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Monitoring River Health in the Wet–Dry Tropics: Strategic Considerations, Community Participation and Indicators

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Monitoring River Health in the Wet–Dry Tropics: Strategic Considerations, Community Participation and Indicators Monitoring river health in the wet–dry tropics: strategic considerations, community participation and indicators Authors: Simon Townsend, Chris Humphrey, Satish Choy, Rebecca Dobbs, Michele Burford, Richard Hunt, Tim Jardine, Mark Kennard, Jeff Shellberg, Emma Woodward © Griffith University 2012 ISBN: 978-1-921576-67-6 Printed by Griffith University Copyright This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced, by any process, without written permission from the publisher. Enquiries should be made to: Charles Darwin University c/– Tropical Rivers and Coastal Knowledge (TRaCK) Casuarina Campus, Building Red 1 Level 3, Darwin NT 0909 Australia TRaCK brings together leading tropical river researchers and managers from Charles Darwin University, Griffith University, the University of Western Australia, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, James Cook University, the Australian National University, Geoscience Australia, the Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, the Australian Institute of Marine Science, the North Australia Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliance, and the governments of Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. TRaCK received major funding for its research through the Australian Government’s Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities initiative; the Australian Government’s Raising National Water Standards Program; Land and Water Australia; the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation; and the Queensland Government’s Smart State Innovation Fund. Disclaimer TRaCK has published the information contained in this publication to assist public knowledge and discussion, and to help improve the sustainable management of Australia’s tropical rivers and coasts. Where technical information has been prepared or contributed by authors external to TRaCK, readers should contact the author(s) and conduct their own enquiries before using that information. No person should act on the contents of this publication as to matters of fact, opinion or other content without first obtaining specific independent, professional advice that confirms the information contained within this publication. Although all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the information in this publication is correct, matters covered by the publication are subject to change. Griffith University does not assume and hereby disclaims any expressed or implied liability whatsoever to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions, whether these errors or omissions result from negligence, accident or any other cause. Acknowledgement This project was funded by the Australian Government through the National Water Commission’s Raising National Water Standards Program. To find out more about TRaCK, contact us via one of the following methods: Web: www.track.org.au/ Email: [email protected] Phone: 08 8946 7444 Cover photos (clockwise, starting top left): Department of Land Resource Management (top left and bottom photo), D Warfe, P Featherston Authors: Simon Townsend, Northern Territory Department of Land Resource Management, Chris Humphrey, Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities Satish Choy , Queensland Department of Science, Information, Technology, Innovation and the Arts Richard Hunt, consultant (formerly Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management) Rebecca Dobbs, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, The University of Western Australia Michele Burford, Tim Jardine, Mark Kennard & Jeff Shellberg, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University Emma Woodward, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ii Foreword iii Executive summary iv 1 Strategic considerations for river health monitoring 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The wet–dry tropical environment: climate, river systems and people 3 1.3 Challenges for river health monitoring in the wet–dry tropics 5 1.4 Monitoring objective 7 1.5 Monitoring principles 6 1.6 Pressure–stressor–response framework for monitoring 7 1.7 The Framework for the Assessment of River and Wetland Health (FARWH) 7 1.8 A two-tiered approach to monitoring 9 1.9 Temporal variability 11 Seasonal variability 11 Interannual variability 12 2 Indicators 14 2.1 River metabolism 15 2.2 Phytoplankton and benthic algae 16 2.3 Water quality 17 2.4 Freshwater fish 17 2.5 Macroinvertebrates 18 2.6 Ecogenomics 20 2.7 Time-lapse photography 20 3 Community monitoring 23 3.1 A Kimberley case study 24 3.2 Trial Indigenous participatory monitoring program 26 References 29 Monitoring river health in the wet–dry tropics i Acronyms and abbreviations ANZECC Australian and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand AusRivAS Australian River Assessment System BACI Before–After Control/Impact ER Ecosystem Respiration FARWH Framework for the Assessment of River and Wetland Health GIS Geographic Information System GPP Gross Primary Production MODIS Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer NAILSMA North Australia Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliance P/R Gross primary production to ecosystem respiration ratio PSR Pressure–Stressor–Response (framework) RNA Ribo-Nucleic Acid SEAP Stream and Estuaries Assessment Program SIGNAL Stream Invertebrate Grade Number Average Level TRaCK Tropical Rivers and Coastal Knowledge TRARC Tropical Rapid Assessment of Riparian Condition TRIAP Tropical Rivers Inventory and Assessment Project WEP Waterways Education Program WOC Working on Country [Program] ii Monitoring river health in the wet–dry tropics Foreword At a national level, research into On 16 August 2011, a workshop Following the August workshop, monitoring river health was initiated was held in Brisbane to identify another workshop was held on in the early 1990s by the Australian the implications of TRaCK research 1 September 2011 at Mary River Government with the National River for river health monitoring in the Park (Northern Territory), as part Health Initiative program, which wet–dry tropics. The workshop was of a NAILSMA I-Tracker forum. The produced most notably the Australian attended mainly by researchers and workshop was attended by about River Assessment System (AusRivAS) government agency TRaCK partners. 60 people, mostly Indigenous land macroinvertebrate models (eg Smith The attendees were Michele Burford, managers and representatives of et al. 1999). This nationwide data Mark Kennard, Simone Langhans, these groups. TRaCK researchers who base contributed to the 2001 audit Francis Pantus and Tim Jardine from led the monitoring component of of river health (Norris et al. 2001), Griffith University; Simon Townsend the workshop were Michael Douglas which however only included a small with affiliations to Charles Darwin from Charles Darwin University and portion of the wet–dry tropics. The University and the Northern Territory Emma Woodward from the CSIRO. audit was followed by more specific Department of Land Resource tropical river research between Management; Rebecca Dobbs from 2006 and 2008 with the Tropical the University of Western Australia; Rivers Inventory and Assessment Chris Humphrey and Simon Nally Project (TRIAP), which developed from the Australian Government an integrated information base for Department of Sustainability, the assessment of river status (see Environment, Water, Population Finlayson and Lukacs 2008). and Communities; Satish Choy, The Tropical Rivers and Coastal Niall Connolly and Pru Fleming Knowledge (TRaCK) consortium from the Queensland Government; undertook research between Mike Braimbridge from the 2005 and 2010 that spanned a Western Australian Department range of topics relating to cultural, of Water; and Rod Kennett and environmental and economic aspects Erica McCreedy from the North of tropical rivers. TRaCK’s primary Australian Indigenous Land and Sea objective was to provide knowledge Management Alliance (NAILSMA). to governments, communities and The workshop was organised by industry for the sustainable use of Kathy Carter (Griffith University) rivers in the wet–dry tropics. The and Amy Kimber (Charles Darwin program was followed by a year University). consisting of six ‘synthesis and adoption’ topics, which included monitoring river health. This report is based on the findings of two workshops and contributions of TRaCK partners. Monitoring river health in the wet–dry tropics iii The key objective for long-term Monitoring by community groups Executive summary monitoring espoused in this report is and landholders can contribute River health is in generally good the early detection of anthropogenic to and complement surveillance- condition in the Australian wet–dry effects that may potentially degrade type river health monitoring. It tropics compared to the more river health. This concurs with the can contribute to monitoring by developed parts of Australia. The approach of the Australian and New providing data (eg water quality), health of rivers is nevertheless Zealand Environment Conservation and complement surveillance modified by anthropogenic activities Council and the Agriculture and monitoring by focusing effort on due to diffuse catchment pressures; Resource Management Council of local management issues beyond notably grazing, feral
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