MdHS News Fall 2011

zCaptured z IN TIME THE PAST IS PRESENT A look at some of the nation’s earliest images p.10

AN HISTORIC HEROINE A century later, Clara Barton finds her voice p. 20 legacy.

Your planned gifts can help us preserve the History of Maryland

you can help to preserve maryland’s heritage for future generations. planned gifts help to support the work of the mdhs, while also helping you with estate and capital gains taxes.

‘ History WAS- History IS- History WILL BE!’ Contact Mark Letzer today at “The Maryland Historical Society has been my passion for 33 years. I have invested in its History. 410-685-3750, x 333 or [email protected]. ” — Barbara P. Katz, Chair emerita, Maryland Historical Society p.10 MdHS News A publication of the Maryland Historical Society. Published twice a year with Fall/Winter, Spring/Summer issues.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: legacy. Burton K. Kummerow, President Patricia Dockman Anderson, Ph.D. Editor, Maryland Historical Magazine Alexandra Deutsch, Chief Curator Mark B. Letzer, Chief Development Officer

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Alexandra Deutsch Jennifer A. Ferretti Jonathon Scott Fuqua Burt Kummerow Mark B. Letzer Richard Y. Meier Kristin Schenning Elizabeth Stafford Vince Vaise Hugo Vickers Christopher J. Young CONTENTS CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS: Christopher Becker James Singewald Ken Stanek departments 2 From the President BOARD OF TRUSTEES Officers Robert R. Neall, Chairman 4 Alex. G. Fisher, Vice Chairman On the Scene Burton K. Kummerow, President James W. Constable, Secretary Cecil E. Flamer, Treasurer 6 p. Sandra R. Flax, 6 Vice President Icon Louise Lake Hayman, Vice President Frederick M. Hudson, Vice President Jayne H. Plank, Vice President 32 Lynn Springer Roberts, Vice President features Richard C. Tilghman Jr., Vice President Events 10 Trustees The First Photographs Francis J. Carey Robert M. Cheston Virginia Clagett Thomas A. Collier p.20 Louis G. Hecht H. Thomas Howell 16 M. Willis Macgill Dr. George Malouf Cleaveland D. Miller Joseph E. Moore Partners in Education Brien Poffenberge George S. Rich Your planned gifts can help us preserve the History of Maryland David P. Scheffenacker Jr. Dorothy McI. Scott Jacqueline Smelkinson Michael J. Sullivan 20 Historical Accuracy

Chairpersons Emeriti L. Patrick Deering Jack S. Griswold 22 Barbara P. Katz Stanard T. Klinefelter Treasure Trove Henry Hodges Stansbury

Presidents Emeriti 26 John L. McShane The Goddard Broadside Brian B. Topping 28 Ex-Officio Trustees The Hon. John P. Sarbanes Behind Closed Doors The Hon. David R. Craig The Hon. Kevin Kamenetz The Hon. Stephanie Rawlings-Blake FRONT COVER Druscilla J. Null On September 17, 2011, the Maryland Historical Society acquired this rare tintype at Crocker Farm Auction House in Sparks, MD, of Baltimore slave Martha Ann “Patty” Atavis holding Alice Lee Whitridge, the daughter of Dr. John Whitridge of Baltimore. This extremely rare image, along with PUBLISHED BY: a daguerreotype and supporting documents of the same woman, helps illuminate the realities of Great State Publishing, LLC urban slavery in Baltimore during the Civil War era. An article will appear in the Spring/Summer 2012 issue of MdHS News on this important addition to the collection. Crocker Farm photo. FROM THE PRESIDENT BY: BURT KUMMEROW PHOTO BY: CHRISTOPHER BECKER

One of my favorites is Sam Smith, a Revolutionary War hero, U.S. senator, Baltimore mayor, and the Defender of the city in 1814. There is Betsy Bonaparte, the beautiful Baltimore belle who married Napoleon’s brother. Another is George Roberts, an African-American gunner on the famous privateer Chasseur, the original Pride of Baltimore. There’s a wonderful 1850s photo of the old Defender, Mr. Roberts. Yet another is shipping magnate James Hooper, a 9-year-old powder monkey on board the privateer Comet in 1813. Hooper was among the last Defenders to die, at age 94, in 1898. Burt Kummerow, President In the process of telling dozens of interesting new stories with exhibits, tours, and programs, we will bring an The Power of Anniversaries important and fascinating era to life for visitors. COMMEMORATING PIVOTAL EVENTS AT MDHS We already have a good start for the bicentennial with our Star-Spangled Banner gallery that features some of mericans love anniversaries! We can find a way to celebrate or our greatest 1812 treasures, including commemorate practically anything provided there’s an even- the original 1814 Francis Scott Key A numbered date involved. handwritten manuscript itself. Here we are a decade removed from 9/11. It’s been a century and a half Our multi-year effort will focus on since the country almost came apart in civil war. And now we are on the edge a dynamic but neglected time in our of the bicentennial of another war that remains a footnote in our school history. One of our most important history classes. goals is to recreate 1814 Baltimore, Anniversaries are good exercises as civic lessons for all of us. First and street by street and door to door, with foremost, they force us to remember that we have a shared past. With the a computer-generated video for every food, drink, and frolic that often attends anniversaries, the ceremony usually Maryland school by 2014. recalls a history lesson worth remembering. So you can see that anniversaries Anniversaries of the Civil War keep bubbling up because it’s impossible have real power, and the Maryland not to be touched by that unforgettable national tragedy. Our popular Historical Society plans to take full new Civil War exhibit, “Divided Voices,” planned to continue with annual advantage of the opportunity. Come changes through 2015, has already sparked the attentions of many visitors. along for the ride! ✵ Looking into those faces staring out from period photographs, holding one of the millions of “Minie balls” that maimed and murdered on the battlefields, or listening to our Maryland Historical Society Players speak the actual words of Clara Barton or Harriet Tubman creates a bond with our ancestors that must never go away. We’ll keep telling those stories throughout the Civil War sesquicentennial. Next year, yet another anniversary, the bicentennial of the War of 1812, will begin here in Baltimore. The MdHS has priceless collections from that era. Those artifacts and documents give us another opportunity to tell more Burt Kummerow, stories of Marylanders great and humble who have been neglected in our history. President

MdHS News | 2 | Fall 2011 You can choose the company you keep.... Brewery Kings & Buffalo Soldiers, Civil War Generals & Privateers, Revolutionary Heroes & Ragtime Pianists ...stand ready to welcome you.

JOIN the maryland historical society Individual Membership only $50. Member benefits include: Free admission to museum and library; invitations to events; discounts on MdHS Press books; online access to Maryland Historical Magazine; and more!

visit www.mdhs.org/membership to join today.

MdHS News | 3 | MdHS.org BY: MARK B. LETZER ON THE SCENE (FACING PAGES) PHOTOS BY: KEN STANEK

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A new exhibit opens—and eyes are opened

he Maryland Historical president, Burt Kummerow, followed Local folk musician Ellen Cherry Society has been humming by remarks by Maryland State Archivist entertained the audience, as well, with T with activity since early and Commissioner of Land Patents the song “The Vacant Chair,” which spring. Preparations for the Civil War Edward C. Papenfuse. A solemn honor was composed during the Civil War. sesquicentennial exhibition “Divided guard comprising both Union and On June 23rd, royal biographer Voices: Maryland in the Civil War” Confederate reenactors flanked 15 Hugo Vickers flew in from England culminated with its opening on April white chairs with black sashes bearing to a packed auditorium of over 200 15th, which was attended by close to the names of the first casualties of to deliver a lecture on his new book, 300 guests. the Civil War, who perished during Behind Closed Doors—The Tragic, Untold The evening kicked off with a Baltimore’s Pratt Street Riots on April Story of the Duchess of Windsor. welcome address by the society’s 19, 1861. Vickers’ lecture was poignantly

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received by a crowd that was well 1. Group of Confederate and Union reeneactors assembled in the courtyard aware of Baltimorean Wallis Warfield during the grand opening of the exhibition Divided Voices, Maryland in the Civil Simpson, who became the Duchess of War on April 15th. 2. MdHS President Burt Kummerow and Chief Development Windsor. Vickers told a tale which left OfficerMark Letzer stand beside an enthusiastic participant at the Civil War many in the audience in deep thought exhibition opening. 3. William C. Trimble, Chief Curator Alexandra Deutsch and as to the final, tragic years of a much- President Burt Kummerow during the ribbon cutting of Divided Voices. 4. Sixteen maligned woman. vacant chairs in the courtyard were adorned with black sashes and the names of the Most of those present thought of first casualties of the Civil War which occurred on April 19th, 1861.5. Augustus Simpson as the avaricious woman who Wiedenbach’s breathtaking painting of Harpers Ferry in the exhibition can be stole England’s king from his people seen through John Brown’s Sharps carbine used in the 1859 raid. 6. MdHS education and caused him to abdicate. Vickers’ department dressed up as belles of the ball. From left to right: Jen Santos, Debbie new book reveals a different side of this Harner, Genna White, Norah Worthington and Education Director Kristin Schenning. story. Several of the duchess’ dresses 7. MdHS Trustee George S. Rich and David B. Rich. 8. Mark Letzer, Karen Winicki

MdHS News | 5 | MdHS.org ON THE SCENE PHOTOS BY: JAMES SINGEWALD

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19 20 21 and other items that belonged to her and Paul Winicki. 9/10. Royal biographer Hugo Vickers engages an were on view that evening. audience during his lecture Behind Closed Doors, the Tragic, Untold Story The annual meeting held on June of the Duchess of Windsor on June 23rd. 11. Hugo Vickers signed over 30th heralded the reinstallation of 100 books. Katie Cornell engages the speaker. 12. Barbara Hathaway and the exhibition “Maryland’s National Oriet Milmoe discuss the Duchess. 13. Ann Carter Stonesifer and another Treasures,” which has been renamed attendee listen to Chief Curator Alexandra Deutsch discuss some of the “Inventing a Nation.” The second gallery Duchess of Windsor’s dresses that were on display that evening. is the new Star-Spangled Banner gallery, 14. Dorothy Graul, Andrea Taylor and Carol Obrecht discuss the new where the “Defenders of Baltimore,” by Windsor book. 15. MdHS Trustee Dorothy Mcilvain Scott leans in to share Rembrandt Peale, keep vigilant watch Wallis Warfield information with the speaker. 16. The conversation was over Francis Scott Key’s “Star-Spangled spirited during the reception after the Duchess of Windsor lecture. Banner,” the result of their defense of 17-19. Inventing a Nation. Installation view. 20-21. Star-Spangled Baltimore. Banner gallery. Installation view. Attendees arrived to see the return of the document to its case after being on loan to Fort McHenry and sang the For more information, please contact the society’s Development Office national anthem with great aplomb. ✵ at 410-685-3750, ext. 319, or [email protected].

MdHS News [ 6 ] Fall 2011 WHERE THE PAST IS EVER PRESENT

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For more information, please contact the society’s Development Office at 410-685-3750, ext. 319, or [email protected]. Artifacts courtesy of Maryland Historical Society.

MdHS News [ 7 ] MdHS.org ICON BY: ALEXANDRA DEUTSCH

(TOP ROW) Mary Schley. Oil on canvas by Rembrandt Peale. Museum Department. Henry Herman Schroeder, 1764-1839. Oil on canvas by Rembrandt Peale, ca. 1815. Museum Department, 1972.78.1. (LEFT) Sampler, 1788. Mary Schley. Museum Department. photos courtesy of the maryland historical society.

Reunited THE STORY OF TWO PORTRAITS COMES TO A PICTURE-PERFECT ENDING

uring their lifetimes, many Henry Herman Schroeder and Mary portrait remained in private hands objects are separated from Schley Schroeder resided in different at the time of the donation. Dtheir own history and their locations. In 1972, the Maryland Forty-two years later, Mr. and Mrs. original settings. Chairs are broken, Historical Society was the happy Schroeder are reunited and will soon leaving incomplete sets; table settings recipient of the stunning portrait of hang together in the paintings gallery are divided among family members; Henry Herman Schroeder. Schroeder, of MdHS. Thanks to the generosity of and pendant or pairs of portraits are a Baltimore businessman, was one the late Mr. McKim Daingerfield, whose often separated and left to hang alone. of the donors to Rembrandt Peale’s wish it was to leave the painting to the On rare occasions, however, objects museum. museum, the MdHS has received the are reunited with an aspect of their Around 1815, he, like several portrait of Mary Schroeder, as well as history and their former “companions.” other wealthy citizens of the city, her girlhood sampler and a fine early Such was the case with two portraits by commissioned the ambitious artist map of Baltimore and its surroundings. Rembrandt Peale, son of Maryland’s to paint both him and his wife. It is a rare occasion when serendipity most famous 18th-century artist, Unfortunately, sometime long after brings objects and, in the case of the Charles Willson Peale. their completion, the two paintings Schroeder portraits, a husband and For many years, Peale’s paintings of were separated, and Mary Schroeder’s wife together again. ✵

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MdHS News | 9 | MdHS.org STORY BY JENNIFER A. FERRETTI

All images are part of the Special Collections Department, H. Furlong Baldwin Library. THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS he daguerreotype bears the name of its creator, Louis Jacque Mandé Daguerre, alone, but its invention was certainly a concerted effort made by T inventors and scientists of the early 1800s. In Paris in 1837, Daguerre made his first successful photograph, bringing what would later be called photography to the lives of aristocrats and commoners alike. As Daguerre’s process made its way to America, Maryland photographers served a prominent role in the history of photography. Henry Fitz Jr. made one of the first

ABOVE Marsh Market fountain on Baltimore Street Henry H. Clark (1815-?) Daguerreotype 6 ½ x 8 ½ in., ca. 1845-1848 MC711-3

FACING PAGES View of Baltimore, northwesterly from Shot Tower Henry H. Clark (1815-?) Daguerreotype 6 ½ x 8 ½ in., ca. 1845-1848. MC711-2

Described as the first comprehensive photographs of Baltimore, the series to which these daguerreotypes belong (consisting of nine total) is by Henry H. Clark of Baltimore. The steps required to create a daguerreotype made this photographic process especially difficult to execute outside of a studio. The daguerreotype of the Marsh Market fountain is the only image in this series that includes a figure and is not of a harbor or aerial view of Baltimore.

MdHS News | 10 | Fall 2011 THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS photographic portraits in 1839 and opened the first portrait and tintypes. Due to the nature of the cased photograph studio in Baltimore thereafter. Another Baltimore native, (fixed onto copper, glass, etc., as opposed to paper), names John Woodward, constructed the first practical enlarger in and dates of the sitter do not typically accompany the 1857, which enabled photographers to produce large prints photograph. from small negatives. American physician Oliver Wendell Holmes described the Further inventions soon followed. Among the most daguerreotype as “the mirror with a memory.” It is difficult to popular were “collodion,” also called “wet plate” (invented imagine how Marylanders of the 19th century felt when they in 1851) and “tintype” (patented in 1856). received news that they could, if interested, be immortalized There are approximately 550 cased photographs in the as keepsakes for their loved ones. Finally, their memory MdHS collection, with the majority being daguerreotypes could live on in a palm-sized, permanently fixed image. ✵

MdHS News | 11 | MdHS.org 1. 3.

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1. Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte (1805-1870). Unidentified photographer. Daguerreotype. 3 ¼ x 4 ¾ in., ca. 1850, CSPH 190. Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte was the son of Jérôme Bonaparte (brother to Napoleon I) and Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte of Baltimore. This assertive pose is not unusual due to long lengths of exposure time required from sitters. Around 1840, a typical exposure length would be around eight minutes, requiring the sitter to hold absolutely still under strong sunlight. 2. Robert Davison Brown. Unidentified photographer. Stereoscopic daguerreotype. 6 ½ x 3 ½ in., ca. 1850, CSPH 014. Stereoscopic photography only became popular once Sir David Brewster invented a less cumbersome viewing device in 1849. The stereograph became extremely popular because it reproduced binocular vision. These were the first three-dimensional images. 3. Lucas Family (children with African American maid). Unidentified photographer. Daguerreotype. 3 ¼ x 4 ¼ in., ca. 1850, CSPH 087. There was enormous demand for family pictures due, in large part, to the high mortality rate in the 19th century, especially among children. This striking image is of Fielding Lucas Jr.’s grandchildren clutching a smiling African American woman simply described as “maid” on the daguerreotype sleeve. 4. Jeremiah and Venus Tilghman. Unidentified photographer. Daguerreotype. 2 ¼ x 2

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½ in., ca. 1850, CSPH 156. Little is known about Jeremiah and his wife, Venus, other than they were slaves belonging to Col. Benedict William Hall (1790-1843). Hall inherited the estate “Eutaw” from his father, Col. Josias Hall, located in northeast Baltimore. It is obvious, however, that this is one of the most remarkable photographs in the MdHS collection. 5. Oliver O’Donnell, George Nathan, Andrew Alderidge, Marshal Winchester, and Captain William Poor. Unidentified photographer. Daguerreotype. 3 ¼ x 4 ½ inches, ca. 1850, CSPH 118. Of all the countries where daguerreotypes were introduced, America was the most enthusiastic about the process and excelled in its perfection. This image is of Israel I. Cohen of Baltimore’s groomsmen on the day of his wedding, October 3, 1850, to Cecilia E. Levy of Charleston, South Carolina. 6. Mrs. Eleanora Baatler Schaeffer. Unidentified photographer. Cased calotype. 3 ½ x 4 ¾ in., ca. 1849- 1860, CSPH 003. William Henry Fox Talbot introduced the calotype (also called talbotype) in 1841. This new and improved process made mass-production for publication and albums possible. The calotype was never popular in the U.S. and was mostly used for recording architecture and landscapes.

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7. Glass and Crockery Trade Convention Group. Unidentified photographer. Ambrotype. 7 ½ x 6 in., ca. 1855-1865, CSPH 251. Ambrotypes, coined in 1855 by M.A. Root, were extremely popular in America. An ambrotype is a direct positive, bearing a striking resemblance to daguerreotypes. The most attractive feature of the ambrotype was that they could be finished and delivered at the time of the sitting, unlike the daguerreotype. This short-lived process was a step closer to the portrait studios America is accustomed to today. 8. Louisa R. Coolidge (case verso). Davis & Co. Ambrotype. 2 x 2 ½ inches, ca. 1855-1863. CSPH 029B. This advertisement found on the back of an ambrotype is a great example of the competitiveness between studios and the dramatically reduced cost of producing photographs since the time of the daguerreotype’s invention. 9. Leakin Family. Unidentified photographer. Tintype. 2 9/16 x 3 3/8 in., ca. 1856. CSPH 080. The tintype, patented in 1856, consisted of thin sheets of iron japanned black and coated with light-sensitive emulsion. Tintypes were a revelation because they were cheap, could be produced while the customer waited, and durable. This new process allowed for a type of casualness not yet seen before its invention. 10. Mary C. Harrison. Unidentified photographer. Opalotype. 1 ¾ x 2 ¼ in., not dated. CSPH 064A. The opalotype, patented in 1857, consisted of sheets of opaque, translucent white glass sometimes hand-painted with colors.

MdHS News | 14 | Fall 2011 Restoring The Past. Building The Future.

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HOW THE MDHS AND NPS BUILD BRIDGES ACROSS HISTORY

BY KRISTIN SCHENNING AND VINCE VAISE PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY

MdHS News | 16 | Fall 2011 O N THE MORNING OF MARCH 1, 2011, A SMALL CARAVAN LEFT THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, TRANSPORTING ONE OF OUR MOST TREASURED COLLECTION PIECES—THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT OF THE “STAR-SPANGLED BANNER”—TO ITS TEMPORARY HOME AT THE NEW VISITOR CENTER AT FORT MCHENRY NATIONAL MONUMENT AND HISTORIC SHRINE.

Both MdHS and Fort McHenry have an undeniable link to the events of the War of 1812, especially the summer of 1814. It is, therefore, not a surprise that in the years leading up to the bicentennial celebration of the War of 1812, the two institutions would collaborate on programming and cross-promotion and share collection items. What may not be so obvious at first glance are all of the other connections possible between our local National Park Service (NPS) sites and MdHS. In addition to the loaning of the “Star-Spangled Banner” for the opening of the new Visitor Center at Fort McHenry, there have been many occasions where partnerships with the NPS have produced exceptional programs and opportunities to share PARTNERS knowledge and train staff to better Over the past year, MdHS and serve the public. Fort McHenry have been two of the leaders in the commemoration of

(OPPOSITE PAGE, LEFT TO RIGHT) the sesquicentennial of the Civil War IN EDUCATION MdHS staff Elizabeth Stafford, Debbie Harner, in Baltimore. In April, MdHS hosted Alex Beiter, Jan Danek, Sam Brainerd. a symposium, “Land of the Free?— Civil Liberties in Baltimore, 1861,” (LEFT) in partnership with Fort McHenry, The original manuscript of the “Star-Spangled Banner” was temporarily on loan to Ft. UMBC, and the Baltimore City McHenry’s visitor center last spring. Historical Society. BY KRISTIN SCHENNING AND VINCE VAISE The Star-Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1814. Museum Department. Mark Neely was the keynote speaker in a symposium that vividly illustrated

MdHS News | 17 | MdHS.org participated in a tour of the “Divided Voices: Maryland in the Civil War” exhibit and a Student Research Center for History (SeaRCH) hands- on exploration of documents from MdHS’ archival collections. In addition to joint programs, each site has benefited from specialized training opportunities. Fort McHenry kindly welcomed the staff of MdHS for a special tour of the fort, highlighting the Battle of Baltimore and the Civil War era and culminating in the staff flying two 15- star, 15-stripe flags over the fort. That same flag will fly at MdHS during the bicentennial years 2012-2015. MdHS staff also participated in an historians’ roundtable discussion with Professor Donald H. Hickey, Ph.D., one of the foremost historians on the War of 1812. In return, MdHS developed an 1812-themed SeaRCH program for the Fort McHenry Youth Rangers, a group of urban high-school students that works and studies at Fort McHenry and Hampton during the summer season. The longer we work with the NPS sites here in Baltimore, the easier it is to find excellent partnership opportunities. In the coming months, we are providing joint field trips for Baltimore City students to MdHS and Fort McHenry with funding from a Greater Baltimore History Alliance David McDonald of the MdHS and others work together to properly fold a flag. grant; participating in a new NPS education initiative—Parks for Every Classroom—based on the concept of the tensions between North and South McHenry and Hampton National place-based learning; expanding our in Baltimore in April 1861. The Pratt Historic Site during an education successful history-theater program Street Riots and subsequent occupation program with Johns Hopkins with the Baltimore School for the of Baltimore defined the role of the University’s Center for Talented Arts to include performances at Fort city in the Civil War, but also the role Youth (CTY) program. McHenry; and developing an 1812 of Fort McHenry—the only federal The students involved with the program for the CTY program in installation in the city on the day that CTY program spent the day at MdHS June 2012. marked the first bloodshed of the immersed in the history of the Civil As we move into the bicentennial Civil War. War, starting with Ranger Vince’s years, we hope to build many more In May 2011, the MdHS education recounting of the exploits of the exciting programs and hope the department invited Chief of Baltimore County Horse Guard patrons of both MdHS and the NPS Interpretation Vince Vaise to share and the lead up to and aftermath continue to enjoy and benefit from part of the Civil War story of Fort of the Pratt Street Riots. They then our partnership. ✵

MdHS News | 18 | Fall 2011 Join us for a lecture and book signing by internationally renowned biographer and historian Amanda Foreman. NOVEMBER 10, 2011, 6:00 P.M. Admission: $35.00 for members; $50 for non-members of the MdHS Historical ACCURACY DEPICTING THE REAL CLARA BARTON

Story by Jonathon Scott Fuqua Photography by Ken Stanek

Clara Barton, played by Britt Olsen-Eckertakes, takes center stage in the MdHS Players’ latest production.

MdHS News | 20 | Fall 2011 N HISTORY, certain names are Civil War heroine. She was fearless. an otherworldly form of bravery. iconic. We know them for being She was caring. She was the “Angel No matter, she, like you and famous, but we hardly remember of the Battlefield,” willing to risk life me, had issues. But it was those what they did to deserve that and limb to provide aid to wounded issues, combined with such extreme status. For me, that was the case soldiers from Antietam to Petersburg circumstances, that made her heroic with Clara Barton. Not three and numerous bloody battles in and sublime and inspired her to care months ago, if I’d been asked who between. so deeply for others. she was, I would have guessed that she But knowing the history of an icon The truth is Barton was a I confirmed hypochondriac. She often had something to do with women’s is different from knowing the person. suffrage. To be honest, I’d totally The person is flesh and bone, want drove herself to physical and mental forgotten that she was the founder of and need, conflict and tension. The exhaustion and wanted everyone the American Red Cross. icon resides in two dimensions, towers around her to recognize that. She So, following a meeting in which above the rest of us, and embodies a needed the attention almost as much it was decided that I would write a singular purpose or theme. A living as the injured or maimed required “living history” script about her, I history, otherwise known as “historical her devotion. She sought a certain figured it was a good idea to relearn theater,” is supposed to both debunk degree of adoration, as well. Among other things, she was a terrible administrator, nearly driving the Red Cross into ruin before resigning her position. Regardless, in all She was the “Angel of the Battlefield,” circumstances, she gave better than willing to risk life and limb to provide aid to she got. wounded soldiers from Antietam to Petersburg Barton was a lovely, complicated, and deeply caring person. She has { and numerous bloody battles in between. { become, in her own way, mythical— ACCURACY famous for being famous. Mention her name and those who remember her at all refer to the American Red exactly what she’d done. By that, I and rekindle these types of legends. Cross and nothing else. Story by Jonathon Scott Fuqua Photography by Ken Stanek mean, why she was famous. Its aim is to replace folklore with Therefore, it is up to the writers, What I discovered was that Barton’s humanity. directors, and actors of museum name is familiar for good reason. She Clara Barton was an amazing theater to reveal the truth about her was a great humanitarian, a woman individual, a saintly person. She was and other American icons. In the driven to lend aid and comfort to born at a time when women were end, the truth doesn’t diminish them; people, all people, in pain or distress. treated as inferiors by men. In Barton’s it makes them greater. I found this out by searching her day, women “knew their place.” Yet she Somehow, despite their own name online. All told, it took about 20 was driven to resist those standards suffering and personal demons, they seconds. That was when her history, and expectations. managed to accomplish significant what little I knew of it, flooded back Barton was complex. She was things in this world. To me, that is to me from third- or fourth-grade smart, too, if not brilliant. She was a what makes Clara Barton so special social studies classes. wonderful teacher, a staunch believer and so deserving of honest reverence Barton, above all things, strove to in fairness. She was a God-fearing as opposed to the shallow status of an assuage the pain of men and women woman who would work for nothing icon. And hopefully that is what you injured by war and misfortune. She if that was the pay, but who refused to will see in the Maryland Historical founded the Red Cross to nationalize take less than a man in the execution Society’s new production about that mission. Prior to that, she was a of identical duties. And she exhibited her life. ✵

MdHS News | 21 | MdHS.org MdHS News | 22 | Fall 2011

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1830 and, over time, accumulated a a accumulated time, over and, 1830

The group opened a library in in library a opened group The

healing art.” healing

practitioners or pretenders to the the to pretenders or practitioners

their lives in the hands of ignorant ignorant of hands the in lives their

“to prevent the citizens from risking risking from citizens the prevent “to

establishment. Its stated purpose was was purpose stated Its establishment.

the academically trained medical medical trained academically the

Legislature in 1799 and represented represented and 1799 in Legislature

was incorporated by an act of the the of act an by incorporated was

Maryland State Medical Society, Society, Medical State Maryland

This organization, the the organization, This

Faculty of Maryland (MedChi). (MedChi). Maryland of Faculty was the Medical and Chirurgical Chirurgical and Medical the was

the history of medicine in this state state this in medicine of history the U

place to learn about about learn to place

last century, the best best the century, last

ntil the end of the the of end the ntil

Uncovering scientific gems in the MedChi library MedChi the in gems scientific Uncovering

trove Treasure

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The Maryland Historical Society Historical Maryland The Ph.D. Meier, Y. Richard Photography courtesy of courtesy Photography by Story  exhaustive documentation on the includes manuscripts from Archer and articles were all carefully written life and career of an outstanding and three of his sons. out in longhand. Baltimore physician. Included are Another medical dynasty began In addition to the papers from his public school notebooks and with Pierre Chatard, whose family individuals and families, there papers relating to his medical degree had roots in medieval France. He are also records from medical and his service in the Army Medical began practicing in Baltimore in organizations, such as the Baltimore Corps during World War I. 1800, and his son and grandsons General Dispensary, formed in 1800 Krause apparently saved later compiled volumes of obstetrical as a society whose members provided every letter and report from his case records. medical services to the city’s poor. field hospitals, plus maps, travel Other organizational records come guides, theater tickets, and other from MedChi itself and highlight the memorabilia from his time in Europe. career of Marcia Noyes, who lived on Back home in Baltimore, he became the premises and ran the library for a professor of clinical medicine at the below 50 years. University of Maryland and chief of medical & chirurgical faculty of Among all these papers from well- maryland manuscript collection, medical services at Lutheran Hospital. 1706-1978. box 43, folder 1. ms 3000. known, less-known, and unknown He kept diaries from his many travels james mcculloh, registration for Maryland physicians, there is no and was in great demand as a public medicine, fort mchenry, 1815. predicting what discoveries may be speaker. awaiting the historian. One surprise The MedChi manuscripts come found in a folder of unrelated in many forms, among them lecture notes was a requisition

lecture notes, correspondence, An extraordinary resource on the for medicines at Fort McHenry case histories, account ledgers, and past treatment of mental illness can during the War of 1812. Another, travel diaries. Most are the work be found in the papers of Richard a typescript from the early 20th of individual physicians, but many Gundry, who, in 1878, became century, is an unpublished biography come from prominent medical director of the Maryland Hospital for of Sir William Osler. families, whose members practiced the Insane (now the Spring Grove Some surveys of state medical in Maryland for several generations. Hospital Center). history have been written—most For example, Harford County’s Gundry also taught at the College recently by Jane Eliot Sewell in John Archer (1741-1810), the first of Physicians and Surgeons in Medicine in Maryland (1999)—but person to receive an American Baltimore, an institution that later with this MedChi manuscript medical diploma, in Philadelphia, merged with the University of collection, newly arranged and came home and started a small Maryland School of Medicine. His equipped with a detailed finding aid, school of his own. The collection well-preserved lectures, addresses, much more can be learned. ✵

MdHS News | 24 | Fall 2011 Take Your Event to Historic Levels. An event to remember, courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society • Our Mount Vernon Campus, located two blocks from the Washington Monument • Free onsite parking • Your event, in the cradle of Maryland History

{Monument Street Garden}

Please contact the rentals department at [email protected] or call 410-685-3750 x319 for more information.

{France Hall}

MdHS News | 25 | MdHS.org The

MARY KATHERINE GODDARD’S PRINTING of the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

MdHS News | 26 | Fall 2011 The GODDARD BROADSIDE MARY KATHERINE GODDARD’S PRINTING of the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

STORY BY CHRISTOPHER J. YOUNG • PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY

ary Katherine Goddard document, a five-member committee eventually Maryland. At the time of printed the first Declaration that included such luminaries as John the American Revolution, Mary was Mof Independence to include Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and running the Maryland Journal and the names of the signers. Unlike the Thomas Jefferson, to “superintend the Baltimore post office. During initial broadside of the Declaration and correct the press.” the war, she kept both enterprises of Independence that was read to It fell to a 29-year-old Philadelphia running, often at her own expense. citizens and troops in 1776, the printer, John Dunlap, to set the Leading members of the community so-called “Goddard Broadside,” type and then print 200 copies of recognized her superb work and produced in 1777, named names. By the Declaration of Independence. dedication. doing so, it revealed to the public for The only names listed on the Of the nine known extant Goddard the first time the delegates who had “Dunlap Broadside” (besides that Broadsides, two are in Maryland, one taken the risk of identifying so closely of the printer) were the president at the Maryland State Archives and with the document and its sentiments. of Congress, John Hancock, and its the other at the Maryland Historical Far from being a controversial secretary, Charles Thomson. Society, making it even rarer than the exposé by the manager and printer The Redcoats’ success in New York Dunlap Broadside. of the Maryland Journal, the Goddard City and continued military activity While it may seem remarkable that Broadside manifested a displaced in New Jersey led Congress to decide, Congress selected Mary Katherine Congress’s growing confidence that toward the end of 1776, that it would Goddard, a woman, to print the first the War for Independence had taken be prudent to flee Philadelphia. Declaration of Independence to a promising turn after key American And they did. Congress, with the include the names of the signers, the victories on the battlefields of actual Declaration of Independence people of Baltimore would not have New Jersey. in hand, made its way to Baltimore, been surprised. Delegates to the Second where it reconvened. In 1916, several years before women’s Continental Congress voted for Encouraged by news of American suffrage, an article appeared in the American independence on successes at the battles of Trenton Olympia Record in Washington State, July 2, 1776. Two days later, on and Princeton, Secretary Thomson far from the scenes of Mary Katherine Thursday, July 4, the Declaration recorded on Saturday, January Goddard’s life, that extolled her of Independence was adopted by 18, 1777, that Congress ordered printing the “American bill of rights” Congress, which then ordered the an “authenticated copy of the (i.e., the Declaration of Independence) committee that had produced the Declaration of Independency, even though she had “probably never with the names of the members of heard of woman’s rights.” Congress subscribing the same, be Whether or not Mary Katherine sent to each of the United States, and Goddard secretly held a wish for that they be desired to have the same women’s rights will remain a mystery. OPPOSITE PAGE put upon record.” What we do know is that she saw herself THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION Enter Mary Katherine Goddard. as a patriot who was serving the OF THE 13 UNITED STATES Born in New England in 1738, American cause. The existence of the OF AMERICA. PRINTED BY Mary grew up in a family that was Goddard Broadside is evidence that MARY KATHERINE GODDARD, 1776. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS involved in the printing business the Second Continental Congress DEPARTMENT, BROADSIDE 1776. in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and saw her the same way. ✵

MdHS News | 27 | MdHS.org CLOSEDBehind DOORS THE PRIVATE SORROW OF WALLIS WARFIELD SIMPSON

STORY BY

HUGO VICKERS

PHOTOGRAPHY COURTESY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY M

M

MdHS News | 28 | Fall 2011 y latest book on the In some ways, it was a daunting Duchess of Windsor experience. Some in the audience has three basic were Warfields or related to Warfields; Behind themes. It partly some had met the Duchess of Windsor; CLOSED DOORS concerned what and most had strong views about her, happened to her some based on personal recollection, in the last years of her life after the and some informed by what had Duke of Windsor died. It was also been written by other biographers, a personal journey, since I lived not always fairly. through this period and heard a lot I began by telling the audience that Mabout what was going on. Thirdly, I had learned the dates of the kings my intent was to give an overview of and queens of England and come the issues in the life of Wallis Warfield across one “Edward VIII—1936” with (LEFT) and take a fresh look at the abdication just that single date. When, at the age Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor based on some 40 years of study. of 11 or so, I asked my parents about (1896-1986). Photograph In May 2009, I came to Baltimore him, the reaction I got was: “the king by Bradford Bachrach, to explore. I visited the various sites who abdicated and that terrible Mrs. ca. 1965. Museum where Wallis had grown up, went Simpson who had lured him away— Department, 1961.85.1 (dress). up to Blue Ridge Summit, and was we don’t talk about her.” shown where she was born. Then a photograph appeared of (BELOW) I spent profitable hours in the the duchess, and I was surprised that The Duke and library of the Maryland Historical she looked perfectly nice. As I grew Duchess of Windsor, Society, and so it was a great delight up, I was able to read the Windsors’ 1959. Unidentified to be invited back two years later to memoirs, follow their movements photographer. Special

Collections Department, talk to a large audience about my in the 1960s, and, on a memorable

Z24.593. discoveries. day in August 1968, actually see the

Duke of Windsor when he came over M M to Britain to attend the funeral of Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, in St. George’s Chapel. I never saw a man with such sad eyes. A few years later, I was given the task of compiling biographical entries for members of the royal family and, aged only 20, was sent over to Paris to talk to John Utter, the duke’s private secretary. I also met the duchess’ secretary, Johanna Schütz. This was in May 1972. The following day, the queen visited the ailing duke; 10 days later, he died. I was on duty for his funeral and assigned to look after Miss Schütz. On that day, she said to me: “Come and see us again if ever you are in Paris.” I took this as a golden invitation and became friends of both the secretaries, which gradually M M made this book possible.

MdHS News | 29 | MdHS.org Soon after the duke died, Maître

(RIGHT) Suzanne Blum, their local lawyer in Blouse, skirt, and shorts. Paris, began to frighten the duchess Silk. Madame Gres, French, by telling her that she might be ca. 1969-1970. Worn by thrown out of her home in the Bois the Duchess of Windsor. Museum Collection, de Boulogne and that she should 1998.4.24abc. leave furniture to Versailles and porcelain to the Sevres factory. (BELOW) She scared the duchess away from His Royal Highness, the her helpful and respectable British Duke of Windsor (1894- lawyer, Sir Godfrey Morley, of Allen 1972), and Her Grace, the Duchess of Windsor (Wallis & Overy, and, in January 1973, took Warfield, 1896-1986). Oil over as her sole legal representative. on canvas by Trafford You are in big trouble if you are Klots, ca. 1964. Museum Department, 1965.86.1. very rich, in frail health, and have a dishonest lawyer, an avaricious banker, a sly butler, and a doctor taking instruction from the lawyer.

MdHS News | 30 | Fall 2011 All these categories fitted the duchess. upset the duchess, but also so that the Prince of Wales through her Between 1972 and 1975, her they would not notice that items in friendship with Thelma, Viscountess health declined badly and she finally the house, such as the dining room Furness, his then girlfriend. collapsed with an internal hemorrhage table, had gone. She flirted with the future Edward in November 1975 and was sent to The duchess lived on until 1986, VIII as if he were a film star or tycoon the American Hospital. It would have spending the last eight years of her and inadvertently captured a damaged been better had she quietly died, but life lying in bed, fed by a tube and man—a man who did not want to be they patched her up and sent her suffering from Crohn’s disease and king, a man who longed to escape. home something of a wreck. severe rheumatoid arthritis. Her last Wallis was horrified by the Maître Blum set about getting rid years do not bear thinking about, abdication, but afterward had no of the two private secretaries so that and it was a relief when she finally choice but to marry him and live a she and the banker had full power. died just two months short of her life of pointless comfort, vilified as an She sacked faithful staff and sold 90th birthday. evil temptress, the woman who stole pieces of furniture and jewelry. In the meantime, Blum claimed the king. She bribed; she threatened. that she had the right to publish She did her best to look after him. The duchess was kept upstairs books on the duchess’ behalf. My conclusion is that she was a victim in her room, and visitors were Nothing will ever convince me that and that it was not the greatest love forbidden, ostensibly as their visits the letter of authorization, dated story of the 20th century. ✵ March 1975, is genuine. After the duchess’ death, a lot of money was made out of the serialization M M and publication of letters written by the duke and duchess to each other, which did their posthumous reputations no good at all. Blum also had control over the duchess’ will. The duke had wanted the duchess financially protected during her lifetime and the staff then given their bequests. Following her death, the money would return to Britain and be distributed for charitable purposes. Blum changed all this, and the final beneficiary was the Institut Louis Pasteur in Paris. She sold the jewels in a dramatic sale in Geneva in 1987, which raised £31 million. The Warfields were a prominent Maryland family, but she was the Hugo Vickers’ book, poor relation, especially after the Behind Closed Doors— early death of her father. She was The Tragic, Untold raised by a rich bachelor uncle (who Story of the Duchess of did not leave her the correct share Windsor, was published of his fortune) and escaped from by Hutchinson in the U.K. Baltimore by marrying a good- It is available through looking aviator, Win Spencer. This Amazon.com. Vickers marriage ended in divorce since lectured on his book at he was something of a drinker, and the Maryland Historical she then married nice, dull Ernest Society on June 23rd. Simpson in 1928. M M All might have ended there had she not, unfortunately, met

MdHS News | 31 | MdHS.org EVENTS

Maryland Historical Society Public Programs Fall 2011

FOR RESERVATIONS, CALL 410-685-3750, EXT. 377, EMAIL [email protected], OR REGISTER ONLINE AT WWW.MDHS.ORG/EVENTS.

OCTOBER

Free Fall Event: Civil Rights Era in Baltimore An Evening with Thursday, October 13, 6 p.m. Amanda Foreman Celebrate two important collections Thursday, November highlighting the Civil Rights Era in Baltimore: 10, 6 p.m. lecture; The Henderson Photograph Collection and reception to follow the McKeldin Jackson Oral History Collection. Amanda Foreman » Free will discuss her most recent publication, Accessorize It! A World on Fire: Friday, October 14, 11 a.m. lecture; noon lunch Britain’s Crucial Role The Mount Vernon Club (located at 8 W. in the American Mt. Vernon Place in Baltimore) extends Civil War. Foreman an invitation to join them for “Accessorize is an award- It!” The MdHS and the Little Shoebox winning historian bring you “the History of the Shoe,” an and internationally inspiring lecture and luncheon with Bettye bestselling author. Muller, a world-renowned shoe designer, Her previous book, and Alexandra Deutsch, curator of the MdHS. Georgiana, Duchess of Hear Ms. Muller speak of the historical Devonshire, was the inspirations for her designs and see basis for the movie Chairman Emeritus L. Patrick Deering (1923-2011) 300 years of shoes from the MdHS’ vast The Duchess, starring accessory collection. Keira Knightley and » $45/person (includes lecture, luncheon, Ralph Fiennes. and valet parking). Please RSVP. Payment » $35/MdHS will be accepted in the form of cash or check members; $50/non- at the door. members

Free Fall Museum Day Sunday, October 16, noon-5 p.m. On Museum Day, the Maryland Historical Society features an opportunity to view the exhibition “Divided Voices: Maryland in the Civil War,” and experience the MdHS Players’ living-history performances of Christian Fleetwood (an heroic black soldier in the Association Conference as they explore the price lists, and menus with speaker Henry Union Army) and Harriet Tubman. history of the Civil War in Baltimore. Guided Stansbury, a decoy specialist and chairman » Free tours of “Divided Voices: Maryland in the emeritus of the MdHS. Civil War.” Guest speaker from Ft. McHenry to » $35/MdHS members Who’s Who in Baltimore? address the role of the fort during the war. Saturday, October 22, 10:30 a.m.-2:30 p.m. » MdHS members and SHA Conference DECEMBER See portraits of important Marylanders at attendees only; free for MdHS members the Maryland Historical Society, and then Monument Lighting Open House visit their graves with guided tours through NOVEMBER Thursday, December 1, 5-8 p.m. Greenmount Cemetery. Lunch included. Join us for Mt. Vernon’s holiday celebration. » $35/MdHS members; $50/non-members Wildfowl Market Hunting for the Street Come in out of the cold and step back in Markets in Baltimore time at the Maryland Historical Society. Enjoy Southern Historical Association Reception Thursday, November 3, 6 p.m. lecture; music and refreshments, as well as children’s Saturday, October 29, 5:30-8:30 p.m. reception to follow crafts and people from the past. Join attendees of the Southern Historical Explore classic decoys, guns, photos, » Free MdHS News | 32 | Fall 2011 MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY milestones

Chairman Emeritus L. Patrick Deering (1923-2011) R THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY lost a great friend, leader, supporter, and advisor on Sunday, August 7, 2011. L. Patrick Deering, 88, born in County Caslow, Ireland, came to the United States as a teenager. He served in the Army Air Force during World War II and, as a brand-new American citizen, became a highly successful accountant at Coopers & Lybrand here in Baltimore. The real story of Pat Deering was his devotion to civic duty, which he believed was essential to a life well- lived. Among a long list of charities and nonprofits that benefited greatly from his devotion, expertise, and generosity, the Maryland Historical Society was always high on the list. In the early 1990s, Deering led the society as its chairman, and he remained steadfast in his support for the organization. John Sinclair of the Sheridan Foundation perfectly described Deering’s style in his Baltimore Sun obituary: “He was self-assured but modest and an unsung hero of his community.” ✵

MdHS News | 33 | MdHS.org Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Baltimore, MD 201 West Monument St. Permit No. 3810 Baltimore, MD 21201–4674

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Membership, ext. 319 Information and reservations for public programs and events, ext. 377 School Programs and Tours, ext. 334 Library, ext. 359 Facilities Rentals, ext. 319 Museum admission: $6 adults; $5 seniors; $4 students and children ages 3 to 18; children under 3 free. Library admission: $6 (includes museum)

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MdHS News | 34 | Fall 2011