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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Evolution Of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Evolution of communication signals and information during species radiation Garcia et al. Supplementary Figs. 1-15 Supplementary Tables 1-13 Supplementary references 1 a PC2$ b LD2 4$ 8 LD3 PC3$$ 10 PC1$ 3$ 9$ )3$ LD1 -10 )3$ -6 )$4$ 30 - 6 Supplementary Fig. 1. Embedding of the six drumming types in a 3D acoustic space, built either a) from a Principal Component Analysis based on the 22 acoustic variables used to characterize drumming signals, or b) from a Discriminant Function Analysis carried out using these Principal Components (see Methods for details). Each dot represents one woodpecker species. The first three Principal Components (1a) explained respectively 29, 14 and 11% of the variance in drumming acoustic structure (total = 54.5%, Supplementary Table 11). The first three Linear Discriminants (2b) explained respectively 58, 17 and 14% of the variance between species-specific drumming acoustic structure (total = 89%, Supplementary Table 12). 2 Normalized Local Information (%) Normalized MIL (%) 25 50 75 100 a ● b Sas_och ● Mel_cac ● Sas_abn ● Mic_bra ● Mel_rad ● Picum_inn ● Dendrop_nam ● Mel_aur ● Cel_tor ● (SF,SS, Din_raf ● Chrysop_men ● 100 Mel_for ● AC, DK) Dendroc_med ● Mel_sup ● Mel_car ● Dend_nog ● Leuco_albo ● Dryob_nut ● Pico_arc ● (SF,RS,IS) Mel_uro ● Dryob_pub ● Mel_hof ● Dry_lin ● (SF,SS,AC) Dend_leu ● Dry_mar ● Dry_pil ● Dry_jav ● 75 Pico_tri ● Pico_dor ● (%) Dendrop_xan ● (SF,RS,IS) Dend_syr ● L Chrysoc_luc ● Dend_maj ● Cam_gay ● Dendrop_pyr ● MI Cam_mel ● Dend_hyp ● Mel_puc ● (SF,IS) Col_auru ● Cel_gra ● Mel_fla ● Cel_cas ● (SS,AC, Cel_ele ● 50 Picus_awo ● Dryob_min ● DK,RS,IS) Col_pun ● Picus_can ● Col_aura ● Dry_sch ● Picus_vai ● Col_mel ● Col_rub ● ● Mel_pyg Normalized includingallspecies Leuco_bor ● including all species Mel_ery ● Ven_nig ● Cel_lug ● Cel_flavu ● Mei_tri ● Gec_gra ● 25 Picus_vir ● Mei_tuk ● Mel_lew ● Cel_flave ● Ven_cal ● Normalized (%) Mutual Information Ven_aff ● Cel_spe ● Ven_cas ● Dendrop_fus ● Ven_spi ● Ven_pas ● Leuco_vil ● Dryob_sca ● Leuco_fum ● Leuco_ari ● Cam_mag ● Cam_hae ● Cam_rub ● SF SS AC DK RS IS Cam_leu ● Cam_pol ● Cam_rob ● Cam_gua ● (n = 38) (n = 22) (n = 15) (n = 7) (n = 5) (n = 5) Sph_thy ● Sph_rub ● Sph_var ● Sph_nuc ● Picum_neb ● Picum_exi ● Picum_cir ● Picum_tem ● Drumming type Picum_ruf ● Picum_aur Supplementary Fig. 2. a, Normalized amount of information (i.e. normalized local mutual information values = MIL) in each woodpecker species’ drumming. The dashed red line indicates the averaged normalized mutual information across all species (i.e. the overall mutual information; n=92). The solid red line indicates the ceiling value of averaged normalized mutual information. b, Normalized MIL for each drumming type (box plots denote mean ± SE (boxes) and min/max values (whiskers)). The number of species drumming with a given type is indicated in brackets. Tests and significance levels are indicated as follows: (SF) significant difference with SF; (SS) significant difference with SS; (AC) significant difference with AC; (DK) significant difference with DK; (RS) significant difference with RS; (IS) significant difference with IS. Abbreviations without formatting indicate P < 0.05; abbreviations in bold indicate P < 0.005; abbreviations in bold and underscored indicate P < 0.001; P values are adjusted for multiple comparisons between groups (one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test). 3 Permutation Test 250 150 Frequency 50 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Percent Correct Supplementary Fig. 3. Histogram of percent correct classifications for 1000 permutations runs of a permuted DFA (pDFA). This permutation test shows that the classification rate of 16.5% produced by the DFA is highly significant (p < 0.001; dashed line is the ‘chance’ level = 1/ number of species = 1.09%, and the actual value of 16.5% is far off the chart). 4 AncState = 1.075 Var = median_PC2 AncState = 1.621 Var = median_PC1 Dendropicos namaquus Dendrocoptes medius Dendropicos namaquus a Dendrocoptes medius b Picoides tridactylus Melanerpes aurifrons Picoides dorsalis Melanerpes carolinus Picoides tridactylus Melanerpes radiolatus Picoides arcticus Melanerpes aurifrons Melanerpes superciliaris Picoides dorsalis Dendropicos namaquus Melanerpes carolinus MelanerpesMelanerpes superciliaris radiolatus Picoides arcticus Dendrocoptes medius Melanerpes uropygialis Picoides tridactylus Melanerpes hoffmannii Melanerpes uropygialis Melanerpes aurifrons Picoides dorsalis Melanerpes carolinus Picoides arcticus Melanerpes pygmaeus Melanerpes hoffmannii Melanerpes radiolatus Melanerpes superciliaris Melanerpes pygmaeus Melanerpes flavifrons Dendropicos xantholophus Dendropicos pyrrhogaster Dendropicos fuscescens Dendrocopos hyperythrus Melanerpes uropygialis Dendrocopos noguchii Dendrocopos leucotos Melanerpes pucherani Dendrocopos major Melanerpes flavifrons Dendropicos xantholophus Dendropicos pyrrhogaster Melanerpes hoffmannii Dendropicos fuscescens Dendrocopos hyperythrus Dendrocopos syriacus Dendrocopos noguchii Dryobates minor Dendropicos xantholophus Dendrocopos leucotos Dendropicos pyrrhogaster Melanerpes pucherani Dendropicos fuscescens Melanerpes cactorum Melanerpes pygmaeus Dendrocopos major Dendrocopos hyperythrus Dryobates pubescens Dendrocopos syriacus Dendrocopos noguchii Dendrocopos leucotos Melanerpes formicivorus Dryobates scalaris Melanerpes cactorum Dryobates minor Dendrocopos major Dryobates nuttallii Melanerpes flavifrons Dryobates pubescens Dendrocopos syriacus Melanerpes erythrocephalus Melanerpes formicivorus Dryobates scalaris Dryobates minor Leuconotopicos borealis Melanerpes erythrocephalus Melanerpes pucherani Dryobates nuttallii Dryobates pubescens Leuconotopicos fumigatus Leuconotopicos borealis Dryobates scalaris Leuconotopicos albolarvatus Melanerpes cactorum Dryobates nuttallii Leuconotopicos fumigatus Melanerpes lewis Leuconotopicos villosus Melanerpes formicivorus Leuconotopicos albolarvatus Leuconotopicos borealis Leuconotopicos arizonae Leuconotopicos fumigatus Sphyrapicus nuchalis Melanerpes Melanerpeslewis erythrocephalus Leuconotopicos villosus Veniliornis affinis Leuconotopicos arizonae Leuconotopicos albolarvatus Sphyrapicus nuchalis Sphyrapicus ruber Veniliornis spilogaster Veniliornis affinis Leuconotopicos villosus Veniliornis cassini Leuconotopicos arizonae Sphyrapicus ruber Melanerpes lewis Veniliornis spilogaster Sphyrapicus varius Veniliornis passerinus Veniliornis cassini Veniliornis affinis Sphyrapicus nuchalis Sphyrapicus thyroideus Veniliornis nigriceps Sphyrapicus varius Veniliornis passerinus Veniliornis spilogaster Veniliornis callonotus Sphyrapicus thyroideus Sphyrapicus ruber Veniliornis nigriceps Veniliornis cassini Campephilus gayaquilensis Picumnus innominatus Veniliornis callonotus Sphyrapicus varius Veniliornis passerinus Picumnus nebulosus Campephilus gayaquilensis Picumnus innominatus Veniliornis nigriceps Campephilus melanoleucos Picumnus cirratus Sphyrapicus thyroideus Picumnus nebulosus Veniliornis callonotus Picumnus temminckii Campephilus melanoleucos Picumnus cirratus Campephilus guatemalensis Campephilus gayaquilensis Picumnus innominatus Picumnus rufiventris Picumnus temminckii Campephilus pollens Picumnus exilis Campephilus guatemalensis Picumnus nebulosus Campephilus melanoleucos Picumnus rufiventris Picumnus aurifrons Campephilus pollens Picumnus exilis Picumnus cirratus Campephilus robustus Sasia ochracea Campephilus guatemalensis Picumnus aurifrons Picumnus temminckii Sasia abnormis Campephilus robustus Sasia ochracea Campephilus rubricollis Micropternus brachyurus Campephilus pollens Picumnus rufiventris Meiglyptes tukki Sasia abnormis Picumnus exilis Campephilus rubricollis Micropternus brachyurus Campephilus leucopogon Meiglyptes tristis Campephilus robustus Picumnus aurifrons Gecinulus grantia Meiglyptes tukki Dinopium rafflesii Meiglyptes tristis Sasia ochracea Campephilus leucopogonCampephilus rubricollis Campephilus magellanicus Picus awokera Gecinulus grantia Picus canus Sasia abnormis Picus vaillantii Dinopium rafflesii Picus viridis Campephilus magellanicus Picus awokera Micropternus brachyurus Campephilus haematogaster Chrysophlegma mentale Campephilus leucopogon ChrysocolaptesCeleus grammicus lucidus Colaptes aurulentus Picus canus Colaptes auratus Colaptes punctigula Colaptes rubiginosus Meiglyptes tukki Colaptes melanochloros Picus vaillantii Celeus castaneus Picus viridis Meiglyptes tristis Campephilus haematogasterCampephilus magellanicus Chrysophlegma mentale Celeus flavus ChrysocolaptesCeleus grammicus lucidus Colaptes aurulentus Colaptes auratus Colaptes punctigula Gecinulus grantia Celeus spectabilis Colaptes rubiginosus Colaptes melanochloros Celeus castaneus Dinopium rafflesii Celeus elegans CampephilusCeleus haematogasterflavus Picus awokera Chrysocolaptes lucidus Celeus lugubris Celeus spectabilis Celeus grammicus Picus canus Picus vaillantii Celeus elegansCeleus castaneus Picus viridis Chrysophlegma mentale Celeus flavescens Celeus lugubris Colaptes aurulentus Celeus torquatus Celeus flavus Colaptes auratus Colaptes punctigula Celeus spectabilis Colaptes rubiginosus Colaptes melanochloros Dryocopus lineatus Celeus flavescens Dryocopus schulzi Celeus torquatus Celeus elegans Dryocopus pileatus Celeus lugubris Dryocopus javensis Dryocopus martius Dryocopus lineatusDryocopus schulzi Dryocopus pileatus Celeus flavescens DryocopusCeleus martius torquatus Dryocopus javensis Dryocopus lineatus Dryocopus schulzi −3.4 3.7 Dryocopus pileatus Dryocopus javensis Dryocopus martius −4 9.1 length=12 lambda =
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