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Unemployment Assistance During the Period of the Yishuv: Philanthropy

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Unemployment Assistance During the Period of the Yishuv: Philanthropy Unemployment Assistance During the Period of the Yishuv: should give the maximum tax to the un­ history of the labor movement."10 Philan­ Philanthropy, Productivity and Mutual Aid* employed. 5 thropy rather than productivity was beginning The response was not fast in coming; the to emerge. The very ideals and principles of RUBEN SCHINDLER, D.S.W. economic situation was beginning to take its the labor ethic was being threatened. The days Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel toll. In Petah Tikva, for example, the earliest of Chalukah (contributions from abroad to of Jewish settlements, conditions for the those living in Palestine) which the pioneers In the Spring of 1970, Israel's Parliament passed legislation requiring the payment of unem­ worker became unbearable. As an observer conquered so successfully were threatening to ployment insurance . Its seeds were planted four decades earlier, when the Yishuv . noted, "There is no housing. On two dunam return once again. of land one can find 250 inhabitants. In a tent Seua-Assistance Introduction Mutual Aid that is designed for four beds, twice the num­ The unemployment assistance program was Every society has been faced with economic Both the Vaad Leumi,3 or National ber occupy that space. We are confronted with designed in 1926 and funds were distributed crisis bringing unemployment, hardship and Council, and the Histadrut, General Federa­ sickness, even epidemics with almost 1,500 during the summer. The by-laws of the pro­ 6 hunger to its inhabitants. Such was the case of tion of Jewish Labour in Palestine, turned to workers starving." At a gathering of workers gram provided for residual aid. Support was the Yishuv in Eretz Yisrael, during the fourth the mandatory government for assistance. in Herzeliah, Ben Gurion, chairman of the given only to those unemployed who were out immigration (1924-1929). Suggestions on how They requested funds for the creation of Histadrut, addressed the assembly to inform of work for at least two months. Recipients to deal with the problem were not only of a public works. The response was neither en­ them of economic developments. "Leader," registered at the labor board three times a pragmatic nature, they reflected deep seated thusiastic nor forthcoming. cries came forth, "give us bread." His imme­ week, and funds were granted after an values and views which determined the solu­ The Histadrut thus turned inward to its or­ diate response was "I do not have bread, but I interview by a committee of the board. The 7 tions sought to the crisis at hand. These views ganization and membership for help. Perhaps do have a vision." The vision of a Jewish so­ stigma which accompanied assistance was were to influence welfare policy in general and the unemployment crisis could be met through ciety producing and creating through labor, vividly described by one observer. unemployment policy in particular. their own efforts and energies. Consequently viewed as fundamental in building a home­ It is sufficient to stand on Friday during the Between the years of 1925 and 1927, the Yom Choser Avodah, "a work day for the land, would have to be delayed. There simply distribution of financial aid in the labor ex­ economic situation in Palestine became most unemployed" was declared. The principle was was not enough work to go around. Efforts on change and observe even from afar the de­ difficult. Unemployment was beginning to one of mutual aid, the more fortunate assisting all fronts, including those by the World struction this brings to our pioneers. Are take its toll. Of the work force, estimated at their fellow members in time of need. Funds Zionist executive, to stimulate the economy these not the same pioneers who were once so 26,000 people, about 35 percent were without received from the employed would be utilized came to no avail. It has been suggested that the proud in displaying the flag of religion of work?15 jobs.l In Tel Aviv the proportion was higher, for creating work projects for the unem­ executive made "desperate efforts" to request Joseph Sprinzagl^ was the director of the with approximately 50 percent of the work ployed. Ben Gurion stated that such coopera­ funds for work projects, but without much wno force unemployed. These trends were likely to tion is "an ideal which unifies the workers into success.8 The alternative and perhaps only labor exchange noted 4 choice available at the time was the creation of increase since immigration to Palestine was one body." This noble idea was insufficient What was the tragedy of the period? The continuing with 1,500 people entering the however to stem the tide of unemployment or Seua (lit: assistance support) or financial aid tragedy was a double one. Hunger and assist­ country monthly. The non-aligned newspaper reverse the economic situation facing the for the unemployed. It was the Zionist execu­ ance. Hunger hurts the individual and aid de­ Haaretz indicated that the newcomers lacked Yishuv. Neither were all workers ready to par­ tive who initiated the idea for its establish­ grades him. He ceases to be a human being financial means, thus burdening the economy ticipate in this voluntary enterprise. An edi­ ment, and it was through labor boards in who can stand straight.13 9 even further. 2 A central issue which took on torial appearing in Davar, the labor daily was Palestine that assistance was arranged. A more moderate view by a leader in the labor dramatic proportions was the question of how critical of the limited support. The creation of relief payments came under movement suggests that there was really little severe criticism by the Histadrut. Some termed to deal adequately with the problem of un­ What have we done in the area of Mutual choice. He states that more industrialized employment. The situation was grave with the Aid? ... Awaken friends, awaken, the hour is it "as creating the most tragic chapter in the countries are forced to provide financial aid in Yishuv not having faced such a severe test pressing. Every worker in the city and village periods of crisis. If there was any criticism it since the Second Immigration in 1904. 5 Davar, January 24, 1926. was directed more to the administrative 3 The Vaad Leumi, or National Council, was 6 Davar, February 25, 1926. * I am indebted to Itzhak Ben Aharon, M.P. a 10 A. Kersel. The Histadrut, Tarbut Vechinuch, elected by the Asefot Ha-Nivtarim or elected assem­ member of the Fourth Aliya and former Secretary 7 Solomon Aran, "Shnotiam Harishonot" (The 1960, p. 40. bly which had developed its own governmental General of the Histadrut for the extended interview First Years) Hapoel Hatzair, No. 12, 1960. 11 A Rosner, Kuntras, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1927, pp. agency. The National Council comprised the execu­ granted me in November 1976 in Tel Aviv for the tive committee of seven to administer the internal 8 Giladi, Ibid., p. 191. 27-29. purpose of this paper. 9 2 affairs of the Jewish community. Report of the Executive of the Zionist Organi­ 1 Speaker of the House in Israel's First (Knesset) 1 Dan Giladi, Jewish Palestine During the Fourth zation, The 15th Congress of Basle, August 30, Parliament. Aliya Period (1924-1929), Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 1973, 4 Ben Gurion, "Ha-Histadrut-VeHamiflagoth," September 9, 1927, London, Central Office of 13 Zvi Even Shoshan, Tultod Tnuot Hapoalim pp. 179-185. Kuntres, Vol. 13 No. 13, Summer 1926. Zionist Organization. Berez Yisrael, Am Oved, 1966, p. 31. 2 Haaretz, Dec. 10, 1925. 357 356 A sense of reality remains however since, the Starting out modestly as a loan fund for features where men and women were "ex­ ty and inequality. These issues are complex in probability must be reckoned with, that a unemployed workers, it gradually grew into a amined seven times before aid became avail­ themselves. But they do not enter into the considerable residue of urban unemployment program for financial assistance and later ex­ able."'4 very substance of the debate.'8 will remain. It is for this reason that it has panded to providing a host of social services. The view that no other options were open The conflict between labor leaders and the been deemed prudent to suggest the budget Ostensibly it would appear contradictory that was certainly in the minority. Furthermore it Zionist executive over policy increased. Ben . have provision for the unemployed. the very movement which so vehemently op­ was not only the human dimension and stigma Zvi, a member of the labor executive and However, as far as financial exigencies posed any form of aid should be the very in receiving aid which was criticized. The issue Israel's second president, charged the Zionist permit, the provision of public works is preferable to the grant of subsistance al­ designers of such a service. The rationale for was more fundamental. Seua was in direct executive with misconstruing the aims of the lowances.22 its establishment was three-fold. To begin contradiction to fulfilling the goals and aspira­ movement; if funds for work projects were not with, assistance was based on the principle of tions of Zionism. Only through employment forthcoming, then such monies would be col­ In the latter part of 1927, efforts by the Zionist mutual aid. It was thus selective, only pioneers and productivity could one arrive at the lected independently by the movement. Ben executive were partially instrumental in bring­ or laborers benefitting. Secondly, it was creation of a national homeland. Aliya for ex­ Gurion went further and stated that he would ing Seua, unemployment assistance, to a close.
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