Software-Defined Radio Beamforming System for 5G/Radar Applications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Software-Defined Radio Beamforming System for 5G/Radar Applications applied sciences Article Software-Defined Radio Beamforming System for 5G/Radar Applications Diogo Marinho 1,2,*, Raul Arruela 1,2, Tiago Varum 1 and João N. Matos 1,2 1 Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (T.V.); [email protected] (J.N.M.) 2 Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 September 2020; Accepted: 10 October 2020; Published: 15 October 2020 Abstract: Based on the flexibility of software-defined radio (SDR) techniques applied to an array of antennas, this article presents a beamforming architecture designed to operate in millimeter-wave bands (28 GHz), with possible applications in radar and 5G systems. The system structure, including its main constituents such as the radio frequency (RF) frontend modules, the radiating elements as well as the baseband processing on the host computer are widely described. Beamforming is achieved by digitally controlling the signals that feed the antennas. The experimental measurements performed in an anechoic chamber validate the proposed approach. Keywords: digital beamforming; SDR; 5G; radar; beam shaping; phased array antenna 1. Introduction The world is gradually undergoing the age of communications, facing an enormous density of traffic and connections, where everyone is online, people and objects, interacting with each other, through a multitude of applications [1]. The modern generation of mobile communications (5G) is launched, which brings new challenges and opportunities, and will allow the creation and integration of new networks such as the internet of things (IoT) and vehicular networks, in an increasing global coverage. These systems impose a set of new requirements such as high speed data transfer, low latency, high network capacity and high connections density [2], which involve the operation in a frequency range little used so far, in the zone of millimetre waves. Radio detection and ranging (RADAR) technology, that was mainly used for military purposes, recently has suffered increasing attention, and its application is nowadays widespread in sports, biomedical, military or in transportation systems. Radars are used for surveillance, navigation, localization, traffic control or for weapons guidance. Currently, with the evolution of vehicular networks, smart cities and other intelligent systems, more advanced radar technologies are being developed. In the near future, the extension of the radar concept is expected for two purposes, reflectometry and communications. The scenario of Figure1 is foreseeable, a panoply of interconnected systems sharing information, and experiencing a huge communications density, with high risk of interferences. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7187; doi:10.3390/app10207187 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7187 2 of 14 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 FigureFigure 1.1. ModernModern environmentenvironment ofof multicommunicationmulticommunication systems.systems. RadarRadar technologytechnology isis requiredrequired toto filterfilter thethe environment,environment, focusingfocusing moremore accuratelyaccurately onon thethe targettarget oror targets,targets, asas wellwell asas toto mitigatemitigate interferenceinterference signalssignals fromfrom thethe surroundingsurrounding environment.environment. MultibeamMultibeam capabilities,capabilities, beamforming,beamforming, highhigh gaingain andand tremendoustremendous versatilityversatility andand reconfigurabilityreconfigurability areare importantimportant aspectsaspects forfor modernmodern radarradar systems.systems. Additionally,Additionally, mostmost ofof thesethese characteristicscharacteristics allowallow usus toto overcomeovercome propagationpropagation issuesissues raisedraised whenwhen thesethese systemssystems operateoperate atat higherhigher frequencies.frequencies. Thus,Thus, versatileversatile andand dynamicdynamic communicationcommunication systems systems are needed,are needed, with thewith ability the toability continuously to continuously adjust to the adjust applications to the inapplications which they in are which inserted, they maximizing are inserted, the maximizing quality of communication. the quality of communication. With additional signal With processingadditional capability,signal processing adaptive capability, antennas useadaptive new digital antennas architectures use new that, digital in real-time, architectures dynamically that, in adjustreal-time, the radiationdynamically pattern adjust of the the radiation array. These pattern systems of the have array. perception These systems of the have received perception signal of and the optimize received theirsignal radiation and optimize diagrams their by radiation changing thediagrams beam shapeby changing and beam the direction, beam shape suppressing and beam interferences direction, bysuppressing introducing interferences nulls in the by directions introducing of thenulls interference in the directions signals, of the changing interference the level signals, of side changing lobes, compensatingthe level of side for hardwarelobes, compensating impairments for and hardware finally, accommodating impairments and the finally, mutual couplingaccommodating effects that the canmutual change coupling the amplitude effects that and phasecan change of the transmittedthe amplitude signals. and Particularlyphase of the regarding transmitted automotive signals. radars,Particularly the authors regarding of [3 ,4automotive] present a goodradars, example the authors of the importance of [3,4] present of using a digitalgood beamformingexample of the in multiantennaimportance of systems using digital to reduce beamforming the power in received multiantenna in thedirections systems to of reduce interference the power signals, received placing in nullsthe directions in the radiation of interference pattern. signals, placing nulls in the radiation pattern. ThereThere havehave been been technological technological advances advances in this in field, this wherefield, low-costwhere mm-wavelow-cost mm-wave radars composed radars ofcomposed several antenna of several elements antenna integrated elements inintegrated single board in single and withboard high and resolution, with high resolution, have been presented.have been Inpresented. [5] is presented In [5] is an presented example ofan aexample low-cost of digital a low-cost beam digital steering beam receiver steerin (Rx)g phasedreceiver array (Rx) forphased IoT devicearray for connectivity, IoT device aconnectivity, cheap application a cheap to application get over the to communication get over the communication problems. In problems. [6], a frequency In [6], modulateda frequency continuousmodulated continuous wave (FMCW) wave radar (FMCW) is described. radar is described. This system This generates system generates multiple multiple digital beamsdigital withbeams high with gain, high low gain, side low lobe side level, lobe narrow level, beamnarrow width beam and width high and angular high angular resolution resolution control. Thecontrol. principles The principles of the digital of the beamforming digital beamforming applied to applied synthetic to aperturesynthetic radar aperture (SAR) radar systems (SAR) are systems shown inare [7 ],shown as well in as [7], the as improvement well as the inimprovement the resolution in achievedthe resolution regarding achieved conventional regarding radars. conventional radars.In [8 ,9], a wide variety of future applications are shown, as well as the progress that technology is facingIn in [8,9], reducing a wide the variety cost of of phased future array applications antennas. are Massive shown, antenna as well arraysas the usingprogress up tothat 128 technology elements, increasingis facing in performance reducing the and cost gain of phased of radar array communication antennas. Massive systems antenna are presented arrays using in [10 up], takingto 128 advantageelements, increasing of digital beamforming performance basedand gain on codedof radar aperture communication radar (CAR) systems technique are presented at 77 GHz. in [10], takingIn advantage [11–13], the of importancedigital beamforming of the beamforming based on coded spectral aperture efficiency radar (CAR) is demonstrated, technique at with 77 GHz. the cancelationIn [11–13], of undesired the importance interferences of the by beamforming placing nulls spectral in their directionsefficiency thatis demonstrated, can lead to a lowerwith the bit errorcancelation rate (BER). of undesired interferences by placing nulls in their directions that can lead to a lower bit errorIn rate [14 (BER).], there is a software-defined phased array radio operating at 28 GHz that uses software to controlIn [14], multiple there is a beam software-defined characteristics. phased However, array radio additional operating hardware at 28 GHz was that required, uses software a field to programmablecontrol multiple gate beam array characteristics. (FPGA) board forHoweve digitalr, control additional and an hardware Ettus B200 was mini required, software-defined a field radioprogrammable (SDR) for gate data array waveform (FPGA) board control. for digital In [15 control], a highly and an compact Ettus B200 28 GHzmini software-defined complementary metal–oxide–semiconductorradio (SDR) for data waveform (CMOS) control. integrated In [15], a circuit highly (IC) compact with multiple28 GHz complementary
Recommended publications
  • Array Designs for Long-Distance Wireless Power Transmission: State
    INVITED PAPER Array Designs for Long-Distance Wireless Power Transmission: State-of-the-Art and Innovative Solutions A review of long-range WPT array techniques is provided with recent advances and future trends. Design techniques for transmitting antennas are developed for optimized array architectures, and synthesis issues of rectenna arrays are detailed with examples and discussions. By Andrea Massa, Member IEEE, Giacomo Oliveri, Member IEEE, Federico Viani, Member IEEE,andPaoloRocca,Member IEEE ABSTRACT | The concept of long-range wireless power trans- the state of the art for long-range wireless power transmis- mission (WPT) has been formulated shortly after the invention sion, highlighting the latest advances and innovative solutions of high power microwave amplifiers. The promise of WPT, as well as envisaging possible future trends of the research in energy transfer over large distances without the need to deploy this area. a wired electrical network, led to the development of landmark successful experiments, and provided the incentive for further KEYWORDS | Array antennas; solar power satellites; wireless research to increase the performances, efficiency, and robust- power transmission (WPT) ness of these technological solutions. In this framework, the key-role and challenges in designing transmitting and receiving antenna arrays able to guarantee high-efficiency power trans- I. INTRODUCTION fer and cost-effective deployment for the WPT system has been Long-range wireless power transmission (WPT) systems soon acknowledged. Nevertheless, owing to its intrinsic com- working in the radio-frequency (RF) range [1]–[5] are plexity, the design of WPT arrays is still an open research field currently gathering a considerable interest (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Comparisons of MIMO Techniques with Application to WCDMA Systems
    EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2004:5, 649–661 c 2004 Hindawi Publishing Corporation Performance Comparisons of MIMO Techniques with Application to WCDMA Systems Chuxiang Li Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Email: [email protected] Xiaodong Wang Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Email: [email protected] Received 11 December 2002; Revised 1 August 2003 Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication techniques have received great attention and gained significant devel- opment in recent years. In this paper, we analyze and compare the performances of different MIMO techniques. In particular, we compare the performance of three MIMO methods, namely, BLAST, STBC, and linear precoding/decoding. We provide both an analytical performance analysis in terms of the average receiver SNR and simulation results in terms of the BER. Moreover, the applications of MIMO techniques in WCDMA systems are also considered in this study. Specifically, a subspace tracking algo- rithm and a quantized feedback scheme are introduced into the system to simplify implementation of the beamforming scheme. It is seen that the BLAST scheme can achieve the best performance in the high data rate transmission scenario; the beamforming scheme has better performance than the STBC strategies in the diversity transmission scenario; and the beamforming scheme can be effectively realized in WCDMA systems employing the subspace tracking and the quantized feedback approach. Keywords and phrases: BLAST, space-time block coding, linear precoding/decoding, subspace tracking, WCDMA. 1. INTRODUCTION ing power and/or rate over multiple transmit antennas, with partially or perfectly known channel state information [7].
    [Show full text]
  • High Gain Isotropic Rectenna Erika Vandelle, Phi Long Doan, Do Hanh Ngan Bui, T.-P
    High gain isotropic rectenna Erika Vandelle, Phi Long Doan, Do Hanh Ngan Bui, T.-P. Vuong, Gustavo Ardila, Ke Wu, Simon Hemour To cite this version: Erika Vandelle, Phi Long Doan, Do Hanh Ngan Bui, T.-P. Vuong, Gustavo Ardila, et al.. High gain isotropic rectenna. 2017 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), May 2017, Taipei, Taiwan. pp.54-57, 10.1109/WPT.2017.7953880. hal-01722690 HAL Id: hal-01722690 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01722690 Submitted on 29 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. High Gain Isotropic Rectenna E. Vandelle1, P. L. Doan1, D.H.N. Bui1, T.P. Vuong1, G. Ardila1, K. Wu2, S. Hemour3 1 Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP*, IMEP–LAHC, Grenoble, France 2 Polytechnique Montréal, Poly-Grames, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 3 Université de Bordeaux, IMS Bordeaux, Bordeaux Aquitaine INP, Bordeaux, France *Institute of Engineering University of Grenoble Alpes {vandeler, buido, vuongt, ardilarg}@minatec.inpg.fr [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— This paper introduces an original strategy to step up the capacity of ambient RF energy harvesters.
    [Show full text]
  • Arrays: the Two-Element Array
    LECTURE 13: LINEAR ARRAY THEORY - PART I (Linear arrays: the two-element array. N-element array with uniform amplitude and spacing. Broad-side array. End-fire array. Phased array.) 1. Introduction Usually the radiation patterns of single-element antennas are relatively wide, i.e., they have relatively low directivity. In long distance communications, antennas with high directivity are often required. Such antennas are possible to construct by enlarging the dimensions of the radiating aperture (size much larger than ). This approach, however, may lead to the appearance of multiple side lobes. Besides, the antenna is usually large and difficult to fabricate. Another way to increase the electrical size of an antenna is to construct it as an assembly of radiating elements in a proper electrical and geometrical configuration – antenna array. Usually, the array elements are identical. This is not necessary but it is practical and simpler for design and fabrication. The individual elements may be of any type (wire dipoles, loops, apertures, etc.) The total field of an array is a vector superposition of the fields radiated by the individual elements. To provide very directive pattern, it is necessary that the partial fields (generated by the individual elements) interfere constructively in the desired direction and interfere destructively in the remaining space. There are six factors that impact the overall antenna pattern: a) the shape of the array (linear, circular, spherical, rectangular, etc.), b) the size of the array, c) the relative placement of the elements, d) the excitation amplitude of the individual elements, e) the excitation phase of each element, f) the individual pattern of each element.
    [Show full text]
  • 1- Consider an Array of Six Elements with Element Spacing D = 3Λ/8. A
    1- Consider an array of six elements with element spacing d = 3 λ/8. a) Assuming all elements are driven uniformly (same phase and amplitude), calculate the null beamwidth. b) If the direction of maximum radiation is desired to be at 30 o from the array broadside direction, specify the phase distribution. c) Specify the phase distribution for achieving an end-fire radiation and calculate the null beamwidth in this case. 5- Four isotropic sources are placed along the z-axis as shown below. Assuming that the amplitudes of elements #1 and #2 are +1, and the amplitudes of #3 and #4 are -1, find: a) the array factor in simplified form b) the nulls when d = λ 2 . a) b) 1- Give the array factor for the following identical isotropic antennas with N and d. 3- Design a 7-element array along the x-axis. Specifically, determine the interelement phase shift α and the element center-to-center spacing d to point the main beam at θ =25 ° , φ =10 ° and provide the widest possible beamwidth. Ψ=x kdsincosθφα +⇒= 0 kd sin25cos10 ° °+⇒=− αα 0.4162 kd nulls at 7Ψ nnπ2 nn π 2 =±, = 1,2, ⋅⋅⋅⇒Ψnull =±7 , = 1,2,3,4,5,6 α kd2π n kd d λ α −=−7 ( =⇒= 1) 0.634 ⇒= 0.1 ⇒=− 0.264 2- Two-element uniform array of isotropic sources, positioned along the z-axis λ 4 apart is seen in the figure below. Give the array factor for this array. Find the interelement phase shift, α , so that the maximum of the array factor occurs along θ =0 ° (end-fire array).
    [Show full text]
  • IF-Sampling Digital Beamforming with Bit-Stream Processing by Jaehun
    IF-Sampling Digital Beamforming with Bit-Stream Processing by Jaehun Jeong A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael P. Flynn, Chair Professor Jerome P. Lynch Associate Professor David D. Wentzloff Associate Professor Zhengya Zhang © Jaehun Jeong 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Beamforming and Its Applications 1 1.2 Narrowband and Wideband Beamforming 2 1.3 Beamforming in Receivers 3 1.4 Beamforming Receiver Architectures 6 1.4.1 Analog Beamforming 7 1.4.2 Digital Beamforming 8 1.5 Finite Complex Weight Resolution Effect on Phase Shifting 10 1.6 Thesis Overview 12 CHAPTER 2 IF-Sampling DBF with CTBPDSMs and BSP 14 2.1 DBF with Direct IF Sampling 16 2.2 Bit-Stream Processing DBF with ΔΣ Modulator Outputs 17 2.3 Mathematical Expressions of DBF with Band-Pass ADCs 20 ii 2.3.1 Beamforming with Single-Tone Inputs 21 2.3.2 Beamforming with Amplitude-Modulated Inputs 23 2.4 Prototype BSP Beamformers 25 2.4.1 MUX-based DDC and Phase Shifting 27 2.4.2 Summation 30 2.4.3 Decimation 30 2.5 Comparison between DSP and BSP 32 CHAPTER 3 Continuous-Time Band-Pass ΔΣ Modulator 35 3.1 Architecture 35 3.2 Circuit Implementation 39 3.2.1 Single Op-Amp Resonator 40 3.2.2 Quantizer 43 3.2.3 Current Steering DAC 44 CHAPTER 4 Measurements 46 4.1 Prototype I 46 4.2 Prototype II 49 CHAPTER 5 Future Work 58
    [Show full text]
  • Limitations, Performance and Instrumentation of Closed-Loop Feedback Based Distributed Adaptive Transmit Beamforming in Wsns
    Limitations, performance and instrumentation of closed-loop feedback based distributed adaptive transmit beamforming in WSNs Stephan Sigg, Rayan Merched El Masri, Julian Ristau and Michael Beigl Institute of operating systems and computer networks, TU Braunschweig Muhlenpfordtstrasse¨ 23, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany fsigg,[email protected], fj.ristau,[email protected] Abstract—We study closed-loop feedback based approaches to Also, by virtual MIMO techniques in wireless sensor net- distributed adaptive transmit beamforming in wireless sensor works [9], [10], single antenna nodes may establish a dis- networks. For a global random search scheme we discuss the tributed antenna array to generate a MIMO channel. Virtual impact of the transmission distance on the feasibility of the synchronisation approach. Additionally, a quasi novel method MIMO is energy efficient and adjusts to different frequencies for phase synchronisation of distributed adaptive transmit beam- [11], [12]. forming in wireless sensor networks is presented that improves In all these implementations, a dense population of nodes the synchronisation performance. Finally, we present measure- is assumed. A large scale sensor network, however, might be ments from an instrumentation using USRP software radios at sparsely populated by nodes as additional nodes increase the various transmit frequencies and with differing network sizes. installation cost. Alternative solutions are approaches in which a synchronisation among nodes is achieved over a communica- I. INTRODUCTION tion with the remote receiver. This means that communication A much discussed topic related to wireless sensor networks among nodes is not required for synchronisation so that also is the energy consumption of nodes as this impacts the lifetime sparsely populated networks can be supported.
    [Show full text]
  • Compact Multilayer Yagi-Uda Based Antenna for Iot/5G Sensors
    sensors Article Compact Multilayer Yagi-Uda Based Antenna for IoT/5G Sensors Amélia Ramos 1,2,*, Tiago Varum 2 ID and João N. Matos 1,2 ID 1 Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-135 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-135 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-234-377-900 Received: 27 July 2018; Accepted: 30 August 2018; Published: 2 September 2018 Abstract: To increase the capacity and performance of communication systems, the new generation of mobile communications (5G) will use frequency bands in the mmWave region, where new challenges arise. These challenges can be partially overcome by using higher gain antennas, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), or beamforming techniques. Yagi-Uda antennas combine high gain with low cost and reduced size, and might result in compact and efficient antennas to be used in Internet of Thins (IoT) sensors. The design of a compact multilayer Yagi for IoT sensors is presented, operating at 24 GHz, and a comparative analysis with a planar printed version is shown. The stacked prototype reveals an improvement of the antenna’s main properties, achieving 10.9 dBi, 2 dBi more than the planar structure. In addition, the multilayer antenna shows larger bandwidth than the planar; 6.9 GHz compared with 4.42 GHz. The analysis conducted acknowledges the huge potential of these stacked structures for IoT applications, as an alternative to planar implementations. Keywords: Yagi-Uda; multilayered antenna; millimeter-waves; IoT 1. Introduction People’s interconnection was improved by 4G, making the communication more efficient, fluent, and natural.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays
    Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays Ahmed Fatthi Alsager This thesis comprises 30 ECTS credits and is a compulsory part in the Master of Science with a Major in Electrical Engineering– Communication and Signal processing. Thesis No. 1/2011 Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays Ahmed Fatthi Alsager, [email protected] Master thesis Subject Category: Electrical Engineering– Communication and Signal processing University College of Borås School of Engineering SE‐501 90 BORÅS Telephone +46 033 435 4640 Examiner: Samir Al‐mulla, Samir.al‐[email protected] Supervisor: Samir Al‐mulla Supervisor, address: University College of Borås SE‐501 90 BORÅS Date: 2011 January Keywords: Antenna, Microstrip Antenna, Array 2 To My Parents 3 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the School of Engineering in the University of Borås for the effective contribution in carrying out this thesis. My deepest appreciation is due to my teacher and supervisor Dr. Samir Al-Mulla. I would like also to thank Mr. Tomas Södergren for the assistance and support he offered to me. I would like to mention the significant help I have got from: Holders Technology Cogra Pro AB Technical Research Institute of Sweden SP I am very grateful to them for supplying the materials, manufacturing the antennas, and testing them. My heartiest thanks and deepest appreciation is due to my parents, my wife, and my brothers and sisters for standing beside me, encouraging and supporting me all the time I have been working on this thesis. Thanks to all those who assisted me in all terms and helped me to bring out this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Antenna Arrays
    ANTENNA ARRAYS Antennas with a given radiation pattern may be arranged in a pattern line, circle, plane, etc.) to yield a different radiation pattern. Antenna array - a configuration of multiple antennas (elements) arranged to achieve a given radiation pattern. Simple antennas can be combined to achieve desired directional effects. Individual antennas are called elements and the combination is an array Types of Arrays 1. Linear array - antenna elements arranged along a straight line. 2. Circular array - antenna elements arranged around a circular ring. 3. Planar array - antenna elements arranged over some planar surface (example - rectangular array). 4. Conformal array - antenna elements arranged to conform two some non-planar surface (such as an aircraft skin). Design Principles of Arrays There are several array design var iables which can be changed to achieve the overall array pattern design. Array Design Variables 1. General array shape (linear, circular,planar) 2. Element spacing. 3. Element excitation amplitude. 4. Element excitation phase. 5. Patterns of array elements. Types of Arrays: • Broadside: maximum radiation at right angles to main axis of antenna • End-fire: maximum radiation along the main axis of ant enna • Phased: all elements connected to source • Parasitic: some elements not connected to source: They re-radiate power from other elements. Yagi-Uda Array • Often called Yagi array • Parasitic, end-fire, unidirectional • One driven element: dipole or folded dipole • One reflector behind driven element and slightly longer
    [Show full text]
  • Army Phased Array RADAR Overview MPAR Symposium II 17-19 November 2009 National Weather Center, Oklahoma University, Norman, OK
    UNCLASSIFIED Presented by: Larry Bovino Senior Engineer RADAR and Combat ID Division Army Phased Array RADAR Overview MPAR Symposium II 17-19 November 2009 National Weather Center, Oklahoma University, Norman, OK UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED THE OVERALL CLASSIFICATION OF THIS BRIEFING IS UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED RADAR at CERDEC § Ground Based § Counterfire § Air Surveillance § Ground Surveillance § Force Protection § Airborne § SAR § GMTI/AMTI UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED RADAR Technology at CERDEC § Phased Arrays § Digital Arrays § Data Exploitation § Advanced Signal Processing (e.g. STAP, MIMO) § Advanced Signal Processors § VHF to THz UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Design Drivers and Constraints § Requirements § Operational Needs flow down to System Specifications § Platform or Mobility/Transportability § Size, Weight and Power (SWaP) § Reliability/Maintainability § Modularity, Minimize Single Point Failures § Cost/Affordability § Unit and Life Cycle UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED RADAR Antenna Technology at Army Research Laboratory § Computational electromagnetics § In-situ antenna design & analysis § Application Examples: § Body worn antennas § Rotman lens § Wafer level antenna § Phased arrays with integrated MEMS devices § Collision avoidance radar § Metamaterials UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Antenna Modeling § CEM “Toolkit” requires expert users § EM Picasso (MoM 2.5D) – modeling of planar antennas (e.g., patch arrays) § XFDTD (FDTD) – broadband modeling of 3-D structures (e.g., spiral) § HFSS (FEM) – modeling of 3-D structures (e.g.,
    [Show full text]
  • Agile 3-D Beam-Steering for 60 Ghz Wireless Networks Anfu Zhou∗, Leilei Wu∗, Shaoqing Xu∗, Huadong Ma∗, Teng Wei†, Xinyu Zhang‡ ∗ Beijing Key Lab of Intell
    Following the Shadow: Agile 3-D Beam-Steering for 60 GHz Wireless Networks Anfu Zhou∗, Leilei Wu∗, Shaoqing Xu∗, Huadong Ma∗, Teng Weiy, Xinyu Zhangz ∗ Beijing Key Lab of Intell. Telecomm. Software and Multimedia, Beijing University of Posts and Telecomm. y Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison z Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego Email: fzhouanfu,layla,donggua,[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—60 GHz networks, with multi-Gbps bitrate, are Much effort has been devoted to design agile beam-steering, considered as the enabling technology for emerging applications from the hierarchical beam scanning defined in standards [1], such as wireless Virtual Reality (VR) and 4K/8K real-time [9], to heuristic-based shortcuts [10], [11] or sensing-inspired Miracast. However, user motion, and even orientation change, can cause mis-alignment between 60 GHz transceivers’ directional solutions [12], [13]. However, these methods mainly focus on beams, thus causing severe link outage. Within the practical 3D two dimensional (2D) beam-steering, e.g., assuming a phased- spaces, the combination of location and orientation dynamics array that can steer the main beam among different angles leads to exponential growth of beam searching complexity, which within a 2D plane. In practice, the users and radios move in 3D substantially exacerbates the outage and hinders fast recovery. space; and a 60 GHz array can comprise a planar “matrix” of In this paper, we first conduct an extensive measurement to analyze the impact of 3D motion on 60 GHz link performance, antenna elements, steering the beams towards different angles in the context of VR and Miracast applications.
    [Show full text]