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BULLETIN FOR'the HISTORY of CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society CHX BULLETIN FOR'THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society VOLUME 25, Number 2 2000 Cumulative Index, 1-25 BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY VOLUME 25, Number 2, 2000 Contents THE 1999 DEXTER AWARD ADDRESS: A PLACE IN HISTORY: WAS LINUS PAUlJNG A REVOLUTIONARY CHEMIST'! Mary Jo Nye. Oregon State University 73 CHRISTOPH H. PFAFF AND THE CONTROVERSY OVER VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY Beige Kragh and Malene M. Bak, Aarhus University, Denmark 83 GEORGE AUGUSTUS HULETT: FROM LIQUID CRYSTALS TO STANDARD CELL John T. Stock. University of Connecticut 91 LETTER TO THE EDITOR 98 MORRIS LOEB, WALTHER NERNST, AND THE TRANSFERENCE NUMBER John T. Stock, University of Connecticut 99 STEFANIE HOROVITZ, ELLEN GLEDITSCH, ADA HITCHINS, AND THE DISCOVERY OF ISOTOPES Marelene F. Rayner-Canham and Geoffrey W. Rayner-Canham, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College 103 ZOROASTER AND THE THEORY OF FOUR ELEMENTS Fathi Habashi, Laval University 109 IS SCIENCE A BROTHERHOOD? THE CASE OF SIEGRIED RUHEMANN Martin D. Saltzman, Providence College 116 D. STANLEY TARBELL (1913-1999) A Memorial Tribute 122 "WHAT'S IN A NAME?" FROM DESIGNATION TO DENUNCIATION - THE NONCLASSICAL CATION CONTROVERSY Stephen J. Weininger, Worcester Polytechnic Institute 123 BOOK REVIEWS 132 AUTHOR INDEX, 1-25 142 SUBJECT INDEX, 1 -25 144 The BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY (ISSN 1053-4385) is published biannually (February & September) by the History , of Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society, All matters relating to manuscripts. book reviews. and letters should be sent to Dr. Paul R. Jones. Editor. Subscription ch,lOges, changes of address. and claims for missing issues. as well as new memberships. are handled by the Sec.lTreas. The Cover... see pages 123 ff r I Bull. Hist. Chern., VOLUME 25, Number 2 (2000) 73 THE 1999 DEXTER AWARD ADDRESS A PLACE IN HISTORY: WAS LINUS PAULING A REVOLUTIONARY CHEMIST? Mary Jo Nye, Oregon State University In 1998 the American Chemical Society published the 1975. That poll sought to assess readers' images and 75th anniversary issue of Chemical and Engineering stereotypes of scientists by asking open-ended questions News (1). In preparation for the anniversary issue, the such as, "When I think of a scientist, I think of ... "The journal provided the opportunity for approximately poll received approximately 1600 responses, of which 175,000 ACS members to 119 came from professional nominate their choices for the chemists. Of the scientists, "Top 75 Distinguished Con­ past and present, who were tributors to the Chemical Enter­ most frequently mentioned prise" since 1923, using a bal­ in readers' responses, lot published in the magazine. Pauling's name was the fIf­ Readers could nominate up to teenth most cited. Others in­ twenty people, living or dead, cluded Darwin and Einstein, American or non-American. Galileo, Newton and Pas­ teur, and, among contempo­ The result was a list of rary scientists, Jacob more than 1,200 individuals, Bronowski, Fred Hoyle, and giving a top-75 group in which Peter Medawar (4). four chemists far outpolled the next 71. The top four were In the New Scientist Linus Pauling, Robert B. Wood­ poll, professional and popu­ ward, Glenn Seaborg, and lar-science readers seem to Wallace Carothers (2). The con­ have mentioned Pauling, tributions for which Linus like Bronowski and Pauling was cited in the poll Medawar, on the basis of were the nature of the chemical public image and public bond; valence bond theory; fame in the 1970s, whereas concepts of electronegativity, the Chern. Eng. News poll resonance and hybridization; Mary Jo Nye more clearly reflects judg- and the application of structural ments by Pauling's profes­ chemistry to biological molecules (3). sional peers in the field of chemistry. Both polls point to a generalization that we hardly need to prove: that A different kind of poll was taken by the British Linus Pauling is perceived both among chemists and journals New Scientist and New Society some twenty among members of the general public as one of the most years earlier, using a questionnaire published in May important figures in twentieth-century science. 74 Bull. Hist. Chern., VOLUME 25, Number 2 (2000) Yet, we may ask, was Linus Pauling what may be Black for Black's theory of fixed air "that seems to pre­ called a revolutionary figure in the history of chemistry, pare a revolution in physics and chemistry (9)." and in the history of science more generally? Is his role The next generations of chemists after Lavoisier in twentieth century science comparable to Galileo in certainly thought of him as a founding father of a new the seventeenth century or Lavoisier in the eighteenth chemistry, but the idea received a new twist from the century or Pasteur in the nineteenth century? What French Alsatian chemist Adolphe Wurtz in 1869, on the makes a revolutionary reputation in science and who de­ eve of the Franco-Prussian War. In what became an un­ fines it: scientists, historians, or the wider public? The derstandably controversial statement, Wurtz wrote that actors or the observers? "Chemistry is a French science. It was founded by By way of addressing these questions, I will begin Lavoisier, of immortal memory. he was at once the by describing some recent interpretations of the eigh­ author of a new theory and the creator of the true method teenth-century Chemical Revolution and its embodiment in chemistry (10)." in the historical figure of Antoine Lavoisier. I then will As France's Third Republic was established in the turn to a discussion of the aims and achievements of mid-1870s, Lavoisier was reclaimed by French scien­ Linus Pauling, beginning with his earliest plans and am­ tists and politicians as a symbol explicitly of the mod­ bitions in the 1920s. I shall conclude by re-opening the em, moderate, and scientistic French Republic. Lavoisier question of Pauling's place in history, as defined by sci­ had been a member of the liberal wing of civil servants entists, historians, and the public. and political activists in the ancien regime. Lavoisier had been a reformist member of Louis XVI's tax-col­ Revolutions, Revolutionaries, and Lavoisier lecting agency, the Ferme Generale. He had been an in­ novative administrator in charge of the nation's gunpow­ In Bernard Cohen's book Revolution in Science, Profes­ der Arsenal. He had been an alternate deputy to the States sor Cohen traces the changing meaning of the word General when it convened in 1789 (11). Yet, as a former "revolution," from the sense of "turn" or "return," as in member of the Ferme Generale and a prominent mem­ "turn of the wheel" or "turn of Fortune," to the implica­ ber of the academic elite, Lavoisier had been personally tion of a historical break and transformation. In the po­ disliked and under suspicion by some members of the litical realm, eighteenth century writers used the new Revolutionary Committee. Arrested in 1793, he was meaning of "revolution" in reinterpreting England's re­ executed in 1794. Letters removed from his home in­ bellion or civil war of 1688 as a "Glorious Revolution," cluded an unsigned letter to Mme. Lavoisier with the and eighteenth-century Frenchmen soon applied the prescient and damning words, if evidence were needed word "revolution" to political events of the 1790s in of disloyalty: "This most beautiful revolution will make France (5). our streams run with blood and plunge us into total an­ In the realm of the sciences, Bernard Le Bovier de archy (12)." Fontenelle wrote in the early 1700s of the recent revolu­ By fortuitous coincidence, the 1889 centenary com­ tion in mathematics and mechanics associated with the memoration of the French Revolution was also the cen­ name ofIsaac Newton (6). More to our immediate con­ tenary of the publication of Lavoisier's textbook, the cern, Antoine Baume wrote in 1773 of a revolution in Elements ofChemistry. Edouard Grimaux, a chemist at chemistry which had begun with the discovery of fixed the Ecole Polytechnique , published a biography of air (7). That same year of Baume's printed remark, Lavoisier (13), as did Marcellin Berthelot, chemist at Antoine Lavoisier wrote privately in a laboratory note­ the College de France and member of the French Sen­ book that his work on the fixation and release of airs ate. It was Berthelot who applied the phrase "chemical seemed "destined to bring about a revolution in physics revolution" to Lavoisier's achievements alone, attribut­ and in chemistry (8)." At that moment, as Larry Holmes ing to one heroic figure what often had been described has stressed, Lavoisier likely thought of himself as par­ as a collective transformation of ideas (14). ticipating in a revolutionary movement begun by oth­ ers, not of himself as initiating a revolution. We have By the end of the nineteenth century, then, evidence of Lavoisier's view in a letter of 1774 that he Lavoisier's image had become firmly an image of sci­ sent to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, along with a entific hero and political martyr. The latter image only gift of his Opuscules physiques et chymiques. In the enhanced the former one. The iconography of Lavoisier's letter, Lavoisier lauded the "illustrious savant" Joseph memory clearly demonstrates this double image (15). I Bull. Hist. Chern., VOLUME 25, Number 2 (2000) 75 It includes sketches of Lavoisier in the laboratory and a on, Pauling rarely had the chemical bond far from his magnificent portrait by Jacques-Louis David of mind. Nor did he relinquish the fascination with mo­ Lavoisier and Mme. Lavoisier. There is also a contem­ lecular form and structure that first engaged him in a poraneous sketch made of Lavoisier while in prison and course on the crystallography of metals with Samuel a newer dramatic painting of 1876 by L.
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