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Propuesta Para El Aprovechamiento De Residuos Industriales De Yucca”

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Propuesta Para El Aprovechamiento De Residuos Industriales De Yucca” INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL UNIDAD PROFESIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARIA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA TÍTULO DEL TRABAJO: “PROPUESTA PARA EL APROVECHAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS INDUSTRIALES DE YUCCA” INFORME TÉCNICO DE LA OPCIÓN CURRICULAR EN LA MODALIDAD DE: PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO AMBIENTAL PRESENTA: FLORES RAMÍREZ GUSTAVO ASESOR INTERNO: Dr. Fabián Robles Martínez México, D. F. Junio 2009 Agradecimientos: En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer a dios, por permitirme culminar mí meta deseada, gracias señor por bendecirme y derramar tu sabiduría en mis conocimientos. Le doy las gracias a mi padre Gustavo Flores Suarez, madre Rosa Ma. Real y hermana Gabriela Flores, por el gran apoyo incondicional y amor, para llegar a terminar mis estudios. Mi gratitud, para mis abuelos, Rosa Ma. Real Balbaneda, Rosa Suarez y Gumersindo Flores, por todo lo que me han brindado. A mi asesor Dr. Fabián Robles, por sus comentarios, consejos y sugerencias, que hoy se ven realizados en virtud de su conocimiento. A la Dra. Ma. Eugenia Ramírez, por las facilidades de sus instalaciones y asesorías recibidas, así como al Ing. Canek Amador, por su atenta participación y valiosa contribución en el trabajo A la Secretaria de Investigación y Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional por el financiamiento otorgado para realizar el presente proyecto Y a todos aquellos que con sus conocimientos, apoyos y consejos ayudaron a realizar este documento tan importante. 2 Propuesta para el aprovechamiento de residuos industriales de Yucca 2009 Dedicatoria. En memoria de mi abuelo Aurelio Ramírez y Alarcón por que es y fue, el que me ha impulsado a ser una persona honesta, esforzada y valiente. Como lo fue en vida. Te dedico este trabajo donde quiera que estés INDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Generalidades de la Yucca. ........................................................................ 6 1.2 Uso común y tradicional de Yucca. ............................................................ 8 1.3 Industrialización del genero Yucca. ......................................................... 10 1.4 Yucca schidigera . ....................................................................................... 11 1.5 Alltech: Planta procesadora de Yucca schidigera . ................................. 13 1.6 Residuos industriales de Yucca. .............................................................. 15 2. MARCO TEÓRICO ........................................................................................... 17 2.1 Biomasa como fuente en la producción de energía. .............................. 17 2.2 Aglomerado de partículas. ........................................................................ 18 2.3 Absorbentes de líquidos. ........................................................................... 19 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ............................................................................................... 20 4. OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Generales. .................................................................................................. 22 4.2 Específicos. ................................................................................................ 22 5. METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................ 23 5.1 Determinación de Calor de combustión. .................................................. 23 5.2 Determinación de cenizas. ........................................................................ 25 5.3 Determinación de la capacidad de absorción de agua. ......................... 26 5.4 Determinación de pH. ................................................................................ 27 5.5 Aglomerados. ............................................................................................. 28 5.5.1 Elaboración. ................................................................................................ 28 5.5.2 Pruebas. ...................................................................................................... 31 5.5.3 Microscopia. ................................................................................................ 32 6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................ 33 6.1 Resultados de campo. ............................................................................... 33 6.1.1 Descripción del proceso para la obtención de extracto de Yucca schidigera . ............................................................................................................. 33 6.1.2 Diagrama de bloques del proceso de extracto de Yucca . ..................... 36 6.1.3 Diagrama de flujo del proceso de Inyuca para obtención de extracto de Yucca . .................................................................................................................... 37 6.2 Experimentos de laboratorio. .................................................................... 38 6.2.1 Humedad. ................................................................................................... 38 6.2.2 pH. ............................................................................................................... 39 Propuesta para el aprovechamiento de residuos industriales de Yucca 2009 6.2.3 Capacidad de absorción de agua. ............................................................ 39 6.2.4 Calor de combustión. ................................................................................. 40 6.2.5 Cenizas. ...................................................................................................... 40 6.2.6 Aglomerados. ............................................................................................. 41 7. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................. 50 8. RECOMENDACIONES PARA TRABAJO FUTURO ..................................... 51 8.1 Obtención de energía alternativa. ............................................................ 51 8.2 Capacidad de absorción de agua. ............................................................ 51 8.3 Aglomerados. ............................................................................................. 51 8.4 Bagazo. ....................................................................................................... 52 9. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................. 53 5 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1 Generalidades de la Yucca. Es una planta suculenta del género Yucca, compuesto por unas 40-50 especies, perennes, arbustos y árboles de la familia Agavaceae nativas de Norteamérica y Centroamérica (1) , de hojas ascendentes, en general, agrupadas hacia los extremos de los tallos, más o menos rígidas, planas o convexas, amarillo-verdosas, verdes o glaucas, algunas veces estriadas, márgenes lisos, dentados o fibrosos; ápice agudo. Inflorescencia en panicula, erecta o pendular, de flores campanuladas o globosas, con seis tépalos curvados, libres o ligeramente unidos en su base, de color blanco- cremoso, algunas veces con tintes rosáceos o morados, seis estambres libres, insertados en la base de los segmentos, ovario súpero, trilocular, óvulos numerosos, y placentación axial, polen monocolpado, tectado, prolato o subprolato, algunas veces esferoidal. El fruto puede ser indehiscente, tanto carnoso (baya) como seco y esponjoso, o deshiscente (cápsula) y la semilla plana, lisa o rugosa, brillante u opaca, de color negro cuando madura, con o sin ala marginal (20). Pueden llegar a alcanzar alturas de hasta 8 metros, aunque su altura más común varía de 2 a 4 metros. Las Yuccas se reproducen tanto sexualmente es decir, por semilla, como vegetativamente o sea por brotes o retoños (1) . En la tabla 1 se muestra la clasificación científica del genero Yucca . Tabla 1: Clasificación científica. Clasificación científica Reino : Plantae División : Magnoliophyta Clase : Liliopsida Orden : Asparagales Familia : Agavaceae Género : Yucca FUENTE: Hochstätter. (2004) El nombre de estas plantas se indica que deriva de “yuca”, el nombre indio para Manihot esculenta Crantz , que fue atribuido a este género por una confusión en los primeros envíos de plantas (3) . Por ello es importante distinguir el genero Yucca de la “mandioca”. La mandioca pertenece a la especie Manihot esculenta , que es una planta 6 Propuesta para el aprovechamiento de residuos industriales de Yucca 2009 perteneciente a la familia de las euforbiáceas y que se cultiva fundamentalmente por sus tubérculos que constituyen una de las principales fuentes de alimentación de América Central (19) . Fuera de su lugar de origen, las Yuccas son utilizadas como plantas de jardinería. Ya que su atractivo aspecto y rusticidad (como se muestra en la Figura 1) al ser nativas de regiones áridas y aptas para la conservación del agua, hace que las Yuccas se cultiven ampliamente como ornamentales; aunque los tallos y frutos de muchas especies sean comestibles, es raro su uso en ese sentido (3) . Figura 1: Género Yucca (Yucca rostrata ). El rango natural de distribución del género Yucca cubre una amplia zona del norte y centro del continente Americano. Se encuentra en el sur de Canadá, la distribución sigue un movimiento hacia el sur del continente por lo cual se le halla en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, pasando por
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