THE MACHINE:1 Uma Análise Da Relação Entre Pink Floyd E a Indústria Da Música

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THE MACHINE:1 Uma Análise Da Relação Entre Pink Floyd E a Indústria Da Música VI ENCONTRO DE PESQUISADORES EM COMUNICAÇÃO E MÚSICA 1 “As dimensões do cotidiano na interface mídia, música e consumo” 05 a 07 de agosto de 2015 – UFES, Vitória-ES WELCOME TO THE MACHINE:1 Uma análise da relação entre Pink Floyd e a indústria da música João Montenegro2 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE Resumo: Após o álbum The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Pink Floyd chegou ao topo da indústria da música, batendo recordes de vendas e tendo os ingressos para os seus shows esgotados. Porém, o sucesso trouxe para a banda uma série de questionamentos e tensões a respeito da fama e de sua relação com a indústria fonográfica e o seu público. Palavras-chave: Música; Pink Floyd; Indústria da Música; Rock. Introdução No começo dos anos 70, apesar do sucesso de Led Zeppelin e dos Rolling Stones, o rock parecia viver uma ressaca da década anterior. Os Beatles se separaram; Jimi Hendrix e Janis Joplin haviam morrido; o sonho hippie estava ficando para trás. Como o próprio John Lennon disse na música God (do disco Plastic Ono Band, 1970): “the dream is over”. Pode- se dizer que a década de 70 foi um período de desilusões: O início da década de 70 tornou-se uma época de contradições. Por um lado, houve a institucionalização da moda da contracultura, da aparência, da experiência com drogas e da linguagem. Por outro, havia esforços do governo e do showbusiness para reverter a recente abertura e expressividade política e cultural da época (FRIEDLANDER, 2010, p. 330). Neste cenário, Pink Floyd era apenas mais uma banda inglesa entre tantas outras que sobreviveram aos anos 60. Ainda que tivesse um público relativamente grande, a banda se mantinha no circuito alternativo e, mesmo com alguns álbuns de relevância musical, não dispunha de muito espaço na mídia e não havia conquistado a crítica especializada. Os discos carregavam um experimentalismo que impedia a banda de atingir níveis mais altos de sucesso fora da Inglaterra. Segundo a revista Rolling Stone, em edição especial de colecionador 1 Trabalho apresentado no GT Memória e História Midiática da Música do VI MUSICOM – Encontro de Pesquisadores em Comunicação e Música, realizado de 05 a 07 de agosto de 2015, na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES. 2 Graduado em História pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e graduando em Rádio, TV e Internet pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. E-mail: [email protected] VI ENCONTRO DE PESQUISADORES EM COMUNICAÇÃO E MÚSICA 2 “As dimensões do cotidiano na interface mídia, música e consumo” 05 a 07 de agosto de 2015 – UFES, Vitória-ES dedicada à banda (2014, p. 14), “Umagumma (1969) e Atom Heart Mother (1970) traziam longos experimentos com atonalidade e composição orquestral, e a EMI por vezes deve ter ficado sem saber o que fazer com tais álbuns – principalmente nos Estados Unidos”. Mesmo com a Inglaterra sendo um importantíssimo nicho do mercado musical, estourar nos Estados Unidos já era algo fundamental na indústria fonográfica. E isso ainda não havia acontecido com Pink Floyd, portanto, os membros da banda ainda não vivenciavam o estrelato que o sucesso musical podia causar. Essa situação mudou em 1973, com o lançamento do disco The Dark Side of the Moon. Impulsionado pelo single Money, o disco atingiu recordes de vendas, permanecendo na parada norte-americana de álbuns mais vendidos por 741 semanas. Isso elevou os componentes do Pink Floyd ao status de rockstars. Os shows, antes restritos aos fiéis seguidores da banda, passaram a ter uma nova geração de fãs, que exigiam uma relação com os músicos completamente diferente da que se havia estabelecido até então. Pink Floyd registrava poucas aparições públicas fora do palco e tinha uma relação bastante fria com o público. A turnê do The Dark Side of the Moon, que durou de 1973 a 1974, modificou essa conexão entre a banda e sua plateia. David Gilmour, guitarrista e vocalista, comentou a respeito do crescimento midiático e comercial que experimentaram: Não há como garantir que todos estejam lá porque amam a sua música [...]. Uma porção está ali para se divertir, e não necessariamente porque comprou o disco da banda e adorou [...]. Pediam músicas mais agitadas, para se sacudir e dançar, gritar, beber cerveja e ter bons momentos. Tivemos que modificar um pouco as coisas que fazíamos. Sentíamos que estávamos fazendo concessões? Sim. Mas o que se pode fazer? A gente fica meio preso (apud HARRIS, 2005, p. 192). Portanto, após o lançamento do The Dark Side of the Moon, Pink Floyd atingiu um nível de exposição midiática e um número de fãs que até então não tinham feito parte da sua carreira. É importante ressaltar que, dentro do universo da cultura pop, o rock sempre buscou uma autonomia e um status que o colocassem acima dos demais gêneros musicais. Ele “se edificou como cânone na música pop a partir de retrancas valorativas que operam sob a égide da autonomização da criação dentro do sistema produtivo” (AMARAL; MONTEIRO; SOARES, 2015, p. 2). Além disso, deve-se levar em consideração que Pink Floyd se enquadrava dentro do subgênero rock progressivo, cujo princípio era alinhar o rock com manifestações musicais consideradas superiores, como o jazz e a música clássica. Para os especialistas de pop-rock, o conjunto de estilos conhecido como rock progressivo, ou art-rock, surgiu no início dos anos 70 – e durou até a década de 80 – VI ENCONTRO DE PESQUISADORES EM COMUNICAÇÃO E MÚSICA 3 “As dimensões do cotidiano na interface mídia, música e consumo” 05 a 07 de agosto de 2015 – UFES, Vitória-ES como uma forma única de expressão e aprofundamento da consciência artística sobre a música pop-rock, principalmente entre os jovens de classe média alta (REGEV, 2013, p. 37, tradução minha). Nesse sentido, ao atingir determinado patamar de sucesso, Pink Floyd se viu em uma encruzilhada entre as suas origens musicais – voltadas para o experimentalismo e com liberdade durante o processo de criação – e as pressões da indústria fonográfica e do público, consequência direta do êxito de vendas do The Dark Side of the Moon. Essa tensão gerou uma série de músicas, presentes principalmente nos discos Wish You Were Here (1975) e The Wall (1979), que são os objetos de estudo deste artigo. Wish You Were Here Lançado em 1975, o álbum Wish You Were Here foi um teste para a banda, tanto em termos comerciais como na questão de continuar tendo autonomia dentro do processo criativo. Para o baterista da banda, Nick Mason, o The Dark Side of the Moon deixara um fardo como herança: Depois do sucesso de The Dark Side of the Moon, fomos trazidos de volta à terra quando tivemos que começar a batalhar mais uma vez num novo álbum. Nessa ocasião, Dark Side na verdade adicionou um fardo, porque estávamos preocupados em evitar qualquer acusação de fazer dinheiro em cima do álbum por simplesmente replicá-lo (MASON, 2012, p. 231). No álbum há duas canções que são bastante representativas do momento vivido pela banda. Welcome to the Machine e Have a Cigar, ambas escritas pelo baixista e letrista Roger Waters, expõem as pressões e tensões vividas pelo grupo inglês dentro da indústria da música. Nas duas composições, o personagem principal da letra parece ser a própria indústria falando com o artista. Em Welcome to the Machine, a letra faz referência aos instrumentos de captação da indústria cultural: “Welcome my son, welcome to the machine / What did you dream? / It‟s alright we told you what to dream / You dreamed of a big star / He played a mean guitar / He always ate in the steak bar / He loved to drive in his jaguar”. A indústria cultural, em que a indústria da música está inserida, impõe modelos de vida ou, como diz a letra, um modelo de “sonho” que pode ser conquistado através do sucesso e da imersão no sistema capitalista de produção de cultura. “A produção estética integra-se à produção mercantil em geral, permitindo o surgimento da ideia de que o que somos depende dos bens que podemos VI ENCONTRO DE PESQUISADORES EM COMUNICAÇÃO E MÚSICA 4 “As dimensões do cotidiano na interface mídia, música e consumo” 05 a 07 de agosto de 2015 – UFES, Vitória-ES comprar e dos modelos de conduta veiculados pelos meios de comunicação” (RUDIGER, 2001, p. 138). O sonho conquistado através do sucesso volta a ser tema na música Have a Cigar. Mais do que na composição anterior, Have a Cigar mostra-se como o discurso de um empresário da indústria da música: “We heard about the sell out / You‟ve gotta get an album out / You owe it to the people [...] Have you seen the charts? / It‟s a helluva start / It could be made into a monster / If we all pull together as a team”. O personagem da letra enfatiza a importância de manter as vendas e de apresentar um novo trabalho, pois o artista “deve” isso ao seu público. Na indústria cultural, o lucro orienta a produção, e o espaço da criação individual é eliminado em virtude da lógica da produção coletiva. Duas ordens de produção – material e simbólica – se sobrepõem, com substanciais perdas para a cultura. O artista criador é substituído pela linha de produção, com uma divisão do trabalho cultural em partes mais e mais compartimentadas. A imaginação e o ato criador são adaptados às exigências da produção. Fórmulas e modelos substituem a espontaneidade e os padrões tomam lugar da inovação (MARTINO, 2009, p. 49). O álbum Wish You Were Here foi uma consolidação do Pink Floyd no mercado fonográfico, mas ao mesmo tempo mostrou que a banda não estava alienada das questões mercadológicas que a rodeavam.
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