DOCSLIB.ORG

Storage and Propagation Characteristics of Miscanthus X Giganteus by Cassandra Doll Downey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Storage and Propagation Characteristics of Miscanthus X Giganteus by Cassandra Doll Downey Storage and Propagation Characteristics of Miscanthus x giganteus by Cassandra Doll Downey A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Agriculture Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Cassandra Downey, September, 2018 ABSTRACT STORAGE AND PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MISCANTHUS X GIGANTEUS Cassandra Doll Downey Advisor: University of Guelph 2018 Dr. Andrew Maxwell Phineas Jones Miscanthus x giganteus Anderss. exhibits favourable characteristics as a dedicated second- generation biomass feedstock. Propagation of this sterile species occurs mainly through micropropagation or rhizome cuttings, resulting in high establishment costs. This thesis sought to investigate the improvement of storage duration for field-harvested rhizomes, prolongment of callus regeneration potential through impairment of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, and the induction of microrhizomes through the modification of media compositions. It was found that plant growth from rhizomes yielded similar results after spring and autumn harvests, plantlet regeneration was achieved from calli after 12 months in culture when media was supplemented with 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid, and microrhizomes were successfully induced over a 10- week incubation period in liquid media supplemented with 8% sucrose, 6-benzylaminopurine, and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. These findings may be used to improve conservation, reduce establishment costs, and allow for a greater supply of Miscanthus biomass in the marketplace. Acknowledgements I would like to begin by acknowledging my advisor, Dr. Andrew Maxwell Phineas Jones, for providing me with the opportunity to pursue my MSc. His guidance, understanding, and encouragement for me to engage in activities and projects both within and outside the scope of my thesis was valuable and greatly appreciated. I would also like to acknowledge my co-advisor, Dr. Praveen Kumar Saxena, for allowing me with the chance to gain valuable experience working with the Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation before beginning my MSc; Dr. Bill Deen, who helped with revising this thesis by incorporating his expertise in biomass crop production; Dr. Mahendra Thimmanagari of OMAFRA for supporting this research, providing valuable insight into biomass cultivation, and agreeing to be a member on my defence committee; and Dr. Ralph Martin for agreeing to chair my defence exam. I also would like to show my appreciation to our funding partner, BioFuelNet, for their considerate financial support. I am thankful for David Smith and the team at All Weather Farming Inc. for their generosity, depth of knowledge, and enthusiasm for this project. I would also like to thank Henk Williams and the Elora Research Station for providing us with additional planting material and support; Dr. Xin Hu at NSF International for helping us process samples in a timely manner; Dr. Michelle Edwards for her guidance in statistical analyses; Dr. Gale Bozzo for permitting us to use his cold storage and freezer space whenever we were in a bind; and Tara Israel for helping me coordinate my defence exam and complete necessary administrative tasks. I would like to express my gratitude for the Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation and the fantastic students and staff I’ve had the pleasure of working alongside. You are all extremely talented scientists who have inspired me to continually pursue truth. I am especially grateful for Bob Nichols, who was always willing to answer my many questions; Dr. Mukund Shukla, who took the time to teach me various tissue culture techniques and experimental design; Dr. Elena Popova, who familiarized me with cryopreservation technologies; Dr. Sherif Sherif, who encouraged me to take part in worthwhile teaching assistantships; and Lauren Erland, who offered her metabolite quantification services to us without grievance, even when she was overwhelmed with other requests and commitments. The Department of Plant Agriculture has a great sense of community, and I would like to thank the Plant Agriculture Social Committee for allowing me to be more involved with this body. Also, iii an abundance of thanks to Dr. Jay Subramanian for allowing me to TA his tissue culture course during my MSc so I could extend my passion for plant tissue culture to others. I am forever grateful for my parents, Glen and Karen Downey, who modelled sacrifice and exceptional work ethic to provide me with the opportunities to fulfill my dreams; for my many friends and family who continue to love and support me; and for my significant other who perfectly balances me out. And above all else, I acknowledge and praise God. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18. iv Table of Contents 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Summary………………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Hypotheses and objectives……………………………………………………………..5 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………….6 2.1 Miscanthus spp………………………………………………………………………...6 2.1.1 Miscanthus ancestry and taxonomy………………………………………….6 2.1.2 Aboveground physiology and morphology………………………………….6 2.1.3 Rhizome physiology and morphology……………………………………….7 2.2 Seedless triploid propagation………………………………………………………......9 2.2.1 Storage and establishment properties………………………………...………9 2.2.2 Storage and carbohydrate dynamics………………………………………..11 2.3 Micropropagation…………………………………………………………………….13 2.3.1 Fundamentals of micropropagation………………………………………...13 2.3.2 Miscanthus micropropagation………………………………...……………13 2.3.3 Miscanthus micropropagation challenges………………………...………..14 2.3.4 Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and in vitro culture…………...…...14 2.4 Microrhizomes……………………………………………………………………….16 2.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………...…16 2.4.2 Carbohydrate requirements………………………………………………...17 2.4.3 Carbohydrate and plant growth regulator interactions………………...........18 2.4.4 Synthetic seeds…………………………………………………………..…21 3: Storage and propagation of rhizomes from five Miscanthus x giganteus genotypes grown in southwestern Ontario…………………………………………………………………………….24 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..24 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..24 3.2 Materials and methods ……………………………………………………………28 3.2.1 Harvest – Port Ryerse……………………………………………………....28 3.2.2 Harvest – Elora…………………………………………………...………...32 3.2.3 Sample preparation…………………………………………………...…….34 3.2.4 Cold storage conditions…………………………………………………….36 3.2.5 Greenhouse conditions……………………………………………………..37 3.2.6 Planting conditions…………………………………………………………38 3.2.7 Growth parameters…………………………………………………………38 3.2.8 Total moisture content……………………………………………………...39 3.2.9 Sample preparation………………………………………………………....40 3.2.10 Total starch quantification………………………………………………...40 3.2.11 Reducing and non-reducing sugar quantification………………………....41 3.2.12 Experimental design and statistical analysis………………………………42 3.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………..43 3.3.1 Rhizome viability……………………………………………………….….43 3.3.2 Culm emergence…………………………………………………………....44 3.3.3 Tiller height………………………………………………………………...47 3.3.4 Tiller number…………………………………………………………….....50 3.3.5 Leaf number…………………………………………………………….….52 3.3.6 Stem node number……………………………………………………….....55 v 3.3.7 Stem diameter……………………………………………………...……….58 3.3.8 Chlorophyll content………………………………………………………...61 3.3.9 Moisture content………………………………………………………...….61 3.3.10 Total starch content……………………………………………………….63 3.3.11 Total soluble carbohydrate content………………………………………..66 3.3.12 Total soluble carbohydrates consisting of D-glucose………………….......68 3.3.13 Total soluble carbohydrates consisting of sucrose………………………...71 3.3.14 Total soluble carbohydrates consisting of D-fructose………………..…....74 3.4 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………....76 3.5 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………..81 3.6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………..…81 4: Improving regeneration capacity of Miscanthus x giganteus ‘M161’ calli through inhibition of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway…………………………………………..…………..82 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..……82 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..82 4.2 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………….….85 4.2.1 Plant material……………………………………………………………….85 4.2.2 Callus induction and multiplication………………………………………...85 4.2.3 Callus morphology assessment……………………………………………..86 4.2.4 Development of regenerants and embryo-like structures…………………...86 4.2.5 Soluble phenolic content…………………………………………………...87 4.2.6. Regeneration and plantlet formation……………………………………….88 4.2.7. Experimental design and statistical analysis…………………………..…...88 4.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………..88 4.3.1 Callus morphology frequencies…………………………………………….88 4.3.2 Regenerant number…………………………………………………….…...95 4.3.3 Soluble phenolic content…………………………………………………...98 4.3.4 Plantlet development……………………………………………….………98 4.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………….…...99 4.5 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………102 4.6 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………102 5: In Vitro Induction and Encapsulation of Miscanthus x giganteus Anderss. Microrhizomes….........................................................................................................................103 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………103 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………103 5.2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………………....105 5.2.1 Culture initiation…………………………………………………………..105 5.2.2 Microrhizome induction………………………………………………..…106 5.2.3 Physiological assessment………………………………………………....106 5.2.4 Growth capacity…………………………………………………………..107
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physicochemical, Pasting and Sensory Properties of Yam/Plantain Flour Enriched with Soybean Flour
    GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 12, December 2019 ISSN 2320-9186 681 GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 12, December 2019, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 www.globalscientificjournal.com PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PASTING AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF YAM/PLANTAIN FLOUR ENRICHED WITH SOYBEAN FLOUR 1Oloye, D.A*., 2Udeh Charles, 3Olawale-Olakunle, O. E., 1Orungbemi, O.O 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State 2 Department of Food Science and Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro 3 Department of Hospitality Management Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo *corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study was aimed at producing a high nutritious food that will meet nutritional requirements of consumers. The blend of yam, Plantain, Soybean Flour were processed and the resulting flour were formulated at ratio 100:00, 95:5, 80:10:10 and 60:25:15 (Yam, Plantain and Soybean flour). The resulting products were subjected to proximate composition, physicochemical, pasting and sensory evaluation. The result show that addition of soybean and plantain increased the moisture, fibre, fat and protein contents of the blend by about 6.12%, 6.47%, 9.8%, and 10.15%, the bulk density of the blends range from 0.83 (100% yam flour) to 1.56g/m (60% of yam, 25% of plantain and 5% of soybean flour). The least gelation of the diet range from 1.00% to 8.00%. The study also show the pasting properties of the diet. The organoleptic evaluation shows that there was a significant difference among the blend. The addition of soybean flour to yam and plantain flour to form blends successfully produce a high protein energy food.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas and Israel's Energy Future
    Environment, Energy, and Economic Development A RAND INFRASTRUCTURE, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Miscanthus Establishment
    Giant Miscanthus Establishment Introduction Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus), a warm-season perennial grass originating in Southeast Asia from two ornamental grasses, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis, is a popular candidate crop for biomass production in the Midwestern United States. This sterile hybrid is high yielding with many benefits to the land including soil stabilization and carbon sequestration. Vegetative propagation methods are necessary since giant Miscanthus does not produce viable seed. Field Preparation A giant Miscanthus stand first begins with field seedbed preparation. To provide good soil to rhizome contact, Figure 1. Rhizome segments. Photo credit: Heaton Lab. the seedbed should be tilled to a 3- to 5-inch depth. Soil moisture is critical to proper establishment for early stage time after the first frost in the fall and before the last one in germination. If working with dry land, prepare your field just the spring. If not immediately replanted in a new field, they prior to planting for optimal soil moisture. Good soil contact should be kept moist and cool (37-40º F) in storage. Ideal is also critical, so conversely, don’t till when the land is wet rhizomes have two to three visible buds, are light colored, and clods will form. Nutrient (NPK) and lime applications and firm (Fig. 1). Smaller rhizomes or those that are soft to should be made to the field as necessary before planting, the touch will likely have lower emergence. following typical corn recommendations for the area. Giant Miscanthus does not have high nutrient requirements once RHIZOME PLANTING established, but fields last for 20-30 years, so it is important Specialized rhizome planters are becoming available that adequate nutrition be present at establishment.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2019 Garden & Landscape Newsletter Sweet Potato Or Yam?
    February 2019 Garden & Landscape Newsletter U of A Cooperative Extension, Pinal County 820 E. Cottonwood Lane, Bldg. C., Casa Grande, AZ 85122 (520) 836-5221 http://extension.arizona.edu/pinal Sweet Potato or Yam? Someone asked me the other day to describe the difference between a sweet potato and a yam. It really is an interesting story. The terms ‘sweet potato’ and ‘yam’ can be confusing because in both plants the section of the root that we eat, the tuber, look very similar. They look so much alike that sometimes people use the two names interchangeably, that is, they consider both a sweet potato and a yam the same thing. Actually, these two root crops are big time different, and botanically speaking that difference is like night and day. To really appreciate the difference between them, we have to take a short peek at the plant world. A basic rule of botany is that the plant kingdom is quite diverse. To make that diversity easier to understand, botanists have divided plants up into groups or divisions. Each member of a specific division has the same characteristics as the other members of that division. Some of the plant divisions are made up of simple plants, like algae and fungi. Others are more complex because they have tubes inside of them that carry water and energy throughout the plant. Almost all of our garden and landscape plants fit into this category. Of the several divisions of higher plants, the largest by far are those plants that produce flowers. Flowering plants are divided up into two major groups with the basic characteristic used by botanists to separate them being the number of energy storage structures in the seed.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuels in Africa Impacts on Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Human Well-Being
    UNU-IAS Policy Report UNU-IAS Policy Report Biofuels in Africa Biofuels in Africa Impacts on Ecosystem Services, Impacts on Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Human Well-being Biodiversity and Human Well-being Alexandros Gasparatos Oxford University Lisa Y. Lee UNU-IAS Graham P. von Maltitz CSIR Manu V. Mathai UNU-IAS Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira UNU-IAS Katherine J. Willis Oxford University United National University Institute of Advanced Studies 6F, International Organizations Center Paci co-Yokohama, 1-1-1 Minato Mirai Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-8520, Japan Tel +81 45 221 2300 Fax +81 45 221 2302 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ias.unu.edu printed on Forest Stewardship Council TM (FSC TM) certi ed paper using soy-based ink UNU-IAS Policy Report Biofuels in Africa Impacts on Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Human Well-being Alexandros Gasparatos Oxford University Lisa Y. Lee UNU-IAS Graham P. von Maltitz CSIR Manu V. Mathai UNU-IAS Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira UNU-IAS Katherine J. Willis Oxford University Copyright ©United Nations University, University of Oxford, and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) South Africa The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University or the Institute of Advanced Studies, the University of Oxford, or the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies 6F, International Organizations Center Pacifico-Yokohama 1-1-1 Minato Mirai Nishi-ku,
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Our Understanding of Environmental Controls on the Distribution of C3 and C4 Grasses STEPHANIE PAU*, ERIKA J
    Global Change Biology (2013) 19, 184–196, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12037 Improving our understanding of environmental controls on the distribution of C3 and C4 grasses STEPHANIE PAU*, ERIKA J. EDWARDS† andCHRISTOPHER J. STILL‡§ *National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA, †Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA, ‡Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA, §Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA Abstract A number of studies have demonstrated the ecological sorting of C3 and C4 grasses along temperature and moisture gradients. However, previous studies of C3 and C4 grass biogeography have often inadvertently compared species in different and relatively unrelated lineages, which are associated with different environmental settings and distinct adaptive traits. Such confounded comparisons of C3 and C4 grasses may bias our understanding of ecological sorting imposed strictly by photosynthetic pathway. Here, we used MaxEnt species distribution modeling in combination with satellite data to understand the functional diversity of C3 and C4 grasses by comparing both large clades and closely related sister taxa. Similar to previous work, we found that C4 grasses showed a preference for regions with higher temperatures and lower precipitation compared with grasses using the C3 pathway. However, air temperature differences were smaller (2 °C vs. 4 °C) and precipitation and % tree cover differences were larger (1783 mm vs. 755 mm, 21.3% vs. 7.7%, respectively) when comparing C3 and C4 grasses within the same clade vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Assimilation and Uncertainty Quantification in Cardiovascular Biomechanics Rajnesh Lal
    Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics Rajnesh Lal To cite this version: Rajnesh Lal. Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics. Mod- eling and Simulation. Université Montpellier, 2017. English. NNT : 2017MONTS088. tel-02081644 HAL Id: tel-02081644 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02081644 Submitted on 27 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’Université de Montpellier Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale I2S Et de l’unité de recherche IMAG Spécialité : Mathématiques et Modélisation Présentée par Rajnesh Lal Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics Soutenue le 14 Juin 2017 devant le jury composé de Pr. Franck Nicoud IMAG - Univ. de Montpellier Directeur Pr. Bijan Mohammadi IMAG - Univ. de Montpellier Co-Directeur Dr. Jean-Frédéric Gerbeau INRIA Paris - Rocquencourt Rapporteur Dr. Pierre-Yves Lagrée Université Pierre et Marie Curie Rapporteur PUPH. Vincent Costalat CHRU - Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier Examinateur Pr. Christophe Prud’homme IRMA - Université de Strasbourg Examinateur Abstract Cardiovascular blood flow simulations can fill several critical gaps in current clinical capabilities. ey offer non-invasive ways to quantify hemodynamics in the heart and major blood vessels for patients with cardiovascular diseases, that cannot be directly obtained from medical imaging.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-Based Recipes
    A collection of 100% PLANT-BASED RECIPES Breakfasts and smoothies p.02 Starters p.05 Mains p.06 Sweet treats p.12 Break- fasts and smooth- ies: Overnight Oats with Shiro Miso serves 1 The miso gives these oats their pleasant ‘umami’ taste (the ‘new’ fifth taste sensation). If you need to eat breakfast away from home, make this in an empty jam jar, and give your taste buds a treat! Nutrition Information: (Approximate nutrition information per serving with fresh fruit/ berries, nuts and maple syrup) Energy (kcals) 349 Fat (g) 12.6 Saturates (g) 1.3 Carbs (g) 47.1 Sugar (g) 5.5 Fibre (g) 6.7 Protein (g) 8.5 INGREDIENTS: METHOD: ½ cup (45 g) of porridge oats ¾ cup (180 mls) of Oatly Oat Drink 1. Mix all of the ingredients except the (preferably Whole/Barista Edition) topping in a bowl (or jam jar), cover and ½ tbsp white Shiro Miso paste leave in ‘fridge for at least 3 hours, but ideally overnight. Topping - your choice from maple 2. Remove from the ‘fridge and, if you syrup, fresh fruit/berries and wish, add more oat drink, until you get roasted nuts the desired consistency. 3. Top with your chosen toppings and enjoy! 02 Avocado & Strawberry smoothie INGREDIENTS: serves 2 This creamy smoothie is quick to make 300 ml Oatly Oat Drink and refreshing at any time of day. 150 g frozen strawberries ½ ripe avocado, peeled Nutrition Information: Juice of ½ lemon (Approximate nutrition information per serving) 1 tbsp maple or agave syrup 2 tsp chia seeds Energy (kcals) 182 Fat (g) 7.8 Saturates (g) 1.1 Carbs (g) 23.9 METHOD: Sugar (g) 13.6 Fibre (g) 4.9 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation Into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N
    plants Review Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N Tadakatsu Yoneyama 1,* and Akira Suzuki 2,* 1 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan 2 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), UMR1318, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.Y.); [email protected] (A.S.) Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 2 October 2020 Abstract: Although the nitrate assimilation into amino acids in photosynthetic leaf tissues is active under the light, the studies during 1950s and 1970s in the dark nitrate assimilation provided fragmental and variable activities, and the mechanism of reductant supply to nitrate assimilation in darkness remained unclear. 15N tracing experiments unraveled the assimilatory mechanism of nitrogen from nitrate into amino acids in the light and in darkness by the reactions of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase. Nitrogen assimilation in illuminated leaves and non-photosynthetic roots occurs either in the redundant way or in the specific manner regarding the isoforms of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in their cellular compartments. The electron supplying systems necessary to the enzymatic reactions share in part a similar electron donor system at the expense of carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, but also distinct reducing systems regarding the reactions of Fd-nitrite reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Assimilation and Carbohydrate Metabolism of ‘Concordʼ Grape (Vitis Labrusca L.) Leaves in Response to Nitrogen Supply
    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 128(5):754–760. 2003. Carbon Assimilation and Carbohydrate Metabolism of ‘Concordʼ Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Leaves in Response to Nitrogen Supply Li-Song Chen1 and Lailiang Cheng2 Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, metabolites, NADP-glyceral- dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoribulokinase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, sucrose phosphate synthase ABSTRACT. One-year-old grapevines (Vitis labrusca L. ‘Concordʼ) were supplied twice weekly for 5 weeks with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mM nitrogen (N) in a modifi ed Hoaglandʼs solution to generate a wide range of leaf N status. Both light-saturated CO2 assimilation at ambient CO2 and at saturating CO2 increased curvilinearly as leaf N increased. Although stoma- tal conductance showed a similar response to leaf N as CO2 assimilation, calculated intercellular CO2 concentrations decreased. On a leaf area basis, activities of key enzymes in the Calvin cycle, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoribulokinase (PRK), and key enzymes in sucrose and starch synthesis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), increased linearly with increasing leaf N content. When expressed on a leaf N basis, activities of the Calvin cycle enzymes increased with increasing leaf N, whereas activities of FBPase, SPS, and AGPase did not show signifi cant change. As leaf N increased, concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), and 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) increased curvilinearly. The ratio of G6P/F6P remained unchanged over the leaf N range except for a signifi cant drop at the lowest leaf N.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals Macmillan Studies in Comparative Zoology
    Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals Macmillan Studies in Comparative Zoology General Editors: J. B. Jennings and P. J. Mill, University of Leeds Each book in this series will discuss an aspect of modern zoology in a broad comparative fashion. In an age of increasing specialisation the editors feel that by illustrating the relevance of zoological principles in a general context this approach has an important role to play. As well as using a wide range of representative examples, each book will also deal with its subject from a number of different viewpoints, drawing its evidence from morphology, physiology and biochemistry. In this way the student can build up a complete picture of a particular zoological feature or process and gain an idea of its significance in a wide range of animals. Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals J. B. JENNINGS Reader in Invertebrate Zoology, The University of Leeds MACMILLAN EDUCATION © J. B. Jennings 1965, 1972 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1965 by The Pergamon Press Second edition 1972 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New rork Toronto Melbourne Dublin Johannesburg and Madras SBN 333 13391 9 (board) 333 13622 5 (paper) ISBN 978-0-333-13622-5 ISBN 978-1-349-15482-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15482-1 Library of Congress catalog card number 72-90021 Preface THIS book is intended as a general introduction to the study of animal nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Potato, Sweet Potato, Indigenous Potato, Cassava) in Southern Africa
    South African Journal of Botany 2004, 70(1): 60–66 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY EISSN 1727–9321 Sustainable production of root and tuber crops (potato, sweet potato, indigenous potato, cassava) in southern Africa J Allemann1*, SM Laurie, S Thiart and HJ Vorster ARC–Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X239, Pretoria 0001, South Africa 1 Current address: Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 15 October 2003, accepted 17 October 2003 Africa, including South Africa, is faced with a problem of of healthy planting material are the most important lim- increasing rural poverty that leads to increasing urban- iting factors in production. African Cassava Mosaic isation, joblessness, crime, food insecurity and malnu- Disease (CMD) caused by a virus, is a problem in grow- trition. Root and tuber crops such as sweet potato and ing cassava. Plant biotechnology applications offer a potato, as well as cassava and indigenous potato are number of sustainable solutions. Basic applications important crops for food security. The latter are also such as in vitro genebanking where large numbers of important due to their tolerance to marginal conditions. accessions can be maintained in a small space, meris- Potato and sweet potato are of great economic value in tem cultures to produce virus-free plants and mass South Africa, with well-organised marketing chains and, propagation of popular cultivars in order to make plant- for potato, a large processing industry.
    [Show full text]