Argentina, Regional Training Center on Radiation Protection for Latin America
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Argentina, Regional Training Center on Radiation Protection for Latin America C. Terrado a* and C. Menossi b * a*Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Ave. Libertador 8250, 1429. Buenos Aires, Argentina b*Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Ave. Libertador 8250, 1429. Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract Argentina has an extensive background in education and training on Radiation Protection. Since the beginning of the nuclear activity in the country, prominence was given to the aspects related to radiation protection and training of the personnel involved in the use of ionizing radiation. These educative activities have been delivered for more than 50 years, having accumulated an important experience in the field. The Nuclear Regulatory Authority has the statutory obligation to address, among other matters, the control of the aspects of nuclear safety and radiation protection on the whole country, to protect the people of the harmful effects of ionizing radiation resulting from the nuclear activities. This includes the responsibility to develop and enforce the regulations, standards and other requirements, particularly, establishing the requests and promoting activities regarding education and training on radiation protection. Argentina, currently through the Nuclear Regulatory Authority, has performed postgraduate courses on radiation protection and nuclear safety at interregional and regional level for 28 years without interruption. This important experience has been valued and exploited to form a Regional Center on Education and Training for Latin America and the Caribbean, sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Regional Center that in fact has been running in Argentina, trained 404 foreign participants and 327 local participants since 1980, totalizing 731 graduates from our annual post graduate courses. Our commitment is that all the effort made in education and training on radiation protection and nuclear safety contributes to a better use of the benefits of nuclear development. Since 2001 the International Atomic Energy Agency raised the need to develop plans and establish agreements to ensure a long-term sustainability of the education and training programs, allowing a better use of the resources in this area. In order to achieve this goal, Regional Centers for Education and Training were established in different geographic areas and languages. According to that strategy, Argentina, through the Nuclear Regulatory Authority, will continue working in a systematic way to disseminate the latest knowledge and experience on radiation protection, in Spanish language, to the whole region of Latin America and the Caribbean. a* Presenting author, E-mail: [email protected] b* Presenting author, E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION 1.1. History Nuclear activity in Argentina began in the year 1950. The leader institution in this area was the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA in Spanish) created through the Decree 10.936/50 dated on May, 31st 1950. The Act 22.498/56 established in 1956 the legal structure of the CNEA and defined in the Article 2 “the responsibility of the new Institution in the control of scientific and industrial applications of the transmutations and nuclear reactions for reasons of public convenience or to prevent damages that they could cause”. To comply with the Article 2 mentioned above, the Board of Directors of CNEA approved in 1958 the “Regulations for the Radioisotopes and Ionizing Radiations Use”. It came into force the 24th of January, 1958 by Government Decree 842/58. In Article 19 the Decree mentioned that every person interested in the use of radioisotopes shall: Have the knowledge and experience, acquired in a national or foreign specialized centre, fully documented, to use the specific radioisotopes, along with the corresponding on the job training for at least one year, or: 1. Have completed, a national or foreign specialized theoretical and practical course about the use of radioisotopes, with the corresponding examinations, enough to qualify the participant to handle the specific radioisotopes. That course must include concepts related to radiations physics, radioactivity, radiochemistry, measuring instruments, radiology health physics and radiation protection. Its duration must be at least 50 hours-class including theoretical and practical activities. 2. Have performed professional practice for the use of the radioisotopes that the participants wish to apply, in an authorized centre, according to the rules that for each case the CNEA will deliver. It means that five months earlier than the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) approval of its first report (June 13th 1958), almost a year before the first publication of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (dated by the end of 1958) and when the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was starting to function, Argentina already had regulation, approved by the corresponding authority, that included specifically the training needs in radiation protection. However, an important issue of radiation protection regulation was still absent by that time. The functions assigned by law to the CNEA excluded the control of x rays generating equipment, because they were under the surveillance of the National Ministry of Health. This situation made some CNEA professionals to promote a specific law for the use and control of those radiation sources, assigning the responsibility to the corresponding National and Provincial authorities. As a result of this initiative was promoted the Act Nº 17.557/67, known as the “X Rays Law”, in 1967. This law established the complete regulatory scheme for ionizing radiation applications in Argentina, which is still in force today. It happened at a very early stage, 10 years before the Publication 26 of the ICRP. During the 90`s another important fact contributed to strengthen the regulatory framework for the control of ionizing radiation use in the country: 2 In 1994, Presidential Decree 1540/94, split from CNEA the area of radiation and nuclear safety control, constituting a new independent organization initially named “Ente Nacional Regulador Nuclear”. Then in 1997, was approved the Act Nº 24.804/97 known as the “National Nuclear Activity Law”, with its corresponding explanatory Decree Nº 1.390/98. After that the control organization changed definitely its name to Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ARN in Spanish). The ARN might be considered a new institution, but it has personnel and organizational resources with almost 50 years of experience as the CNEA regulatory branch. It means that it can be considered close to Phase III (maximum development level) according to IAEA standards. 1.2. Legal Organization In the Argentine Republic, the ARN has the mission of, inter alia, protect the people against the negative effects of the ionization radiations coming from nuclear activities (Act Nº 24.809/97). The Ministry of Health and Environment (MSA in Spanish) is in charge of people’s protection through the control of the x-rays equipments. (Act Nº 17.557/67) Both Institutions work complementarily to regulate the whole utilization of ionization radiations in the national and federal level. In the area of x rays regulation, the legal instruments (act and decrees) determine the training needs for the education and training in radiation protection. These courses are delivered by personnel of the MSA and the Provincial Health authorities The regulation for the training in radiation protection of the licensees, under the ARN area, is more complex. It depends of the risk level of each installation or equipment, as it is defined in the Basic Safety Standard (AR 10.1.1) approved by the ARN. This scheme classifies the installations in three types or classes that in order of decreasing risk are: Class I Installation: Installation or practice that requires a licensing process of more than one step. Class II Installation: Installation or practice that only needs an operation license. Class III Installation: Installation or practice that only needs to be registered. 2. EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN RADIATION PROTECTION 2.1. National Program In Argentina, there is in fact a national program for education and training in radiation protection and safety. It is organized through a vast set of courses and degrees that bring the corresponding theoretical knowledge, and institutions that complete the on the job - training needed. All this educational system is leaded by the ARN and the MSA. 3 Both institutions, as the authorities of regulation and control, manage independently the specific subjects of their interest, like education and training of human resources. Nevertheless, for some topics there are coordination and working mechanisms between the two authorities. The MSA establishes the knowledge requirements for people that would apply for the x ray equipments use. The ARN rules the theoretical and training requirements for licenses in the area of ionization radiation from nuclear activities. There are specific laws, decrees and regulations that specify the minimal requirements in theoretical knowledge and on the job training that must be reached for a safe use of ionization radiation. The following information shows the education and training required by the ARN to all the personnel that work in licensed positions in Class I, II and III installations. (Regulation AR 10.1.1) There are three basic levels of training required by the ARN: ° Basic knowledge: the