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I. Indian Ocean Trade: 1200-1500 -Trade Increased Between 1200-1500

I. Indian Ocean Trade: 1200-1500 -Trade Increased Between 1200-1500

I. Trade: 1200-1500 -Trade increased between 1200-1500. Reason: Prosperity of Latin , , in 14th Century. Collapse of land trade routes

Red and Arabian Seas: Trade carried on (Arab sailing vessels) -one or more sails. Carry up to 400 tons

India to : Junks dominated trade routes -advanced in technology: watertight compartments (up to 12 sails) -carrying up to 1,000 tons -developed in By 15th Century: bring built in Bengal and Southeast Asia Indian Ocean trade: decentralized and cooperative. Each region has a central port with particular goods. Smaller surrounding ports sent goods to major ports

Africa: and Zimbabwe

By 1500: 30-40 city-states on coast trading on Indian Ocean Swahili people – in coastal cities -all spoke African language and Arabic and Persian vocabulary

City of Kilwa – exported gold and silver that was mined from capital Great Zimbabwe: Great Zimbabwe’s economy: agriculture, cattle herding, trade City declined = deforestation and overgrazing

Arabia: Aden and Gulf of Aden: Plentiful rainfall to produce wheat (export) Central point for trade from , East Africa and Egypt. Prosperity – wealthy City on Aden

Trade allowed various peoples and religions to live in peace throughout Indian Ocean

Sometimes violence Ex: Christian vs. Moslems in Red Sea = Control of trade

India: and

(Indian State) - Prospered in Indian Ocean trade Exported cotton and indigo for gold and silver

Commercial and Manufacturing Center: textiles, leather, carpets,

Moslems dominated overseas trade (Hindus did well too)

Calicut and other cities: Malabar Coast exported cotton textiles and spices Long distance trade Unified in loose confederation Rulers tolerant

Southeast Asia: Rise of Malacca Strait of Malacca: major passage from Indian Ocean to South China Sea

14th Century – Chinese pirates

1407- Ming Dynasty crushed Chinese pirates Moslem Rulers of Malacca – able to now control Strait and make area major trade

Social And Cultural Change:

Architecture, Learning, and Religion

Commercial Contacts Local customs exchanged and changed ideas Ex. African and Indian mosques from Ethiopia local rock carving led to eleven churches made out of solid rock

Education: spread of Islam – literacy in Africa – Arabic – own languages India – literacy already existed – Islam – Urdu languages and papermaking

Islam brought Islamic law and Greek science, math, medicine Timbuktu, Delhi, and Malacca became centers of Islamic learning

Islam spread peacefully (forced conversion was rare)

Moslems dominated trade

Merchants – common moral code and laws of Islam

Moslems married local native wives and servants Moslems deteriorated Buddhism centers in India

Islam developed differently in each region: Example: Mali – women did not wear veils and be secluded

Gap between elites and common people widened in tropics --Elites prospered in trade

Slavery increased in Africa and India 2.5 million slaves exported across Sahara and Red Sea (1200-1500) Most slaves trained in specific skills -hereditary military slaves – could become rich and powerful Other slaves: hard jobs – ex. copper mines Women slaves: household servants and entertainers Cost of slaves low (high quantity)

Hindu societies – women’s restrictions probably eased Arranged marriages Obeyed fidelity and chastity

Male status determines women’s status Women did cook, brew, farm, and spun (all highly-skilled jobs)

Comparisons:

Mali: arose among African natives – who converted to Islam

Delhi Sultanate – arose through invasion, conquest, violence, intolerant of natives religion

Ships in Arabian Sea west of India = dhows (carried up to 400 tons)

Ships in east (Southeast Asia) – junks (carried more than 1,000 tons)

Urban trading city life – greater cultural diversity than imperial power cities

Mali – greater social justice than people under Delhi Sultanate

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