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Intercultural Dynamics of the Hopi-Navajo Land Dispute: Concepts of Colonialism and Manifest Destiny in the Southwest

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Intercultural Dynamics of the Hopi-Navajo Land Dispute: Concepts of Colonialism and Manifest Destiny in the Southwest Intercultural dynamics of the Hopi-Navajo land dispute: Concepts of colonialism and manifest destiny in the Southwest Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Havens, William Michael, 1946- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 01:07:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278480 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. Hie quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 INTERCULTURAL DYNAMICS OF THE HOPI - NAVAJO LAND DISPUTE: CONCEPTS OF COLONIALISM AND MANIFEST DESTINY IN THE SOUTHWEST by William Michael Havens Copyright © William Michael Havens 1995 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES PROGRAM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1995 UMI Number: 1362209 Copyright 1995 by Havens, William Michael AH eights reserved. OMI Microform 1362209 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. Signed: y___ APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Robert A. ^itiiams, Jr. ~/^ ' Professor, Law 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people contributed to this work. 1 wish I could thank them all here. Some I will not mention, out of respect for their privacy, but will thank personally. Robert A. Williams, Jr. was the inspiration for selecting a Law and Policy focus. His dynamic approach to the development of federal Indian policy and command of the subject of the "Discourses of Conquest," turned me in the direction of law in America and its impact on First Nation survival. He constantly challenged me to pursue my more controversial theories even at the risk of offending some. The material discussed in this paper offers many opportunities to offend, though this was never the purpose. The most sincere efforts have been made to sustain a professional and scholarly level of objectivity. Dr. Thomas M. Holm deserves special recognition for being so student oriented and for being more accessible than seems to be popular for faculty these days. With the demands to publish and bring prestige to the University, attendance to student needs is on a downward trend. That's why Tom Holm stands out; he makes time for students. Dr. Emory Sekaquaptewa brought his own dignity and wisdom to the Committee. With that came a sense of balance and harmony that many groups lack. Whenever I needed to calm down, collect my thoughts, and regain the composure that goes along with knowing that I was going to get through all this, I dropped into Dr. Sekaquaptewa's office. He treated me with the respect due a fellow scholar and he advised without sounding like an "advisor." Dr. Sekaquaptewa not only contributed to the value of this paper, but to my personal sense of well-being during the difficult months of its preparation. Dr. Louis Hieb from the library staff was always there for me as well. He was an incredible source of direction on resources related to the topic. His background in Southwest research and knowledge of Hopi related literature proved very valuable. I can't thank him enough. Most of all, I want to thank Bonnie Talakte for her patience, confidence in me, and, especially, for her unswerving love throughout this stressful exercise. If she, of all people, had given up on me or gotten impatient with my single-minded attention to my goals, my success would have been doubtful. Her love, confidence, dedication, and constant positive reinforcement made all the difference in the world. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 8 CHAPTER 1 9 INTRODUCTION 9 Unanswered Questions: 15 Literature Review: 15 CHAPTER 2 22 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ABORIGINAL TERRITORY (Dmetah) OF THE NAVAJO IN THE SOUTHWEST 22 The Navajo Today: 23 Traditional Origins: 25 Origins Based on Archaeology and Ethnology: 26 Early Southwest Settlements: 27 Traditional Definitions of Dinetah: 30 The Dine In Transition: 33 Legal Descriptions: 35 Chapter Conclusions: 41 tyhien Was Aboriginal? 42 CHAPTER 3 45 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ABORIGINAL TERRITORY {Tutsqud) OF THE HOPI 45 The Hopi Today: 48 The Hopi villages are: 49 Creation/Origin: 49 Hopi Tutsqua as Defined by Migration Tradition: 52 Archaeological and Ethnological Boundaries: 55 Traditional Boundaries: 58 Navajo Views on Hopi Land Tenure: 60 Legal Descriptions: 61 CHAPTER 4 68 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NAVAJO RESERVATION 68 Navajo Territorial Needs Increase: 68 Defeat and Imprisonment: 71 5 The Treaty Reservation: 76 CHAPTER 5 82 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOPI RESERVATION 82 The New Agents: 82 The Need For An Exclusive Hopi Reservation: 83 Excerpt from Letter, Mateer to Comm. Hoyt, Feb. 13, 1878: 84 Excerpt from Letter, Mateer to Comm. Hoyt, June 5, 1878: 85 Excerpt from Letter, Mateer to Comm. Hoyt, Sept. 1, 1878: 86 Excerpt from Letter, Eastman to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 20, 1880: 88 The Reservation: 89 Fleming and Sullivan, The Real Reason. 91 CHAPTER 6 96 THE DYNAMICS AND MECHANICS OF NAVAJO EXPANSION 96 The Executive Orders: 100 Executive Order of October 29, 1878 (Increase) 102 Executive Order of January 6, 1880 (Increase) 103 Executive Order of December 16, 1882 103 Executive Order of May 17, 1884 (Decrease) 104 Second Executive Order of May 17, 1884 (Increase) 105 Executive Order of April 24, 1886 (Return to reservation) 107 Executive Order of November 19, 1892 (Decrease) 108 Executive Order of January 8, 1900 (Increase) 117 Executive Order of November 14, 1901 (Increase) 118 Executive Orders of March 10, 1905 and May 15, 1905 (Increase) 119 Executive Orders of November 9, 1907 and January 28, 1908 (Increase) 120 Executive Orders of December 30, 1908 and January 16, 1911 (Reductions) 120 Executive Order of 1908 Pertaining to the "Paiute Strip" (Increase) 122 Executive Orders of May 7, 1917 and January 19, 1918 (Increase) 123 The "Departmental Order" of July 17, 1922 (Decrease) 124 6 The "Departmental Order" of 1929 (Increase) 126 The Congressional Acts of May 23, 1930, February 21, 1931, and two on March 1, 1933 128 The Arizona Boundary Act of June 14, 1934 (Increase and Arizona boundary definition): 129 The End of Navajo Expansion: 131 CHAPTER 7 134 THE SUPERINTENDENTS AND INDIAN AGENTS 134 CHAPTER 8 146 COLONIALISM, THE EUROPEAN MODEL 146 Colonialism, A Eurocentric Definition: 146 Political Aspects 146 Economics of Colonialism 148 Divergent Views On Colonialism: 150 CHAPTER 9 156 COLONIALISM AND f 1ANIFEST DESTINY, THE ATHAPASKAN/NAVAJO MODEL 156 Colonialism and Manifest Destiny: 156 The Athapaskan/Navajo Model: 166 The First Model 166 The Second Model 169 CHAPTER 10 172 SUMMARY 172 Navajo Adaptability: 179 Colonialism: 181 CHAPTER 11 183 CONCLUSIONS 183 Misnomers Benefit Navajo Expansion: 189 Questions: 190 CHAPTER 12 197 COMMENTARY 197 APPENDICES A THROUGH Q 201 APPENDIX A: Map, Navajo Reservation 202 7 APPENDIX B: Navajo Creation Story 203 APPENDIX C: Map, Early Athapaskan/Navajo Settlements 208 APPENDIX D: Map, Early Spanish, From Escalante 209 APPENDIX E: Map, Navajo Aboriginal Territory Around 1700, From Brugge 210 APPENDIX F: Map, Composite of Various Navajo Boundaries 211 APPENDIX F: Legend For Composite Navajo Boundary Map 212 APPENDIX G: Map, Navajo Aboriginal Territory Claim, Submitted to the Claims Commission 213 APPENDIX H: Map, 1970 Claims Commission Definition of Navajo Aboriginal Territory 214 APPENDIX I: Map, Hopi Aboriginal Territory Defined by Archaeological Evidence 215 APPENDIX J: Map, Hopi Petition From Shungopavi, 1951 216 APPENDIX J: Legend 1951 Hopi Map 217 APPENDIX K: Map, Hopi Aboriginal Claim, From 1951 Petition to Claims Commission 218 APPENDIX L: Map, Navajo Aboriginal Land Claim 219 APPENDIX M: Map, Claims Commission Definition of Hopi Aboriginal Territory, 1970 220 APPENDIX N: Map, Claims Commission Definition of Hopi Aboriginal Territory, 1976 221 APPENDIX O: Map, Extensions to the Navajo Reservation, 1868 to 1934 222 APPENDIX P.
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