Dislocations of Civic Cultural Borderlines

Pirkkoliisa Ahponen • Päivi Harinen Ville-Samuli Haverinen Editors

Dislocations of Civic Cultural Borderlines Methodological Nationalism, Transnational Reality and Cosmopolitan Dreams Editors Pirkkoliisa Ahponen Päivi Harinen Department of Social Sciences Department of Social Sciences University of Eastern Finland University of Eastern Finland Joensuu , Finland Joensuu, Finland

Ville-Samuli Haverinen Department of Social Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu, Finland

ISBN 978-3-319-21803-8 ISBN 978-3-319-21804-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21804-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956535

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Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements

Many colleagues have supported us in this cross-border travel, encouraging to con- tinue to reach the fi nalising phase. We will thank collectively all the fellow travellers without naming everybody. The idea was initiated during the research project ‘Changing civil society: Multiculturalism, young people and the Finnish civic culture’. We are grateful to the Academy of Finland for fi nancing this project in 2008– 2010. Some preliminary versions of the contributions were introduced and discussed in the fi nal seminar of the project in October 2010. Warm thanks to the participants of the seminar for the fruitful comments. When we modifi ed and reworked versions of the texts publishable, useful viewpoints of peer reviews have helped to improve the contents and the coherence of this collection. Our greatest debt of gratitude is addressed to the anonymous reviewers who read the whole manuscript carefully and gave us very valuable comments during the editing process of this collection. The home base of the editors of this book is the University of Eastern Finland. Many thanks to the Department of Social Sciences for providing the facilities to our work as well as for giving preconditions to research work and everyday interaction. Contributors of this multidisciplinary and multicultural project work in many uni- versities and institutions, and contacts have mainly been kept up via electronic media lines. English is not the primary language of all the contributors, and therefore we needed to help in improving the linguistic quality of the contributions. Warmest thanks to Mr. Tatu Ahponen (MA) for his careful work in processing the versions more understandable. The collaboration with our publisher Springer has been fl uent and profi cient. Special thanks are due to Senior Editorial Assistant Hendrikje Tuerlings for her patience and helpful guidance on proceeding with the editorial work.

Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 Pirkkoliisa Ahponen

Part I Belonging to Membership: Changing Frames of Citizenship 2 Living in an Age of Migration and Diasporas ...... 21 Zygmunt Bauman 3 Contents of Citizenship? Multiple Citizens’ Orientations Towards Nationality and Different Forms of Citizenship ...... 33 Jussi Ronkainen

Part II Studying Dislocations: From Methodological Nationalism to Methodological Cosmopolitanism 4 Which Side? Young Multicultural Generation Facing Nationalistic Research Frameworks ...... 57 Päivi Harinen and Antti Kivijärvi 5 Embodied and Moral Methodological Cosmopolitanism in Opposition to the Rise of Neo- nationalism: A Micro-analytical Perspective ...... 71 S o ﬁ a Laine 6 Political Transnationalism as a Matter of Belonging: Young Kurds in Finland ...... 87 Mari Toivanen 7 Marginal Actors? Diaspora Somalis Negotiate Their Citizenship ...... 107 Mulki Al-Sharmani and Cindy Horst

vii viii Contents

Part III Complex Preconditions of Cosmopolitan Citizenship: Toward Learning Society 8 Dilemmas of Cosmopolitan Education in the Context of Transnationalism ...... 125 Devorah Kalekin-Fishman 9 The Internationalisation of Higher Education: Multicultural, Transnational and Cosmopolitan Perspectives Approached ...... 145 Anna Medvedeva and Pirkkoliisa Ahponen 10 Is Education Still Enough? Skilled Sub-Saharan Africans Face the Nordic Labour Market ...... 161 Mathias E. Ebot 11 From Locals to Cosmopolitans: Transferring the Territorial Dimensions of Cultural Citizenship ...... 177 Pirkkoliisa Ahponen

Afterwords ...... 197 About the Editors and Authors

Pirkkoliisa Ahponen (Ph.D.) Professor (Emerita), Department of Social Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland. Her earlier research dealt with everyday-life issues and comparative evaluations of institutional cultural policy. The current research topics concern problems of politics of culture and socio-cultural border- crossings with aims to decrease alienation and advance social and cultural equality of transnational citizens. Expertise of environmental policy issues in developing countries is included in her current interest areas from the theoretical perspective of risks to reﬂ exive modernization. Recent articles include: “Miserable or Golden Karelia? Interpreting a Cross-border Excursion of Students from Finland to Russia”. Journal of Borderland Studies , vol. 26. number 2. 2011, 2159–1229, and “A Cultural Transformation: The Design of Alienation in the Guise of Creativity” in Devorah Kalekin-Fishman & Ann Denis (eds.) The Shape of Sociology for the 21st Century. Tradition and Renewal (2012), SAGE, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore & Washington DC, 254–266.

Mulki Al-Sharmani received her doctorate in cultural anthropology from Johns Hopkins University, USA, in 2005. She was a joint research and teaching faculty member at the American University in Cairo from 2005 to 2010. She was also a research fellow at Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki (2010–2011). Currently, Mulki is an Academy of Finland research fellow at the Faculty of Theology, Study of Religions Unit, University of Helsinki, working on her own project Islamic Feminism: Tradition, Authority, and Hermeneutics (2013– 2018). She is also the lead researcher of the study titled Transnational Somali Finnish Families in Finland: Discourse and Lived Realities of Marriage , which is part of the academy team project Transnational Muslim Marriages in Finland: Wellbeing, Law, and Gender (2013–2017), led by Marja Tiilikainen at Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki. Mulki researches and writes on transnational migration and gender, Somali diasporas, modern Muslim family laws, Muslim marriage norms and practices in Muslim majority and minority contexts, and contemporary Muslim women scholars’ engagements with Islamic interpretative tradition and their roles in production of religious knowledge.

ix x About the Editors and Authors

Zygmunt Bauman (Prof.) was born in Poland, where he started his career as a sociologist. He has resided in Great Britain in 1971. Since then, he has worked as a professor at University of Leeds, currently with the status of an emeritus professor. He is well known around the world for his deep analyses of the links between modernity and the Holocaust, postmodern consumerism and sociological thinking. His publications contain comprehensive discussions on the problems of globaliza- tion, transnationalism and ethical choices of the members of a liquid society.

Mathias E. Ebot (Ph.D. candidate) works as an early stage researcher at the Department of Social Sciences—University of Eastern Finland. Only recently, he was visiting researcher for eight (8) months at the Institute of Advanced Social Research, University of Tampere. He holds a master’s degree in Sociology (major- ing in Cultural Diversity) from the University of Joensuu. He has academic background in cultural and humanistic sciences both in Finland and in the Republic of Cameroon. His research interests include Mixed Families, Black African Diasporas and Migration Studies, Transnationalism and Cosmopolitanism. Ebot’s most recent publication is Gender Caring: The Everyday Construction of Black African Parents in Finland (2014) . He is also a professional expert in Humanitarian Action and Assistance, Conﬂ ict Resolution and Dispute Avoidance (especially in workplace settings). He received his trainings and certiﬁ cates from the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (Sida, Härnösand—Sweden) and the Australian Commercial Disputes Centre (ACDC, Sydney—Australia).

Päivi Harinen (Ph.D.) University Lecturer of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland. Her research has focused on young people’s societal and cultural memberships, as well as discrimination and racism as forms of social isolating. Her contemporary research deals with diaspora citizenship in different societal contexts and states. Päivi Harinen (Dr.Soc.Sc.) works as a University Lecturer for Sociology at the University of Eastern Finland. Her research interests deal with social inequality deﬁ ned by age, ethnicity, and place of residence.

Ville-Samuli Haverinen (M.Soc.Sc.), has worked previously (2012–2014) as a Junior Researcher in a 4-year research project entitled Contexts of Diaspora Citizenship – Transnational Networks, Social Participation and Social Identiﬁ cation of Somalis in Finland and in the U.S. at the University of Eastern Finland. At pres- ent, Haverinen works as a Project Secretary at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. He is a member of a work group that is responsible to organize the 12th Somali Studies International Association Congress. Revisiting Somali Identities – Addressing Gender, Generation and Belonging in Helsinki, Finland in August 2015. Haverinen is also a Ph.D. student at the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland. His research interests focus on the extent to which national models of immigrant integration can provide an explanation for the reality of different political-juridical surroundings as will be empirically observed by About the Editors and Authors xi analyzing citizenship and integration policies and legislation in Finland and the United States.

Cindy Horst is Research Director and Research Professor in Migration and Refugee Studies at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Her current research interests include mobility in conﬂ ict, diaspora, humanitarianism, refugee protec- tion, (transnational) civic engagement, and theorizing on social transformation. She is particularly interested in methodological innovations that allow for critical and ethically conscious research engagement, through shared anthropology and multi- sited ethnography. Cindy is the author of Transnational Nomads: How Somalis cope with refugee life in the Dadaab camps of Kenya (Berghahn 2006). Her most recent publications include ‘Migrants as agents of development: Diaspora engagement discourse and practice in Europe’ ( Ethnicities 2015), with Giulia Sinatti, and ‘Flight and Exile. Uncertainty in the Context of Forced Displacement’ (Social Analysis 2015 ), with Katarzyna Grabska.

Devorah Kalekin-Fishman (Dr.Rer.Soc.), University of Haifa, Israel, received an honorary doctorate from the University of Joensuu in 2009. In the International Sociological Association, she served as Vice-President for Publications (2006– 2010) and as President of ISA-RC36 (Study of Alienation, 1994–2002). She is also founding editor of the International Sociology Review of Books (ISA-Sage). Recent publications include The Shape of Sociology Today (ed. with Ann Denis, Sage, 2012), Handbook of Contemporary Sociology (ed. with Ann Denis, Sage, 2009), Everyday Life in Asia: Social Perspectives on the Senses (ed. with Kelvin Low, Ashgate, 2010), and Multiple Citizenship as a Challenge to European Nation-States (ed. with Pirkko Pitkänen, Sense, 2007). Apart from book chapters, she has authored more than a hundred journal articles and several books, among them Education for Immigrants and Minorities in Israel (2004, Springer) and Shifts in Ways of Knowing? From Oral (Auto)Biography to Structures of Knowledge in Sociology (forthcoming, Ashgate).

Antti Kivijärvi works as a researcher in the Finnish Youth Research Network. Kivijärvi defended his doctoral thesis in spring 2015 at the University of Eastern Finland. His work and publications have dealt with the issues of ethnicity, peer afﬁ liations of youth, racism, urban youth work and the leisure spaces of young people.

S o ﬁ a Laine is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Finnish Youth Research Network and Dance/Movement Therapist. She holds a Ph.D. in Development Studies. She is currently a member of Pool of European Youth Researchers (PEYR) in the youth partnership between the European Commission and the Council of Europe. Her book, Young Actors in Transnational Agoras. Multi-Sited Ethnography of Cosmopolitan Micropolitical Orientations (2012), focuses on young people’s political engagement in multiple European and global settings. Laine is currently part of the research consortium Youth and Political Engagement in Contemporary Africa xii About the Editors and Authors

(2012–2016, YoPo [258235], Academy of Finland, PI: E. Oinas). In addition, Laine is working as a scientiﬁ c work package coordinator on youth political engagement in the project, Researching Arab Mediterranean Youth: Towards a New Social Contract (2014–2016, Sahwa [613174], FP7, European Union) focusing on North Africa (Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon and Algeria) and including 15 partners from Europe and Arab Mediterranean countries.

Anna Medvedeva acquired an MA degree in Studies in European Societies at St. Petersburg State University (Russia). She has participated in educational programs related to the work of non-governmental organizations and the development of civil society in Bielefeld, Germany and Subotica, Serbia, completed an internship in European Human Rights Advocacy Center ‘Memorial’, Moscow, and studied the management of the non-governmental organizations at Grand Valley State University, Michigan, USA. The core of her interests is the internationalization of higher education, with a particular focus on human rights. The problem is the imple- mentation of cultural and educational policies. Can the multicultural environment promote diversity and tolerance? In order to pursue an academic career in this research sphere, she is currently studying for a Ph.D. at the University of Eastern Finland.

Jussi Ronkainen (Dr.Soc.Sc.) is a Director of the Juvenia Youth Research and Development Centre at the Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences. Ronkainen’s ﬁ eld of competence is (multiple) citizenship, transnationalism and multicultural youth research. He is currently leader of the research project Citizenship Constellations—Young Finnish-Russian Multiple Citizens as Transnational and Societal Actors (2015–2019) and coordinator of the project Contexts of Diaspora Citizenship—Transnational Networks, Social Participation and Social Identiﬁ cation of Somalis in Finland and in the USA (2012–2016), both funded by the Academy of Finland.

Mari Toivanen is an Academy of Finland Postdoctoral Researcher (2015–2018) at the University of Turku. She holds a master’s degree in Humanities from Paris IV Sorbonne and a Ph.D. degree in Social Sciences from the University of Turku. Her Ph.D. dissertation focused on the negotiations of belonging among youth with Kurdish background. Her postdoctoral research deals with the transnational political participation towards the Kurdish region in the Middle-East among young Kurds in Finland and France. Her research interests include belonging, transnationalism, political participation, Kurdish diaspora and second generation. She also works as the managing editor of Acta Sociologica .