The Effects of the Employment of Dynamic and Stative Verbs in Hemingway’S “In Another Country” and “The Killer”
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The Function of Phrasal Verbs and Their Lexical Counterparts in Technical Manuals
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1991 The function of phrasal verbs and their lexical counterparts in technical manuals Brock Brady Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brady, Brock, "The function of phrasal verbs and their lexical counterparts in technical manuals" (1991). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4181. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6065 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Brock Brady for the Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (lESOL) presented March 29th, 1991. Title: The Function of Phrasal Verbs and their Lexical Counterparts in Technical Manuals APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: { e.!I :flette S. DeCarrico, Chair Marjorie Terdal Thomas Dieterich Sister Rita Rose Vistica This study investigates the use of phrasal verbs and their lexical counterparts (i.e. nouns with a lexical structure and meaning similar to corresponding phrasal verbs) in technical manuals from three perspectives: (1) that such two-word items might be more frequent in technical writing than in general texts; (2) that these two-word items might have particular functions in technical writing; and that (3) 2 frequencies of these items might vary according to the presumed expertise of the text's audience. -
A Minimalist Study of Complex Verb Formation: Cross-Linguistic Paerns and Variation
A Minimalist Study of Complex Verb Formation: Cross-linguistic Paerns and Variation Chenchen Julio Song, [email protected] PhD First Year Report, June 2016 Abstract is report investigates the cross-linguistic paerns and structural variation in com- plex verbs within a Minimalist and Distributed Morphology framework. Based on data from English, German, Hungarian, Chinese, and Japanese, three general mechanisms are proposed for complex verb formation, including Akt-licensing, “two-peaked” adjunction, and trans-workspace recategorization. e interaction of these mechanisms yields three levels of complex verb formation, i.e. Root level, verbalizer level, and beyond verbalizer level. In particular, the verbalizer (together with its Akt extension) is identified as the boundary between the word-internal and word-external domains of complex verbs. With these techniques, a unified analysis for the cohesion level, separability, component cate- gory, and semantic nature of complex verbs is tentatively presented. 1 Introduction1 Complex verbs may be complex in form or meaning (or both). For example, break (an Accom- plishment verb) is simple in form but complex in meaning (with two subevents), understand (a Stative verb) is complex in form but simple in meaning, and get up is complex in both form and meaning. is report is primarily based on formal complexity2 but tries to fit meaning into the picture as well. Complex verbs are cross-linguistically common. e above-mentioned understand and get up represent just two types: prefixed verb and phrasal verb. ere are still other types of complex verb, such as compound verb (e.g. stir-fry). ese are just descriptive terms, which I use for expository convenience. -
Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: a Case Study from Koro
Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro By Jessica Cleary-Kemp A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair Assistant Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor William F. Hanks Summer 2015 © Copyright by Jessica Cleary-Kemp All Rights Reserved Abstract Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro by Jessica Cleary-Kemp Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair In this dissertation a methodology for identifying and analyzing serial verb constructions (SVCs) is developed, and its application is exemplified through an analysis of SVCs in Koro, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea. SVCs involve two main verbs that form a single predicate and share at least one of their arguments. In addition, they have shared values for tense, aspect, and mood, and they denote a single event. The unique syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs present a number of theoretical challenges, and thus they have invited great interest from syntacticians and typologists alike. But characterizing the nature of SVCs and making generalizations about the typology of serializing languages has proven difficult. There is still debate about both the surface properties of SVCs and their underlying syntactic structure. The current work addresses some of these issues by approaching serialization from two angles: the typological and the language-specific. On the typological front, it refines the definition of ‘SVC’ and develops a principled set of cross-linguistically applicable diagnostics. -
SYNTAX MASTER LIST Semester 2
NOUN SYNTAX Syntax Explanation Latin I Latin II NOMINATIVE Subject The actor of an active verb, receiver of a passive verb, or “it” of an impersonal/stative verb ✓ ✓ Predicate The noun renames the subject via sum, esse ✓ ✓ GENITIVE Possession The genitive owns the noun to which it is connected (sometimes via sum, esse) ✓ ✓ Material The noun is made up of this genitive ✓ Quality The genitive gives a characteristic of the noun (requires attributive adjective) ✓ Partitive The genitive is made up of this noun ✓ Objective The genitive receives the noun as its object ✓ With Adjective The genitive is connected to an adjective ✓ With Verb The genitive is connected to a verb (verbs of reminding, accusing, condemning, feeling, etc.) ✓ Value The genitive indicates how important is an object ✓ DATIVE Indirect Object The dative receives the direct object (explicit or implicit [intransitives/compounds]) ✓ ✓ Possession The dative owns the noun to which it is connected via sum, esse ✓ Agent The dative indicates the actor of a passive verb (typically with gerundives or compoundeds) ✓ Reference The dative indicates to whom, or for whom, a statement refers or is of interest ✓ Ethical A subset of reference, typically used with person pronoun to show interested felt by a person Separation The dative indicates motion away (it has no preposition and is used with verbs of taking away) ✓ Purpose or End The dative indicates the reason for an action ✓ With Adjective The dative is connected to an adjective ✓ With Verb Another name for the dative indirect object -
Positional Verbs in Nen
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by The Australian National University Positional Verbs in Nen Nicholas Evans AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY In this paper, I lay out the workings of the rather unusual system of positional verbs found in Nen, a language of the Morehead-Maro family in Morehead dis- trict, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Nen is unusual in its lexicalization patterns: it has very few verbs that are intransitive, with most verbs that tend to be intransitive cross-linguistically realized as morphologically middle verbs, including ‘talk’, ‘work’, ‘descend’, and so on. Within the fifty attested morpho- logically intransitive verbs, forty-five comprise an interesting class of “positional verbs,” the subject of this paper; the others are ‘be’, its derivatives ‘come’ and ‘go’ (lit. ‘be hither’ and ‘be thither’), and ‘walk’. Positional verbs denote spatial positions and postures like ‘be sitting’, ‘be up high’, ‘be erected (of a building)’, ‘be open’, ‘be in a tree-fork’, ‘be at the end of something’. Positional verbs differ from regular verbs in lacking in¿nitives, in possessing a special “stative” aspect inÀection and an unusual system for building a four- way number system (building large plurals by combining singular and dual markers), and in participating in a productive three-way alternation between positional statives (like ‘be high’), placement transitives (like ‘put up high’), and get-into-position middles (like ‘get into a high position’). The latter two types are more like normal verbs (for example, they possess in¿nitives and participate in the normal TAM series), but they are formally derived from the positionals. -
Problem of Stative Verbs in Orlu Dialect of Igbo
TOWARDS A CLASSIFICATION OF IGBO VERBS: THE PROBLEM OF STATIVE VERBS IN THE ORLU DIALECT OF IGBO E.M.Onumajuru Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria The criteria for the classification of Igbò verbs have generated controversies among old and modern linguists and grammarians of indigenous and foreign descents. Some maintain that stative verbs (also called State verbs) are marginal in number and are therefore not appropriate to be used among the criteria for classifying Igbò verbs. This study explores the Orlu variety of Igbò (a dialect spoken by a sizeable population in the Orlu area of Imo State in South-Eastern Nigeria) in order to justify the validity of including stative verbs among the criteria for the classification of Igbò verbs. Our empirical analyses show that though stative verbs are fewer in number than the dynamic verbs, (also called verbs of activity and movement) they have non- negligible, distinctive, morpho-syntactic and semantic behaviours which lend credence to their inclusion among the criteria for classifying Igbò verbs. Les critères de la classification des verbes en langue Igbò ont fait l’objet d’une contro- verse parmi les linguistes et grammairiens anciens et modernes d’origines autochtone et étran- gère. Certains d’entre eux croient que les verbes statifs (dits aussi verbes d’état) sont trop peu nombreux pour qu’ils soient considérés parmi les critères de classification verbale en Igbò. Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier le parler d’Orlu (un dialecte Igbò parlé par une population im- portante dans l’agglomération d’Orlu dans l’Etat Imo au sud-est du Nigeria) afin de justifier la validité de l’inclusion des verbes statifs parmi les critères de classification des verbes Igbò. -
Information Cited Above on Classification and the Mimeographed Phonology, There Is No Other Published Material on Karang to Date
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 14, Number 1, April 1983 MOOD AND ASPECT IN KARANG* Edward H. Ubels Societe Internationale de Linguistique, Cameroun The paper describes the formal and semantic properties of the mood and aspect categories of the Adamawa language, Karang. Three in herent aspect verb classes are established--events, processes, and states--on the basis of semantic and morphological distinctions. A fundamental opposition of the mood-aspect system is between factive and non-factive moods, which distinguish actual and potential situa tions. Non-factive mood is formally indicated by a high tone and subdivides into the categories subjunctive, predictive, and non predictive. Verbo-nominals are marked as non-factive. The formal categories of aspect are progressive, habitual, perfect, and non perfect. When inherent and formal aspect categories with semantically contradictory components are combined, inherent aspect is overriden. The perfective meaning of the perfect category also overrides the imperfective meaning of the progressive. 1. Introduction The goal of this paper is to present a semantic characterization of the inherent and formal categories which occur in the tense-aspect-mood system of the Karang verb. 1 Having said that much, the next task is to state the ways *1 wish to thank John \.,ratters for his idec:s and advice while I was writing this paper. I am grateful to Russell Schuh for his comments and dis cussion on the preliminary draft. Finally, I would like to thank the General Delegation for Scientific and Technical Research of Cameroon for permission to do this research, and the Karang people for their willing assi~tance, trust, and encouragement during the period we "orked together. -
State Verb, Action Verb and Noun in the State Run Colleges in Pakistan
International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 6, No. 5; 2016 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Study on Science Students’ Understanding of Three Lemmas: State Verb, Action Verb and Noun in the State Run Colleges in Pakistan Muhamma Imran1, Tahira Asgher2 & Mamuna Ghani3 1 Govt. Post Graduate College, Burewala, Pakistan 2 Govt. Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan 3 Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Correspondence: Tahira Asgher, Govt Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 25, 2016 Accepted: August 16, 2016 Online Published: September 23, 2016 doi:10.5539/ijel.v6n5p121 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n5p121 Abstract English main verbs are classified as stative and dynamic. At first, this paper deals with the analysis of stative verbs, highlights their true nature and function and illustrates the concept of spontaneity within the state verbs. Secondly, it expounds how the term ‘lemma’ helps in sorting out the same words representing different parts of speech. Finally, it reports on the level of the science students’ competency in the use of state verbs, action verbs and nouns. For this purpose, 300 science students of intermediate level were selected as participants for the present study. A language proficiency test was conducted to collect data. The results revealed that majority of the students had scanty understanding of nouns and state verbs but their recognition of action verbs had been of average level. Some suggestions for improved pedagogy in teaching English grammar have been suggested on the basis of these findings. -
Change of Location and Change of State: How Telicity Is Attained
PACLIC 24 Proceedings 885 Change of Location and Change of State: How Telicity is Attained Chungmin Lee Department of Linguistics, Seoul National University Seoul 151-742, Korea [email protected] Abstract. This paper basically discusses parallels between change of location (or space) and change of state. Change of state is analogous to change of location, involving an abstract state Source and an abstract state Goal with abstract Path, involving telicity and showing alternations crosslinguistically. Spatial change is least abstract, whereas temporal change and state change are more abstract and psychological change is most abstract, exhibiting various phenomena of degree modification and telicity differentiations. Abstraction causes argument reduction and change in syntactic behavior. State-oriented predicates are modified by the equivalents of the degree modifier very and process-oriented ones by the quality modifier well and its equivalents. Keywords: change of location, change of state, creation/removal, telicity, degree, Generative Lexicon Theory 1. Introduction1 This paper discusses parallels between change of location and change of state, involved in locomotive (=motion), change of state, and creation/removal verbs, trying to see how telicity is attained semantically, examining cross-linguistic typological variation in lexical patterning and some syntactic behaviors. First, spatial uses of prepositions or postpositions are closely connected with temporal uses of them, although the latter are more abstract and limited because of directionality and dimensionality. Second, change of state (qualities) is structurally associated with change of location, with its Source and Goal. Change always means a shift from ¬P to P in state as well as in location through the flow of time. -
Lecture 16 Semantics: Semantic Properties of Words
28 March 2013 Aaron J. Dinkin Linguistics 1 [email protected] Lecture 16 Semantics: semantic properties of words Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning. When a word has multiple conceptually related meanings, this is polysemy: pool: ‘facility constructed for swimming’, ‘puddle’ pig: ‘porcine animal’, ‘disgusting person’ bright: ‘emitting light’, ‘intelligent’ What seems like a single meaning may be polysemy on closer examination: bank: ‘financial institution’, ‘building where a financial institution is housed’ Consider the sentence My money is in the bank: this has at least two meanings: • ‘I have deposited my money in a bank account’ • ‘I left my wallet in the bank building’ This is because the two meanings of bank refer to different (but related) things. Often we can think of polysemy as the result of vagueness: some words have basic meanings that are slightly vague, and the details of the meaning are filled in by context. In other cases multiple meanings are connected by metaphorical association; this is the case with bright and pig. Polysemy is not the same thing as homophony— i.e., when two distinct words with unrelated meanings have the same form. E.g., bank also means ‘land at the side of a river’; pool also means ‘billiards game’; but these are different lexemes than the meanings of pool and bank above. It’s just a coincidence that ‘financial institution’ and ‘riverside’ are both bank; learners of the language learn these as two separate “dictionary entries” with nothing to do with each other except phonetic resemblance. (Note, as usual, spelling is not important: see/sea are homophones just like bank and bank.) Bound morphemes can have homophones as well: the English plural-noun and 3d-person-singular-verb affixes are homophones —well, their regular allomorphs are, anyway. -
I. Introduction
I. INTRODUCTION The aim of this work is to analyze the differences and similarities between English and Czech predications with regards to their level of semantic dynamism. First of all, I will concentrate on the whole concept of dynamism in semantics. This includes the general characteristics as well as the concrete realization of the category in English and Czech. I will then describe the characteristic features of predicates and their categorical division according to the grammatical and semantic criteria. This division was made presumably on the ground of the book A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis by Vilém Mathesius. I have tried to describe the characteristics of predications in English and compare them to predications in Czech. In this linguistic analysis of English and Czech predications I have concentrated especially on the major differences between them as English and Czech are not closely related language. This analysis will serve as the basis for my further study. I will then explain other differences between the two languages as I will concentrate in more detail on the specific features of English that are not typical for Czech, especially sentence condensation and the tendency of English to nominal expression of reality. Another major difference between English and Czech is their system of tenses that I will describe later. English has a very complex system that combine the present, past and future tenses existing in Czech with progressive and perfect aspects. The choice of a concrete type of tense always depends on the dynamism of a concrete situation. -
Adjectives in Qiang 307
13 Adjectives in Qiang 307 inite markers, many can act as adverbials (taking the adverbial particle I-Jli!), and l3 many can take the postpositive adverb I-wal 'verY:' Non-stative verbs can only modify a noun in the form of a pre-head relative clause construction, while adjec tives can modifya noun directly in post-head position. The meaning of reduplica tion for most non-stative verbs is reciprocity, while the meaning of reduplication Adjectives in Qiang for adjectives is intensification or plurality.3 There is no morphology for deriving adjectives from non-adjectival verbs, although adjectives can take causative mark Randy f. LaPolla and Chenglong Huang ing and become transitive verbs.4 2. Semantics 1. Introduction The class of adjectives is an open class, currently with roughly 200 members, al though the majority of new members are loanwords from Chinese. The class in Qiang is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by 70,000-80,000 people in Northern cludes items related to DIMENSION, AGE, VALUE, COLOUR, PHYSICAL PROPERTY, Sichuan Province, China, classified as being in the Qiang or Tibetan nationality by 1 HUMAN PROPENSITY, SPEED, DIFFICULTY, QUALIFICATION, and QUANTIFICATION. the Chinese government. The language is verb final, agglutinative (prefixing and Words expressing the semantic field of POSITION are (locational) nouns (Istekel suffixing), and has both head-marking and dependent-marking morphology. 'behind; Imoql 'top, above: I,,-ekul 'between, centre; I~qol/ 'below; Ipienal 'near, Nouns can be defined as underived forms which can take (in)definite marking, (be)side', and Iqo'l 'before'), NUMBERS form aseparate word class (they must ap numeral-cIassifier phrase"s, and/or number marking, all ofwhich follow the head.