THE EFFECTS OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF DYNAMIC AND STATIVE VERBS IN HEMINGWAY’S “IN ANOTHER COUNTRY” AND “THE KILLER” An Undergraduate Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters By Lucia Tri Natalia Sudarmo Student Number : 034214082 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 i ii iii YOU MAY SHOOT ME WITH YOUR WORDS, YOU MAY CUT ME WITH YOUR EYES, YOU MAY KILL ME WITH YOUR HATEFULNESS, BUT STILL, LIKE AIR, I’LL RISE. [“Still I Rise” MAYA ANGELOU] iv for my Beloved Parents, sisters, and late mBah Putri. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise for the Almighty God for giving me a chance to finish this thesis, for giving the obstacle and guidance, for sending lovely people who have been willing to help me in finishing this thesis. I would like to give my enormous gratitude toward my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. I would like to thank her for the guidance, patience, help in solving my problem in finishing this thesis, and for her willingness to give her time, even her day off, in guiding me. I am also deeply grateful to my co-advisor, M. Luluk Artika W., S.S. for her willingness to read my thesis, check the content, and give constructive criticisms. I would like to express my uncountable thanks for my parents who have been supporting me with love. Also, for my sisters, Ike and Fitri, who shower me with their love, laughter, criticism, anger and many more. I never wish to have another sister but the two of them. I thank Ratna and Dwi for lending me their flash disks, Dita for the friendship and criticism, for Icha, Dian, Ami and the gang, mbak Nik at the secretariat, Tika, Atiec, and Puteh for constantly dropping by at my house and being the oasis in the desert. Lastly, as the saying said “no rose without a thorn,” I deeply realize that this thesis is still out of perfect. Nevertheless, hopefully it will be useful for others. Lucia Tri Natalia Sudarmo vi TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………… iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………. iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………….. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………. vii LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………… viii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………... ix ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………. x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………. 1 B. Problem formulation ……………………………………… 3 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………… 4 D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………. 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………… 6 A. Theory of English Verbs …………………………………. 6 B. Theory of Narrative Fiction ………………………………. 15 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………… 17 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………. 18 A. Object of the Study ………………………………………... 18 B. Research Methodology ……………………………………. 19 C. Data Collection ……………………………………………. 20 D. Data Analysis ……………………………………………… 20 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………... 22 A. Verb Meanings Based on the Same Semantic Property(s) They Share ………………………………………………… 22 B. The Distribution of the Verbs into Dynamic and Stative Verbs ………………………………………………………. 41 C. The Effects Evoked from the Employment of Dynamic and Stative Verbs ………………………………………….. 46 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………... 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………… 56 APPENDIX ………………………………………………………... 58 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The number of verb meanings and the verbs having the meaning ……. 40 Table 2. The distribution of dynamic verbs …………………………………….. 43 Table 3. The distribution of stative verbs ………………………………………. 45 viii ABSTRACT LUCIA TRI NATALIA SUDARMO. The Effects of the Employment of Dynamic and Stative Verbs in Hemingway’s “In Another Country” and”The Killer.” Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007. In case of categorical level, a writer may have his own tendency in employing classes of word, such as verbs. Verbs can evoke certain effects on, for example a narration of a story. Hemingway is a writer who is well-known for his simple style. However, instead of analyzing the simplicity that has been proven by many analysts, the writer has decided to analyze the employment of verbs in the narration of Hemingway’s short stories, “In Another Country” and “The Killer”, in order to figure out the effects of Hemingway’s tendency in using verbs in the narrations. “In Another Country” is chosen for the domination of narrations in it while “The Killer” is selected because narrations are the minimum part of it. There are three objectives to answer in this thesis. The first objective is to find out the meaning of each verb in the data found in both short stories based on the same property shared. The second is to classify the verbs into dynamic and stative verbs. The last one is to identify the effects that are evoked by the tendency of using certain meanings in the narrations of the two short stories. The method applied in the discussion consists of the techniques of collecting and analyzing data. The data used in this thesis are full verbs and multi-word verbs in the narration of both short stories. The number got is, after excluding the same verbs encountered, 114 verbs in 107 sentences from both of them. Having done the analysis, three findings are found. The first finding is that there are thirteen meanings of verb that can be found in “In Another Country” and they are physical movement and activity, communication, perception that involves doing something, process, transitional event, momentary action, bodily sensation, feeling and other mental states, physical stance or position, non-action, inert perception, inert cognition, and relation, while there are only eight meanings found in “The Killer” and they are physical movement and activity, communication, perception that involves doing something, transitional event, momentary action, physical stance or position, inert perception, and relation. The second finding is on the distribution of the verbs into dynamic and stative verbs. In “In Another Country”, dynamic verbs dominate the finding with 69.44 % of all verbs found in the short story while stative verbs comprise only 36.11 %. Similar to “In Another Country”, dynamic verbs found in “The Killer” also comprise the major number of the verbs found with 83.33 % while stative verbs found are only 16.66 %. The last finding on the effects evoked from the tendency of employing more dynamic verbs, which denotes action, shows that the narration of both short stories are lack of emotion and the form of the verbs are similar to those of news reports. ix ABSTRAK LUCIA TRI NATALIA SUDARMO. The Effects of the Employment of Dynamic and Stative Verbs in Hemingway’s “In Another Country” and”The Killer.” Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007. Pada level kategori, seorang penulis dapat memiliki kecenderungan tersendiri dalam penggunaan kelas kata, seperti verba. Sebagai contoh verba mampu menimbulkan suatu efek pada narasi sebuah cerita. Hemingway adalah seorang pengarang yang terkenal dengan gaya bahasa yang sederhana. Namun, karena telah banyak analis yang membuktikan kesederhanaan gaya bahasanya, penulis memutuskan untuk menganalisis penggunaan verba di dalam narasi cerita pendek yang ditulis oleh Hemingway yaitu “In Another Country” dan “The Killer” untuk memerikan efek- efek yang diakibatkan oleh kecenderungan Hemingway dalam menggunakan verba tertentu di dalam narasi kedua cerita pendeknya tersebut. “In Another Country” dipilih karena narasi mendominasi cerita tersebut sedangkan “The Killer” dipilih karena narasinya hanya bagian kecil dari cerita. Ada tiga pokok permasalahan yang akan dianalisis dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahan yang pertama adalah untuk menemukan arti dari masing-masing verba di dalam data yang ditemukan dalam kedua cerita pendek tersebut berdasarkan pada properti yang sama yang ditemukan pada tiap verba. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan verba- verba tersebut ke dalam verba yang bersifat dinamis dan statis. Yang terakhir adalah untuk mengidentifikasi efek yang ditimbulkan oleh kecenderungan penggunaan arti tertentu dalam narasi kedua cerita pendek tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembahasan permasalahan terdiri dari tehnik pengumpulan data dan analisis data. Data yang digunakan adalah verba penuh dan verba ganda yang ada dalam narasi kedua cerita pendek tersebut. Jumlah verba yang didapatkan adalah, setelah menyisihkan verba yang sama, 114 dari 107 kalimat dari dua cerita pendek tersebut. Setelah analisis dilakukan, ada tiga temuan yang didapat. Temuan yang pertama adalah bahwa ada tiga belas arti verba yang dapat ditemukan di dalam "In Another Country" dan makna tersebut adalah aktivitas dan pergerakan fisik, komunikasi, persepsi yang melibatkan suatu aktivitas, proses, peristiwa transisi, tindakan sesaat, sensasi jasmani, perasaan dan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan mental lainnya, cara berpendirian fisik atau posisi, persepsi yang tidak melibatkan tindakan, tanpa tindakan, pengamatan tanpa daya, dan hubungan, sementara itu hanya delapan arti yang ditemukan di “The Killer” dan makna-makna tersebut adalah aktivitas dan pergerakan fisik, komunikasi, persepsi yang melibatkan suatu aktivitas, peristiwa transisi, tindakan sesaat, cara berpendirian fisik atau posisi, persepsi tanpa daya, dan hubungan. Temuan yang kedua adalah distribusi dari verba ke dalam verba yang bersifat dinamis dan statis. Di dalam "In Another Country" verba yang