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I. Indian Ocean Trade: 1200-1500 -Trade Increased Between 1200-1500 I. Indian Ocean Trade: 1200-1500 -Trade increased between 1200-1500. Reason: Prosperity of Latin Europe, Asia, Africa in 14th Century. Collapse of land trade routes Red and Arabian Seas: Trade carried on dhows (Arab sailing vessels) -one or more sails. Carry up to 400 tons India to Southeast Asia: Junks dominated trade routes -advanced in technology: watertight compartments (up to 12 sails) -carrying up to 1,000 tons -developed in China By 15th Century: bring built in Bengal and Southeast Asia Indian Ocean trade: decentralized and cooperative. Each region has a central port with particular goods. Smaller surrounding ports sent goods to major ports Africa: Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe By 1500: 30-40 city-states on East Africa coast trading on Indian Ocean Swahili people – in coastal cities -all spoke African language and Arabic and Persian vocabulary City of Kilwa – exported gold and silver that was mined from capital Great Zimbabwe: Great Zimbabwe’s economy: agriculture, cattle herding, trade City declined = deforestation and overgrazing Arabia: Aden and Red Sea Gulf of Aden: Plentiful rainfall to produce wheat (export) Central point for trade from Persian Gulf, East Africa and Egypt. Prosperity – wealthy City on Aden Trade allowed various peoples and religions to live in peace throughout Indian Ocean Sometimes violence Ex: Christian Ethiopia vs. Moslems in Red Sea = Control of trade India: Gujarat and Malabar Coast (Indian State) - Prospered in Indian Ocean trade Exported cotton textiles and indigo for gold and silver Commercial and Manufacturing Center: textiles, leather, carpets, silk Moslems dominated overseas trade (Hindus did well too) Calicut and other cities: Malabar Coast exported cotton textiles and spices Long distance trade Unified in loose confederation Rulers tolerant Southeast Asia: Rise of Malacca Strait of Malacca: major passage from Indian Ocean to South China Sea 14th Century – Chinese pirates 1407- Ming Dynasty crushed Chinese pirates Moslem Rulers of Malacca – able to now control Strait and make area major trade Social And Cultural Change: Architecture, Learning, and Religion Commercial Contacts Spread of Islam Local customs exchanged and changed ideas Ex. African and Indian mosques from Middle East Ethiopia local rock carving led to eleven churches made out of solid rock Education: spread of Islam – literacy in Africa – Arabic – own languages India – literacy already existed – Islam – Urdu languages and papermaking Islam brought Islamic law and Greek science, math, medicine Timbuktu, Delhi, and Malacca became centers of Islamic learning Islam spread peacefully (forced conversion was rare) Moslems dominated trade Merchants – common moral code and laws of Islam Moslems married local native wives and servants Moslems deteriorated Buddhism centers in India Islam developed differently in each region: Example: Mali – women did not wear veils and be secluded Gap between elites and common people widened in tropics --Elites prospered in trade Slavery increased in Africa and India 2.5 million slaves exported across Sahara and Red Sea (1200-1500) Most slaves trained in specific skills -hereditary military slaves – could become rich and powerful Other slaves: hard jobs – ex. copper mines Women slaves: household servants and entertainers Cost of slaves low (high quantity) Hindu societies – women’s restrictions probably eased Arranged marriages Obeyed fidelity and chastity Male status determines women’s status Women did cook, brew, farm, and spun (all highly-skilled jobs) Comparisons: Mali: arose among African natives – who converted to Islam Delhi Sultanate – arose through invasion, conquest, violence, intolerant of natives religion Ships in Arabian Sea west of India = dhows (carried up to 400 tons) Ships in east (Southeast Asia) – junks (carried more than 1,000 tons) Urban trading city life – greater cultural diversity than imperial power cities Mali – greater social justice than people under Delhi Sultanate .
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