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Structure Et Dynamique Spatio-Temporelle Des Populations Demersales Dans Un Systeme D'archipel Oceanique Tropical

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Structure Et Dynamique Spatio-Temporelle Des Populations Demersales Dans Un Systeme D'archipel Oceanique Tropical UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC STRUCTURE ET DYNAMIQUE SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DES POPULATIONS DEMERSALES DANS UN SYSTEME D'ARCHIPEL OCEANIQUE TROPICAL. LE CAS DE L'ARCHIPEL DU CAP-VERT (OCEAN ATLANTIQUE EST) THESE PRESENTEE A L'UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC A RIMOUSKI COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU PROGRAMME DE DOCTORAT CONJOINT EN OCEANOGRAPHIE PAR ANIBAL DELGADO MEDINA MARS 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-38165-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-38165-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada A memoria do meupai Urn homem que passou toda uma vida a navegar, contra ventos e mares, para enfim deixar a sua familia, uma grande familia, esposa e setefilhos, em terra firme. E depois? Depots, partirpara longe, para muito longe, para uma outra vida, esta sim, para a eternidade. (09/02/1917 - 24/12/2002) A la memoire de mon pere, Un homme qui a passe toute une vie a naviguer, contre vents et marees, pour enfin laisser sa famille, une grande famille, epouse et sept enfants, sur la terre ferme. Et ensuite? Ensuite, partir loin, tres loin, vers une autre vie, celle-ci pour l'eternite. (09/02/1917- 24/12/2002) In memory of my father A man who spent a whole life navigating, against winds and tides, to finally leave his family, a great family, wife and seven children, on firm land. And then? Then, go away, too far away, towards another life, this one for eternity. (09/02/1917 - 24/12/2002) ii REMERCIEMENTS Au terme de cette these, une aventure scientifique tres enthousiasmante autour des lies du Cap-Vert, je remercie les nombreuses personnes et institutions qui ont contribue, de pres ou de loin, a sa realisation, et sans qui cette these n'aurait pas ete possible. Je desire exprimer ma plus profonde gratitude a mon directeur de recherche, le professeur Jean-Claude Brethes de l'lnstitut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER/UQAR). Son accueil, sa grande disponibilite, sa patience, ses conseils et critiques m'ont ete indispensables dans la realisation de cette these. Je remercie le Dr Jean-Marie Sevigny qui, en tant que codirecteur de cette these m'a recu plusieurs fois a l'lnstitut Maurice-Lamontagne et s'est deplace souvent a 1'ISMER pour discuter avec moi des resultats et de l'etat d'avancement de mes recherches. Je remercie egalement mon autre codirecteur, le professeur Bruno Zakardjian pour ses suggestions et conseils. J'adresse mes remerciements a la Dre Gesche Winkler, de 1'ISMER, qui a accepte de presider le jury de cette these, et particulierement au professeur Paul Nival, de l'Universite Pierre-et-Marie-Cury (France), qui m'a fait l'honneur d'evaluer ce travail. Je remercie aussi les membres de mon comite de these qui m'ont ete d'une aide remarquable principalement dans la mise en forme du projet de recherche, particulierement M. Daniel Latrouite de 1'IFREMER (France) et le Dr. Hans De Wolf de l'Universite d'Antwerpen (Belgique). J'exprime mes remerciements a l'Agence Canadienne de Developpement International (ACDI) pour la bourse d'etude dans le cadre du Programme de Bourses de la Francophonie (PCBF) qui a appuye la realisation de ce projet de recherche. iii Je remercie l'lnstitut National de Developpement des Peches du Cap-Vert (INDP) qui a participe a la conception de ce projet de recherche etm'a permis de poursuivre ces etudes a Fetranger en tant que cadre de Finstitut. Son appui logistique local ainsi que la collaboration de tout le personnel ont ete particulierement precieux. Je remercie aussi le Programme Mercator-Ocean a Ramonville-Toulouse (France) ainsi que tout son personnel, particulierement Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Hernandez, Nathalie Verbrugge, Fabrice Messal et Gaetan Vinay pour leur collaboration pendant un stage en modelisation oceanique et pour leur disponibilite constante et la fourniture des donnees d'oceanographie physique. Un remerciement bien special a ma famille a Rimouski (mon epouse Judite et mes enfants Paulo, Larissa, Janai'na et Sofia), pour leur support moral important, et a toute ma famille au Cap-Vert, particulierement ma mere, mes freres et mes soeurs, pour leur encouragement et leur confiance. Je voudrais aussi remercier a toutes les personnes de l'UQAR/ISMER qui, d'une facon ou d'une autre, m'ont aide dans des moments particuliers de mes etudes et recherche a l'universite, plus particulierement le professeur Francois Saucier, Pierre Saint-Laurent et James Caveen pour leur aide si precieuse dans la conception du modele de derive lagrangienne de particules. Je remercie egalement Alexandra Valentin pour ses conseils pratiques concernat F etude geomorphometrique sur Cephalopholis taeniops. Finalement, je remercie a tous mes collegues et amis de Rimouski dans le cercle universitaire ou pas, qui m'ont apporte toute sorte d'aide pendant ces cinq dernieres annees. IV Resume En milieu marin, l'apprehension et la maitrise des echelles de variation spatiale et temporelle representent une condition indispensable a la comprehension de la dynamique et de la structure des populations. Dans les systemes d'archipels, ces processus sont influences par des interactions multiples entre des facteurs physiques du milieu comme la bathymetrie, la topographie, la morphologie des iles, l'etendue des plateaux insulaires et la distance geographique, et sont associes a des variations hydrodynamiques a petite et grande echelles. L'objectif general de cette these est de definir et de modeliser le fonctionnement ecologique de d'archipel du Cap-Vert en matiere de structure et dynamique des populations demersales. Le travail considere 1'echelle de l'ile, du mois et de la saison. II analyse les variables principales qui influencent la variation spatiale et temporelle de la distribution et de l'abondance des especes. Cet objeetif a ete accompli grace a une demarche methodologique qui privilegie l'interdisciplinarite. L'approche cherche a optimiser les avantages et les possibilites techniques offertes par plusieurs disciplines a liens directs ou indirects avec l'oceanographie, dont la biologie halieutique, la geostatistique, l'ecologie numerique, la geometrie morphometrique et roceanographie physique. Dans une premiere etape, a partir des prises commerciales de 18 especes de poissons demersaux, ce travail met en evidence une structure ecologique liee a la distance geographique et a la bathymetrie, qui apparaissent comme des principaux facteurs d'isolement physique entre les iles. Cette structure est relativement moins marquee pendant la saison froide, entre decembre et avril, que lors de la saison chaude, entre mai et novembre. Ces memes donnees sont ensuite utilisees pour illustrer l'existence d'une strategic d'occupation de l'espace independante de la densite et plutot conditionnee par l'espace disponible, qui serait ici le facteur limitant. Ainsi, les populations des iles a plateaux reduits tendent a se distribuer dans l'espace selon une dynamique spatiale a densite proportionnelle par rapport a leur abondance. Contrairement, celles des iles a plateaux relativement larges, montrent une variation differentielle de la densite, probablement liee a 1'environnemental local. Dans une deuxieme etape, cette these decrit la structure phenotypique des populations d'une espece de poisson demersal (Cephalopholis taeniops) basee sur les variations de forme du corps. Les variations phenotypiques inter-iles sont nettement significatives et plus fortes que les variations intra-iles. Cette divergence morphologique est correlee positivement avec l'isolement physique corroborant ainsi l'hypothese selon laquelle la fragmentation naturelle de lliabitat dans l'archipel du Cap-Vert peut etre interpretee en termes de structure des populations marines. Finalement, un patron hydrodynamique a ete decrit. II met en evidence des structures de circulation tourbillonnaire asymetriques et des courants est-ouest et nord-sud en aval des iles. Ces patrons de circulation sont influences par l'isolement physique entre les iles selon une variation saisonniere qui coincide avec la saisonnalite climatique et determinent la connectivite hydrodynamique a l'interieur de 1'archipel. L'etude de ces processus met en evidence des mecanismes de connexion potentiellement importants dans les echanges de matiere entre les iles et, par consequent dans le maintien des populations au niveau d'iles et archipel.
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