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Notes on Harpyhaliaetus Vol.1949 66'JI A•avO•,2gotes onttarpyhaliaetus 53 NOTES ON HARPYHALIAETU$ BY DEAN AMADON Two little known eagles of the neotropics,the crested harpy and the solitary harpy, have been listed by Peters (Check-List Birds of World, 1: 245-246, 1931) and some other authors in separate genera as Harpyhaliaetus coronatusand Urubitornis solitaria respectively. Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1: 221, 1874) placed them both in the former genusand wrote, "At present I believe that there is only one species,but admit the possibility of two distinct kinds being differ- entiated,the grey bird (H. coronatus)having a moresouthern distribu- tion than the black one (H. solitarius)." Gurney (Ibis: 490-493, 1876), a keen student of raptores, commented on this as follows, "I agree with Mr. Sharpe that both these birds may very properly be referred to the genusHarpyhaliaetus; but I cannot concur in his view that they should both be referred to the same species,as, although they agree in form and dimensions,they differ in H. solitarius being always (when adult) much more darkly coloured,with a shorter crest, and in their very distinct geographicaldistribution . ." Although specimensare still too few to determine if their ranges overlap, in general the crestedharpy occursin southern South America north at least to southern Brazil, while the solitary harpy occursfrom Peril, or possiblyparts of Chile, north to Sonora, Mdxico. In 1912, Kothe (Ornith. Monatsber., 20: 1-5) assertedthat solitarius should be generically separated from coronatusbecause it lacks a crest, is darker in color, and has a more sharply hooked beak. Kothe figured the beaks of the two speciesbut scarcely any difference is perceptible. Direct comparison of specimensalso reveals no differ- ence in the shape of the bill, a conclusioncorroborated by others who were asked to make this comparison. Kirke-Swann (Monograph Birds Prey, 1: 447, 1930) alsoupheld Urubitornison the basisof shorter crest and relatively shorter legs and tail. As the following measure- ments show, there seemsto be no significant difference in the propor- tions of the two species. There is great variability in tail length, in part sexual and in part because the tail feathers of iramatures are much longer than those of adults. This condition is not uncommon in hawks but is especiallypronounced in these large species. Of the alleged generic ct:aractersseparating the two eagles,only the longer crest and lighter coloration of coronatus,in both adult and im- mature plumages,seem to be valid. The color pattern of both adult and immature plumages and all the important details of structure are the same. Although solitariuslacks a conspicuouscrest, its occipital 54 AataooN,Notes on tIarpyhaliaetus t[AukJan. feathersare pointed and slightly lengthened. The apparently com- plementary ranges of the two species,moreover, suggestthat they may be geographicalrepresentatives of a former singlespecies. Such closely related species are best placed in the same genus. In this caseHarpyhaliaetus is the older of the two names. Dr. Herbert Friedmann, who was kind enoughto read these notes, suggestedthat the relationship of Harpyhaliaetus to Buteoœallusbe investigated. These two genera are undoubtedlyrelated. Buteo- gallus anthracinusresembles Harpyhaliaetus in the pattern and color of both immature and adult plumages. The same is true of tlypo- morphnusurubitinga; moreover, the coarsescutellation of the tarsi, as well as the complete absenceof rufous on the wing in this species, suggeststhat it may be closerto Harpyhaliaetusthan is Buteogallus. The type of the latter genusis aequinoctialis,a small,rufous species, in which the black coloration and wide white tail bar of the related speciesare absent or merely suggested. To me it does not seem desirableto place this rather small hawk in the same genus with the strikingly larger, more robust and different appearingtlarpyhaliaetus coronatus. ttypomorphnus urubitinga and the various speciesof Buteogallus usuallylive near water, often feedinglargely uponreptiles, amphibians, or crabs. Little is known of the habits of ttarpyhaliaetus, but, as noted below tt. solitarius is apparently rapaciousenough to attack fawns, while tt. coronatusis said usually to smell of skunk, and evi- dently preys upon these mammals. Thus, while ttypomorphnusis in some respectsintermediate between ttarpyhaliaetus and Buteogallus, it seemscloser to the latter in habits as well as in sizeand proportions. Further study of theseand other related generawill showwhether it is necessaryto continue to separate ttypomorphnus from Buteogallus. The genusttarpyhaliaetus may be diagnosedas follows:related to Buteogallusand ttypomorphnusbut differingin the following respects: outer primaries much more sharply emarginated; tail to wing ratio smaller (about 0.46 as compared with about 0.60); occipital crest present or suggested;included speciesmuch larger, more robust and apparently more predaeiousin habits. Van Rossem (Proe. Biol. Soe. Wash., 61: 67-68, 1948) recently describeda race of the solitary harpy from Sonora,Nl•xieo, naming it Urubitornissolitaria sheffieri. Basedon one pair of adults as compared with only one adult and one immature of the nominate race, the charactersgiven are larger size and severalminor differencesof color. Examination of two adults of solitarius(Peril, Ecuador) revealsvaria- tion in most of the very points mentioned by van Rosseraas distin- Vol.1049 66]I A•o•, Noteson Harpyhaliaetus 55 guishingthe r/orthernbird, suchas the basalmarking of the primaries, the amount of white on the under-tail coverts,and the developmentof the partial white band at the base of the tail. Whether this is indi- vidual or age variation is not evident, but the color characters of sheffierirequire confirmation. Further material (see below), also tends to reduce the supposedsize difference between the two races, although she•eri may prove to be sufficiently larger to warrant recognition. Although van Rossem'sspecimens are the only ones thus far re- corded from north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the American Museum of Natural History has a male in immature plumagecollected at "Los Masos" (5800 feet), Jalisco,M6xico, on November23, 1905, by M. Goodnight,then an assistantto J. H. Batty. Field noteson the label read, "Rather common on high mountains. A pair seen attacking two fawns but were driven away by mother and approaching hunter. Eye light yellow. Legs dirty greenishwhite." This speci- men agreesin color with two immatures from northern South America. It is exceededby one of them, also sexedas a male, in size. Table 1 givesthe measurementsof three specimensof coronatusand five of solitarius in the American Museum of Natural History; to these have been added data for sevenadditional specimensof solitarius from Kothe and from van Rossera. TABLE I Wing length Tail length Tarsus Sex Locality (chordin (centralfeathers (approximatelength millimeters) in millimeters) in millimeters) Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Adults Male Matto Grosso, Brazil 517 245 134 ? Argentina 542 264 134 Immature ? Argentina 556 305 124 H. s. solitarius Adults Male Ecuador 510 230 128 Male* Colombia 490 220 127 Female** Colombia 525, 525 260, 250 135, 128 ? Peril 520 240 120 Iramatures Male n. South America 535 295 122 Male?* Guatemala 490 (225) 118 Female** Colombia 520 270 135 ? Colombia 515 267 129 H. sol. sheffieri Adults 530 252 132 Female* southeastern Sonora 552 260 131 Immature Male Jalisco 514 276 133 * From van Rossem (lo•. ½it.) ** From Kothe (lo½. ½it.) 56 HAV•RSCHMma',BiograpMcal Noteson tke Penard Brotkers [PaUnk. SUMMARY It is suggestedthat UruiritornisJ. Verreauxbe considereda synonym of !•rarpyimliaetusLafresnaye; the latter then will contain two species coronatusand solitarius. They appear to be closely related and to have complementaryranges, as far as known. The race//. solitarius sheffieri van Rossera from Sonora, Mdxico, requires confirmation. Another Mexican record for the speciesis given. American Museum of Natural ttistory, New York, N.Y., July 23, 1948. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE PENARD BROTHERS BY FR. HAVERS½I-IMIDT NEZ,RL¾ forty years ago the first volume of a comprehensivework on the birds of the Guianas was published at Paramaribo in the Dutch languageunder the title 'De Vogelsvan Guyana' by Frederik Paul Penard and Arthur Philip Penard. Both authors have long since passedaway and almost nothing is known about them in the ornitho- logical world, so that it now seemsa task of honor to devote a short note to their life and work. The Penard family was of French origin and almost certainly descendedfrom 'refugids,' French Protestants who fled, owing to religiousintolerance, from France to Holland, and who, in the 17th century, settledin Surinam. There they started a great many planta- tions, such as 'La Libertd,' 'Ma Retraite,' 'La Simplicitd,' and several others still existing, although nearly all of them have now been de- serted. Frederik Paul Penard, Senior, a merchant of ample means at Paramaribo, and his wife, Philippina Salomons, had four sons, three of whom were interested in natural history--the eldest, Frederik Paul, born January 26, 1876;the second,Thomas Edward, born May 7, 1878; the third, Arthur Philip, born April 6, 1880--all at Para- maribo. The interest in natural history of Frederik and Arthur started in their early boyhood, but at the same time the first symptomsof a terrible diseasewere manifested,and both boys had to leave school early--Frederik at the age of nine, Arthur at eleven--and were obliged to spend the rest of their lives in seclusion. The perseveranceand moral power of both boys under these condi- tions are expressedin a letter from their mother dated November 5, 1909, after the death of her eldest son, Frederik: "Without any help and with untiring energyFrederik not only developedhimself but also .
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