100,000 or more These Regulations stem from Banking Acts of 1933 maturing in a year or longer. Smaller time and sav- and 1935, respectively.3 Some states have at times im- ings deposits are permitted to yield 4.50 to 5.75 per posed ceilings for state-chartered banks which are cent (see table below). -
"A Legal History of Federal Regulation of Payments of Interest Or Deposits
A ci LEGAL HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM General statement of purpose and plan, l»#«f to review discuss the la gal aspects of the origin and developiaent, both fimetloaallgr «ad atruetwatllyi of System including refMrtnofis to oourt of the AttoMt^y Q*n*raljt ^^^ regulatioaa^ rulings, intaiTpretatic^ia of tfet Boards with refer^nets to political and economic aspects limited to a minimum. A* Background diacmstioti of first and Bm®m& banks of th# United States> National Bank kct, and possibly ®m® reference to foreign central banks* General indication of defects of the banking system before the Federal Reserve Act, i.e.> ismiastle mtrrnmy} laote of r©s#rroir of r#0arw®t etc* B* Early Psroposals studies of National Monetary Cormnission and Pujo Coiroittee, with some discussion of pioposals of Aldbplohf Willis, Waxfeurg* C» I^gislati1^ Blstoxy Diaoission of wijor points of eontroirwsyj dtbatas C reports of c^i»dtt0#sf etc. D# fhm Origiiial Act Osi^ral amimary of pswisions B« Iiagal Basis —some disc- sslon of court decisions m to constitutionality of F©d@ral regal/itlon of banking # 11. A* Central Ctatlint itatt^iut of priBeipal changti in ttit Sjrstfn both functional and structural} shifts in eicphasis, etc* Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1# fhe Cwreiicy Funotion 1* Federal Reserve notes status (b) froosdwt for issuance (c) (k&lateral requirements shift 1» saphasls {#) Redemption (f) Interest *—hoif ttoiy have bt#n n»M in llea of fr&n&faise tsx 2t fisdersl Reserve Mmk not#§ (m) 1913 provisions (b) 1933 iwrgeney pi^viadons 3* Thomas Amendment -"•legal tender* etc* h* §oM Reserve let -*- effect on Federal Easerro Boak# and the Discounting Ftuaetion 1* Original eow^pt 2* Qeneral nmWm «-dncluding dlscsretlonarj natiare 3» Sllglbllltgr r#quir«itntt U« Bankers9 acetptmnets ««thelr purpose and. -
National Federation of Independent Business, David S. Addington
~NFIB. 555 12th St. NW, Ste. 1001 Washington, D.C. 20004 Via www.regulations.gov, [email protected], [email protected], and via U.S. First Class Mail March 20, 2021 Hon. Janet L. Yellen Hon. Jerome H. Powell Hon. Jelena McWilliams Secretary of the Treasury Chairman Chairman, FDIC c/o Chief Counsel's Office c/o Ann E. Misback, Sec'y c/o James P. Sheesley OCC Comment Processing Board of Governors of the Asst. Executive Sec'y 400 7th St. SW, 3E-218 Federal Reserve System Attn: RIN 3064-AF73 Washington, DC 20219 20th & Constitution NW 550 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20551 Washington, DC 20429 Dear Madam Secretary, Mr. Chairman, and Madam Chairman: RE: Notice Titled "Amendment to the Capital Rule to Facilitate the Emergency Capital Investment Program," Dkt. ID OCC-2021-0002, Regulation Q/Dkt. No. R-1741/ RIN 7100-AG11, and RIN 3064-AF73, 86 Fed. Reg. 15076 (March 22, 2021) This letter presents comments of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB)1 on the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (OCC), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board), and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) interim final rule titled "Amendment to the Capital Rule to Facilitate the Emergency Capital Investment Program" and published in the Federal Register of March 22, 2021 . The interim final rule implements a statutory authorization for an Emergency Capital Investment Program (ECIP) in which the Treasury invests in financial institutions in low-income or moderate-income communities.2 NFIB does not object to what OCC, the Board, and the FDIC did in the interim final rule; NFIB objects to how you did it. -
History of Federal Reserve Free Edition
Free Digital Edition A Visual History of the Federal Reserve System 1914 - 2009 This is a free digital edition of a chart created by John Paul Koning. It has been designed to be ap- chase. Alternatively, if you have found this chart useful but don’t want to buy a paper edition, con- preciated on paper as a 24x36 inch display. If you enjoy this chart please consider buying the paper sider donating to me at www.financialgraphart.com/donate. It took me many months to compile the version at www.financialgraphart.com. Buyers of the chart will recieve a bonus chart “reimagin- data and design it, any support would be much appreciated. ing” the history of the Fed’s balance sheet. The updated 2010 edition is also now available for pur- John Paul Koning, 2010 FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE, the Federal Reserve has Multiple data series including the Fed’s balance sheet, This image is published under a Creative Commons been governing the monetary system of the United States interest rates and spreads, reserve requirements, chairmen, How to read this chart: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 License since 1914. This chart maps the rise of the Fed from its inflation, recessions, and more help chronicle this rise. While Start origins as a relatively minor institution, often controlled by this chart can only tell part of the complex story of the Fed, 1914-1936 Willliam P. Harding $16 Presidents and the United States Department of the we trust it will be a valuable reference tool to anyone Member, Federal Reserve Board 13b Treasury, into an independent and powerful body that rivals curious about the evolution of this very influential yet Adviser to the Cuban government Benjamin Strong Jr. -
FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 12 CFR Part 217 Regulation Q Docket
FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 12 CFR Part 217 Regulation Q Docket No. R-1506 RIN 7100–AE 27 Regulatory Capital Rules: Regulatory Capital, Final Rule Demonstrating Application of Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Eligibility Criteria and Excluding Certain Holding Companies from Regulation Q AGENCY: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board) is adopting amendments to the Board’s regulatory capital framework (Regulation Q) to clarify how the definition of common equity tier 1 capital, a key capital component, applies to ownership interests issued by depository institution holding companies that are structured as partnerships or limited liability companies. In addition, the final rule amends Regulation Q to exclude temporarily from Regulation Q savings and loan holding companies that are trusts and depository institution holding companies that are employee stock ownership plans. DATES: The final rule is effective January 1, 2016. Any company subject to the final rule may elect to adopt it before this date. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Juan Climent, Manager, (202) 872-7526, Page Conkling, Senior Supervisory Financial Analyst, (202) 912-4647, Noah Cuttler, Senior Financial Analyst, (202) 912-4678, Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; or Benjamin McDonough, Special Counsel, (202) 452-2036, or Mark Buresh, Senior Attorney, (202) 452-5270, Legal Division, 20th Street and Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20551. Users of Telecommunication Device for Deaf (TDD) only, call (202) 263-4869. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background In July 2013, the Board adopted Regulation Q, a revised capital framework that strengthened the capital requirements applicable to state member banks and bank holding companies (BHCs) and implemented capital requirements for certain savings and loan holding companies (SLHCs).1 Among other changes, Regulation Q introduced a common equity tier 1 capital (CET1) requirement. -
10The Financial Crisis and the New York Federal Reserve District YEARS AFTER
10YEARS AFTER The Financial Crisis and the New York Federal Reserve District 10 YEARS AFTER: THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE NEW YORK FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Maggie Corser. Shawn Sebastian provided supplemental writing and editing. It was edited by Emily Gordon and Jordan Haedtler, Center for Popular Democracy. The report benefitted from and cites data analysis by the Economic Policy Institute of the Current Population Survey, and the Urban Institute of the Survey of Consumer Finances. ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS The Center for Popular Democracy (CPD) works to create equity, opportunity and a dynamic democracy in partnership with high-impact base-building organizations, organizing alliances, and progressive unions. CPD strengthens our collective capacity to envision and win an innovative pro-worker, pro-immigrant, racial and economic justice agenda. www.populardemocracy.org Fed Up is a coalition of community organizations and labor unions across the country, calling on the Federal Reserve to reform its governance and adopt policies that build a strong economy for the American public. The Fed can keep interest rates low, give the economy a fair chance to recover, and prioritize genuine full employment and rising wages. www.ThePeoplesFed.org 2 10 YEARS AFTER: THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE NEW YORK FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT 10 Years After: the Financial Crisis and the New York Federal Reserve District EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report marks the 10-year anniversary of the global financial crisis that threatened the stability of the financial system and resulted in severe and protracted economic hardship for communities across the United States. -
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Annual Report
Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C C r M ID A I D C C C D \ /C D A KHZ' r^C. D \i^LJ k A f~\k ir\ y i— I Nix i i\i^i i/viwi nl/ 59 th ANNUAL REPORT 1973 CONTENTS 4 RECENT TRENDS IN BANKING 31 HIGHLIGHTS 35 Summary of Operation 36 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT 36 Condition 37 Earnings and Expenses 38 DIRECTORS 39 OFFICERS 40 BRANCH DIRECTORS Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TO OUR MEMBER BANKS: We are pleased to present the 1973 Annual Report of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. The report’s feature article reviews recent trends in commercial banking-. The report also includes highlights of the year’s operations, comparative financial statements, and current lists of officers and directors of our Richmond, Baltimore, Charlotte, Columbia and Culpeper offices. On behalf of our directors and staff, we wish to thank you for the cooperation and support you have extended to us throughout the past year. Sincerely yours, Chairman of the Board President Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis REGENT TRENDS IN BANKING The history of banking in the United States has been one of almost constant change, from the days of “wildcat” banking in the early and mid-nineteenth century (when some state constitutions prohibited bank ing), through the establishment of the National Banking System during the Civil War, the financial panics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the creation of the Federal Reserve System, and the collapse of the banking system in the 1930’s. -
Requiem for Regulation Q: What It Did and Why It Passed Away
Requiem for Regulation Q: What It Did and Why It Passed Away 11. Alton Gilbert ARCh 1986 markcd thc cud of the phas out of interest rate ceilings on deposits, otherwise known as Regulation Q The handwriting on the wall became evident for Regulation 0, when the Monetary Contn’oi Act (MUA) of 1980 established the Depository Institu- C ‘~ -\ // — tions Den’egulation Committee ID DC), whose main duty was to phase out the regulation over a period of /1T~/ six year’s. ‘i’he Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935 prohibited the The purpose of this article is to review léderal policy paynnent of interest on demand deposits and autho- on deposit interest rate ceilings over the 53 year’s since rized the Fedentl Reserve to set intem’est t’ate ceilings they first were imposed. The article describes the on time and savings deposits paid by commercial objectives of Congress in establishing ceiling rates on banks. One important congn’essional mibjective was to deposits, examines their effects on the I’mnancial sys- encourage country banks to lend more in their local communities rather than hold balances with lar-ger tem and economic activity, and, finally, assesses the effect that phasing them out has had ~n tile coniposi- banks in financial centers. Cm’itics of banking practices tion of deposit liabilities. charged that the lan’ge banks in fimiancial center’s used these funds for speculative purposes, thus depriving This analysis focuses on three distinct periods dirt’- businesses and individuals in smaller communities of ing which Regulation 0, was administer-ed under dif- credit that could have been used productively.’ ferent objectives. -
Depository Services
CCE-DEP Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of National Banks Depository Services Comptroller’s Handbook August 2010 CCE Consumer Compliance Examination Depository Services Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions ........................................ 2 Background and Summary ................................................................ 2 Affected Institutions .......................................................................... 2 Computation of Reserves .................................................................. 3 Exemption From Reserve Requirements ............................................ 3 Regulation D Deposit Requirements ................................................. 5 Federal Reserve Board Staff Opinions and Rulings: Regulation D ...... 6 Savings Deposits .............................................................................. 9 Time Deposits ................................................................................ 24 Transaction Accounts ..................................................................... 29 References ..................................................................................... 40 Interest on Deposits ................................................................................. 42 Background and Summary .............................................................. 42 Federal Reserve Board Staff Opinions Interpreting Regulation -
Federal Reserve Adopts New Bailout Rule
2016-2017 DEVELOPMENTS IN BANKING LAW 531 VIII. Federal Reserve Adopts New Bailout Rule In an effort to improve “the resiliency and resolvability” of large banking organizations, the Federal Reserve Board (Board) has adopted a new bailout-prevention rule (Rule) as the latest installment to its series of post-financial crisis regulations.861 Enacted on December 15, 2016, the Rule imposes several new capital and long-term debt standards on U.S. global systemically important bank holding companies (covered BHCs) and certain U.S. intermediate holding companies of foreign global systematically important intermediate holding companies (covered IHCs).862 Most of the Rule’s meaningful changes are effective on January 1, 2019 with a transition period extending to January of 2022.863 The crux of the Rule surrounds primarily three new obligations: (1) a total loss-absorbing capacity (TLAC) standard, (2) a supplemental long-term debt (LTD) requirement, and (3) additional “clean holding company” standards.864 The TLAC standard is a combination of capital and LTD requirements designed to equip banks with their own means to navigate 861 See Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity, Long-Term Debt, and Clean Holding Requirements for Systemically Important U.S. Bank Holding Companies and Intermediate Holding Companies of Systemically Important Foreign Bank- ing Organizations, 82 Fed. Reg. 8266 (Jan. 24, 2017) (to be codified at 12 C.F.R. pt. 252), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-01-24/pdf/2017- 00431.pdf [https://perma.cc/UJ9Q-DWXN] [hereinafter Bailout Rule]. 862 See Evan Weinberger, Fed Rule Aims to Make Investors Pay for Big Bank Failure, LAW360 (Dec.