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The Effects of Intraspecific, Interspecific, and Intergeneric Grafting on the Growth and Development of Fraxinus Excelsior Scions

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Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Masters Engineering 2019 The Effects of Intraspecific, interSpecific, and Intergeneric Grafting on the Growth and Development of Fraxinus Excelsior Scions John McNamara [Thesis] Technological University Dublin Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engmas Part of the Engineering Commons Recommended Citation McNamara, J. (2019) The Effects of Intraspecific, interSpecific, and Intergeneric Grafting on the Growth and Development of Fraxinus Excelsior Scions, Masters Thesis. This Theses, Masters is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License The effects of intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric grafting on the growth and development of Fraxinus excelsior scions John Mc Namara Technological University Dublin MPhil 2019 Abstract Fraxinus excelsior (common ash) is a hardwood tree, native to Ireland which has demonstrated adaptability to growing in a wide range of sites. In 2013, there was a total of over 20,000 hectares recorded under ash in Ireland. From an economic, ecological and carbon aspect ash is also a very important tree species. Since the arrival of Chalara disease, which has the potential to prove fatal to c.97% of the ash population there is an urgent need to consider how to preserve the remaining resistant trees and propagate new resistant lines. Grafting is the suggested method which has the capacity to produce a tree in a breeding programme which can be field planted within a year, once suitable rootstocks can be determined and produced. This thesis examined the potential for grafting two Fraxinus excelsior clones M72 and 98, chosen at random onto F. excelsior, F. paxiana, F. chinensis, F. japonica, F. platypoda, Syringa vulgaris, and Ligustrum ovalifolium rootstocks to confirm their suitability for large scale vegetative propagation. It was found that when Clone M72 and Clone 98 were grafted onto Fraxinus excelsior rootstocks the survival was 100% and 97% respectively, while the non-grafted Control returned a plant survival rate of 93%. When Clone M72 was grafted onto Fraxinus chinensis and Fraxinus paxiana rootstocks the resultant graft survival was 68% and 40% respectively. When Fraxinus platypoda and Fraxinus japonica interstocks were used for grafting Clone 98 survival was 87% and 60% respectively. When Ligustrum and Syringa rootstocks were used to propagate Clone M72 survival was 37% and 33% respectively. When Ligustrum and Syringa were used as rootstocks for Clone 98 the result was 30% and 40% respectively. Propagation by budding was not successful. i Vegetative growth of Clone 98 grafted onto Fraxinus excelsior rootstocks exceeded the seedling produced plants by 6%, whereas grafted plants of Clone M72 were 28% lower than the control. When Clone M72 was grafted onto Fraxinus chinensis rootstocks the reduction was 38%. When it was grafted onto Fraxinus paxiana rootstocks the reduction was approximately 79%. When Fraxinus platypoda and Fraxinus japonica interstocks were used with Clone 98, growth was reduced by 45% and 65% respectively. When rootstocks of Ligustrum and Syringa were used with Clone M72 and Clone 98 the reduction in growth was between 41% and 52% respectively. There was a wide variance in bud flushing. It ranged from three to fourty one days over all the treatments. The mean number of shoots produced per graft was 3.1 and 2.9 respectively for Clone M72 grafted onto Syringa and Ligustrum and 1.9 and 2.7 respectively for Clone 98 grafted onto Syringa and Ligustrum. This compared with 3.7 for the Control. The least number of shoots 1.3 to 1.5 was recorded with Clone M72 on rootstocks of Fraxinus paxiana and chinensis while interstocks Fraxinus platypoda and Fraxinus japonica used with Clone 98 resulted in 1.8 and 1.3 shoots respectively. Flowering percentages were low at 0.01% and 0.02% when recorded over two consecutive years. It was possible to establish viable grafts on both Asiatic species and related genera. In the case of related genera, their potential to flower and produce seeds would significantly accelerate the establishment of disease free orchards. ii Declaration I certify that this thesis which I now submit for examination for the award of MPhil is entirely my own work with the exception of statistics which have been done by Dr Jim Grant (Teagasc statistician) and has not been taken from the work of others, save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. This thesis was prepared according to the regulations for graduate study by research of Technological University Dublin and has not been submitted in whole or in part for another award in any other third level institution. The work reported on in this thesis conforms to the principles and requirements of TUD’s guidelines for ethics in research. Technological University Dublin has permission to keep, lend or copy in whole or part, on condition that any such use of the material of the thesis be duly acknowledged. Signature __________________________ Date ___________________ iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Mr. Harold Lawlor, Dr. Gerry Douglas and Dr. Catherine Deegan for their invaluable assistance, guidance and patience throughout this study. I would also like to thank Dr. Philip Owende as Head of Department of Engineering (Horticulture Programme) for his support and flexibility provided throughout the course of this work. I wish to thank Dr. Catherine Deegan for her initial encouragement and support when contemplating this study. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Jim Grant and Dr. Kim Reilly for their patience and assistance with statistics. A special word of thanks to Chris Roberts for all his assistance with the glasshouse operations. A word of thanks to Teresa Rooney for her patience, tolerance and help with computer issues. To my wife, Liz, for her encouragement, support, and understanding, and Rebecca and Abbie for their tolerance to my absence and silent hours spent on this thesis. iv Abbreviations COST European Co-operation in Science and Technology DAFM Department of Agriculture Food and Marine IGAHM Irish Guild of Ash Hurley Makers JFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy Arboretum SAS Statistical Analysis System NFI National Forestry Inventory v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................ i Declaration .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of Images ................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables.................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1: Literature review ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study background .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Importance of ash in Ireland .................................................................................... 1 1.3 History of Chalara ................................................................................................... 2 1.4 The present situation regarding Chalara infection. .................................................. 3 1.5 Chalara fraxinae disease:-life cycle and symptoms ................................................. 5 1.6 Disease situation in Europe, UK and Ireland ........................................................... 8 1.7 What are the options to save ash? ............................................................................ 9 1.8 Grafting .................................................................................................................. 10 1.9 Reasons for grafting ............................................................................................... 11 1.10 Grafting principles ............................................................................................... 12 1.11 Grafting physiology ............................................................................................. 16 1.11.1 Stage 1 Alignment of vascular cambiums of the rootstock and scion ..... 16 1.11.2 Stage 2 Wound healing response ............................................................. 17 1.11.3 Stage 3 Callus bridge formation .............................................................. 17 1.11.4 Stage 4 Wound repair, xylem and phloem differentiation and development of vascular cambium across the callus bridge ............................................ 18 1.11.5 Stage 5 Production of secondary xylem and phloem from the new vascular cambium in the callus bridge ....................................................................
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