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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 71-27,437 BOND, Zînny Sans, 1940- UNITS IN SPEECH PERCEPTION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, linguistics University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED UiJIÏS IN SPEECH PERCEPTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Zinny Sams Bond, B.A., M.A. ********** The Ohio State University 1971 Approved hy _____ Adviser Department of Linguistics PLEASE NOTE: Some pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The help of many people has made this study possible. Above all, I want to thank my adviser. Professor U s e Lehiste, whose insistence on clear formulation of ideas prevented me from tryinr many unworkable schemes. I also want to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Professors Catherine Callaghan, Gaberell Drachman, Arnold Zwicky, and, particularly, Neil Johnson. Preston Carmichael, technician, spent many hours helping me design and assemble instrumentation. I sincerely appreciate his help. Tom Whitney gave much assistance in devising and using computer programs for data processing. I thank him for his kind assistance. I also want to thank the Ohio Gtate University Instruction and Research Computer Center for permitting me to use their facilities. I am grateful to the "Phonetics Research Group"— Sara Games, Dick Gregorski, Linda Shockey, and Mary Wendell— for listening patiently to my problems and offering many helpful suggestions. I appreciate the help of all the members of the Ohio State University Linguistics Department who kindly served as subjects in many of these experiments. P’inally, I want to thank my family for their patience and moral support while I was writing this dissertation. This work was sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-53^.1 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Computer and Information Science Research Center, The Ohio State University. 11 VITA September 1, 19^0 . Born - Riga, Latvia 1962 ............... B.A., University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 196U-1967 ........... Teaching Assistant and Lecturer, English Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967 ............... M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968 ........... Teaching Assistant, Linguistics Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1971 ........... Research Associate, Linguistics Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Constraints on Production Errors," in Papers from the Fifth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago. I9 6 9. Marin Miwok Dictionary, to be published jointly with Catherine Callaghan. Forthcoming. "Phonological Rules in Lithuanian and Latvian," To appear in Working Papers in Linguistics, Ohio State University Department of Linguistics. "The Perception of Sub-phonemic Phonetic Differences," Paper presented at the 8lst Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, April, 1 9 7 1. To appear in Working Papers in Linguistics, Ohio State University Department of Linguistics. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics Studies in Psycholinguistics. Professors Gaberell Drachman, %'eal Johnson and U s e Lehiste Studies in Phonetics. Professors Gaberell Drachman and U s e Lehiste iii TABLE OF CONTEirPS Pa^e ACMOWLEDGMEl'JTS.......................................... 11 VITA ................................................... Ill LIST OF T A B L E S .......................................... v LIST OF FIGURES............................................ vlll INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 Chapter I. MODELS OF SPEECH PERCEPTION ....................... U Behaviorism Information Theory Filtering The Motor Theory of Speech Perception Analysis by Synthesis Perceptual Strategies II. THE PERCEPTION OF SUB-PHONEMIC DI F F E R E N C E S ......... 25 Method Results Discussion III. THE PERCEPTION OF OBSTRUENT C L U S T E R S .............. 1|5 Method Results Discussion IV. SYNTACTIC UNITS IN PERCEPTION..................... 76 Method Results Discussion V. CONCLUSION ...................................... 91 The Need for Perceptual Units Implications for Perception Models BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 98 Iv LIST OF TABLES Table Pa%e 1. Per Cent Correct Identifications.................... 30 2. Consistency of Subjects' Responses .................. 32 3. Subjects' Performance in Relation to Judgments of Ease and Difficulty ................................ 33 h. Ease and Difficulty of Word P a i r s .................. 34 5. Reaction Time for Subjects with Training- in Phonetics for the Pairs Wade/weighed, etc.................. 35 6. Reaction Time for Subjects with Training in Phonetics for the Pairs Baste/based, etc................... 36 7. Reaction Time for Phonetically Untrained Subjects for the Pairs Wade/weighed, etc.................. 37 8. Reaction Time for Phonetically Untrained Subjects for the Pairs Baste/based, etc....................... 38 9. Reaction Time to Productions Labeled Consistently. 39 10. Reaction Time to the Mono-morphemic and Bi-morphemic Words ’Weighed/wade, etc. ....................... 4l 11. Reaction Time to the Mono-morphemic and Bi-morphemic Words Lacks/lax, etc............................ 42 12. Reaction Time to the Mono-morphemic and Bi-morphemic Words Missed/mist, etc.......................... 43 13. All Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b........... 53 14. All Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b............ 53 15. All Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6d.b ............ 54 16 . All Written Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio : +12 d.b. 55 IT. All Written Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b. 55 l8. All Written Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b. 56 V Table Page 19- Total Spoken Responses— Signal to lloise Ratio: +12 d.b. 57 20. Total Spoken Responses— Signal to Iloise Ratio: 0 d.b. 57 21. Total Spoken Responses— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b. 58 22. Written Responses for IVo-Syllable Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b............................. 59 2 3. Written Responses for Two-Syllable Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b......................... 59 2U. Spoken Responses for Two-Syllable Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b............................. 60 2 5 . Spoken Responses for Two-Syllable Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b............................... 60 2b. Written Responses for Two-Syllable Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b.............................. 6l 2 7. Spoken Responses for Two-Syllable Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b.................................... 62 2 8. Spoken Responses for Cj]— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b. 63 2 9. Spoken Responses for — Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b. 63 3 0 . Spoken Responses for [u] and [ou]— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b................................... 63 3 1. Spoken Responses for C%]— Signal to Noise Ratio : 0 d.b. 64 3 2. Spoken Responses for C®]— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b. 64 3 3. Spoken Responses for [u] and [ou]— Signal to Noise Ratio: Ü d.b..................................... 64 3 4. Spoken Responses for CZ]— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b. 65 35. Spoken Responses for W ] — Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b. 65 3 6. Spoken Responses for [U] and [üU]— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b.................................... 65 3 7. Written Responses for Ca]— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b. 66 3 8. Written Responses for C^]— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b. 66 3 9. Written Responses for [*^] and Cou]— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b.................................... 66 vi Table Pa^e 1*0. Written Responses for CI]— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b. 67 1*1. Vlritten Responses for [a]— Signal to Iloise Ratio: 0 d.b. 67 1*2. Written Responses for ["] and [ou]— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b..................................... 67 1*3. Written Responses for C®D— Signal to Noise Ratio : +12 d.b. 68 1*1*. Written Responses for Ci]— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b. 68 1*5. Written Responses for Cu] and [ou]— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b................................... 68 1*6. Written Responses for Bi-morphemic Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b............................. JO 1*7. Written Responses for Bi-morphemic Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b............................... 70 1*8. Written Responses for Bi-morphemic Words— Signal to Noise Ratio : -6 d.b.............................. 70 1*9. Spoken Responses for Bi-morphemic Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: +12 d.b............................. 71 50. Spoken Responses for Bi-mornhemic Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: 0 d.b.............................. 71 51. Spoken Responses for Bi-morphemic Words— Signal to Noise Ratio: -6 d.b.............................. 71 52. Reaction Time for Correct and Incorrect Responses .... 72 53. Reaction Time to Consonant Clusters.................. 73 5 I*. Mean Reaction Time to C l i c k s ........................ Bl 5 5 . Clicl Localization: Per Cent C o r r e c t ................. 88 Vll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Three-stage Mediation-integration Model ............... 8 2. Model of a Closed Cycle Control System for Speaking .. 13 3. A Model of Speech Communication .................... lU h. Analysis by Synthesis Model .......................... 20 5. Model for the Speech-generating and Speech-perception P r o c e s s ........................................ 21 6. Instrumentation
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