MASTER DERMATOLOGISTS* BASED ON DISEASES NAMED AFTER THEM By HERMAN GOODMAN, M.D. NEW YORK CITY OR little more than a year, I have lyric and dramatic poetry, sculpture and been collecting material for a architecture. Hippocrates lived in this paper on “Eponyms of Derma- period. The “Father of Recent Medicine” tology,”1 and have especially has icterus gravis named after him as arranged some of the data in concise formHippocratic morbus niger. Calvities Hippo- Fand in chronological order for the Anna ls cratica is the designation of a type of total of Medic al His tory . The names of the baldness and Hippocratic nails are those men cited have come down to us by reason resulting from chronic pulmonary and of the fact that one or more dermatologic cardiac disease. Hippocrates was born on entities or diseases have been named after the Island of Cos about 460 b .c . After them; literally, they are godfathers of the death of his father, he went to Athens dermatology. The names of many master for the study of surgery. The profession of dermatologists who did not have diseases medicine owes to him the art of clinical named after them have been omitted in inspection and observation. The physician’s this article, but I hope at some future date oath has been named the Hippocratic oath, to enlarge on the present study by present- but it is far-fetched to consider him its ing others on the eponyms of dermatologic author. Hippocrates was the founder of anatomy, pathology and therapeutics. Grecian dermatology. His influence per- sisted for over two thousand years. His was The Begi nnin g of Recent Hist orical the period of symptomatic designation of Dermat ol og y diseases of the skin and some of the European medicine began in Greece at names such as alopecia, psora and lepra the time of her highest civilization, the (scaly disease), persist. Hippocrates died period of her supremacy in philosophy, 377 b .c . *Read before a stated meeting of the Section of No other name of the classical period of Historical Medicine of the New York Academy of medicine comes to us in dermatology. After Medicine, April 24, 1924. the destruction of Corinth (146 b .c .), Rome 1Eponyms of dermatology (an alphabetical ar- became the center of medical learn- rangement with many details, references, and illus- trations). Arch. Dermat. & Sypb., Chic., ix, vi, 675, ing, and although Roman medicine was June, 1924. almost entirely in the hands of Greeks, the name of a Roman litterateur comes next the centuries which saw the fall of the in our eponyms. Western Roman Empire (476 a .d .), the birth Aurelius Cornelius Celsus was born about of Mohammed (570), the Crusades (1096- 53 b .c ., and died about 7 a .d . This was 1271), Magna Charta (1215), Dante (1265- about the time of the reign of Tiberius 1321), the Black Death (1348-1350), Michel- Caesar. Celsus was a general student and angelo (1475-1564), the invention of print- not a physician. His knowledge of medicine ing (1448), the discovery of America, was practically complete, for the time, and Shakespeare (1564-1616), Francis Bacon, his writings are the oldest medical docu- Rembrandt (1607-1669), the landing of the ments after those of Hippocrates. Many Pilgrims, Spinoza (1632-1677), Newton advances in dermatology are recorded in (1642-1727), the Great Plague and the the script of Celsus. In the sixth book Great Fire of London (1665), Voltaire Celsus deals with the diseases of the skin (1694-1778), and the invention of the fire and the venereal diseases: some forty skin engine (1710). In medicine, these were the diseases are described. One may recognize, centuries of formation of hospitals and under various designations and groupings, universities far too numerous to mention, the ophiasis type of alopecia areata, ery- the European pandemic of syphilis (1496— thema multiforme, rheumatic affection, fu- 1500), the birth of gross anatomy and legal runcle, carbuncle, anthrax, tuberculous ulcer, dissection, the invention of the microscope, bubo, condyloma acuminatum, verruca vul- the transfusion of blood, and inocula- garis and clavus; the bullous diseases as tion for smallpox (Lady Mary Wortley miliaria, vesicular eczema, dermatitis ven- Montagu). enata, dermatitis calorica and dermatitis congelationis. Of the venereal diseases, such PoST-HIPPOCRATIC OR PoST-HUMORAL PERIOD OF local affections as ulcus molle, genital Dermat olo gy abscess, phimosis, etc., were known. Alo- Hieronymus Mercurialis had had his book pecia areata is still area Celsi; kerion Celsi on cutaneous diseases published by one of is trichophytosis, and vitiligo Celsi is anes- his pupils (1571) long before we have the thetic leprosy, although the term leprosy next dermatologic eponym, Werlhoff’s was not used by Celsus. disease, or purpura hemorrhagica. Paul In this old period, we have another Greek, Gottlieb Werlhoff was born in Germany in one whose work is closest to that of Hippoc- 1699, and died in 1767. He was a good rates, the clinician. Aretaeus was born in student, a trained observer, a talented Cappadocia about the second half of the physician, a recognized teacher and a writer. first century (30-90 a .d .). He lived toward The reference we have is a dissertation the close of the reign of Nero, and was dated 1735, from Brunswick. known to have resided in Alexandria. He In the next interim, Daniel Turner pub- was a good clinician and an attractive medical lished the first English book on dermatology author. He described symptoms accurately, (1714). We have come to the period of the and the descriptions are readily recognized. invention of the steam engine by Watt He gave excellent accounts of pneumonia, (1765), and have Pott’s disease, or chimney- pleurisy with empyema, diabetes, tetanus, sweep cancer of the scrotum. Percival Pott diphtheria, the aura of epilepsy and very was born in 1713, and died in 1788. He was full descriptions of various types of insanity. surgeon in St. Bartholomew’s and was The eponym we have is elephantiasis recognized as a genius. He was a teacher of Aretaei, or nodular leprosy. Aretaeus had a John Hunter. Pott is remembered as the treatment for leprosy which was classical. describer of Pott’s fracture. It was while In our recital of dermatologic eponyms confined to bed, a victim of the fracture of disease, we must pass over as fruitless which he described, that Pott took the time to record some of his experiences, including in 1812. He was an English Quaker. He has that of the skin affection with which his been variously called the creator of derma- name is associated. tology, or perhaps more truthfully, the ini- This is the time, too, of the Hunterian tiator of the new era in dermatology, and chancre, a type of chancre of syphilis. John founder of the modern epoch in skin Hunter was born in Scotland in 1728. He diseases. Willan gave the first valuable became a pupil, and later assistant, of his classification of skin diseases, and was the brilliant brother William, whom John sur- first to attempt a complete classification passed as a surgeon. Hunter personally on Plenck’s system. Willan was famous prepared over ten thousand museum speci- for his judicious selection and accurate mens at a cost of £70,000. John Hunter definition of terms. He extricated psoriasis made numerous studies, but his name comes from the heterogenous group of skin to us as that of the man who differentiated diseases. He divided the purpuras into the hard or Hunterian chancre from chan- simplex and hemorrhagica. He cleared up croid, but he confounded gonorrhea with the nature of eczema for his time. He syphilis. At the age of forty, he inoculated distinguished lupus, hence Willan’s lupus. himself in the famous experiment of using He distinguished tinea versicolor from other supposedly gonorrheal pus on a non-mucous pigmentary diseases. He gave the original surface, and acquired syphilis. He developed description of prurigo mitis. Under the name angina pectoris, and died in a fit of anger of icthyosis cornea, Willan quoted the first in 1793- known case of scleroderma, that of Curcia The year of the American Revolution in Naples in 1752. saw the publication of the classification of Linked with Willan is the name of his diseases of the skin by Plenck, the inspira- friend and pupil, Bateman, for whom tion of many later systems and schemes of Bateman’s disease, or molluscum contagio- the specialty. It is the period of Priestley’s sum, is named. Thomas Bateman was work on the isolation of oxygen, nitrous born in England in 1778. His thesis was on oxide and ammonia. It is the time of the subject of the hemorrhages of petecheal Chabert’s disease, or symptomatic anthrax. type. Other diseases known as Bateman’s Philibert Chabert was born in France in disease are: purpura senilis; alopecia areata; 1737. He was probably the most celebrated ecthyma; herpes iris; and lichen urticatus. veterinary specialist of his time. He has also Bateman knew chilitis exfoliativa as psoria- Oleum contra taenium Chaberti named after sis labialis. Bateman was a worthy successor him. He died in 1814. to Willan, and not only completed and The year Cavendish discovered hydrogen, amplified the teachings of his senior, but Underwood gave us sclerema neonatorum, published his writings as well. Bateman died or Underwood’s disease. Michael Under- in 1821. wood was born in 1737 and died in 1820. The year of the invention of the steam- He was a London pediatrician. The disease boat by Fulton gave us Alibert’s disease, was first called “hidebound.” Until 1877, or mycosis fungoides. Jean Louis Alibert it was mistaken for edema neonatorum, was born in France in 1766. He was the first but Parrot drew the distinction between the to use the painter’s palette and burin in two. The first recorded case of sclerema the delineation of diseases of the skin. He neonatorum occurred in Stockholm Hospital was the founder of the French school of in 1718. dermatology. He evolved a natural method The French Revolution saw the birth of classifying skin diseases which caused of a new era in dermatology, and a descrip- much confusion and did not gain universal tion of Willan’s leprosy, or psoriasis. acceptance. He was the first to describe Robert Willan was born in 1757, and died mycosis fungoides. He is accredited with the description of pustule d’alep, which is The year of the founding of the British also called Alibert’s disease. Cheloid also has Medical Association, Hodgkin’s disease was Alibert’s name attached to it. There is a named. Thomas Hodgkin was born in En- mentagra of Alibert, or sycosis of the gland in 1797. He was a Friend. He was beard. Alibert, who was titled a baron, died medical adviser to Moses Montifiore, with in 1837. whom he traveled extensively. Hodgkin Rodent ulcer of the face is known as recorded that the disease which bears his Jacob’s ulcer, after Arthur Jacob, of Ire- name had been vaguely outlined by Mal- land, who was born in 1790 and died in 1874. pighi in 1665. Wilkes independently dis- He was especially proficient in anatomical covered the disease, but with a generous studies and diseases of the eye. desire to perpetuate the name of his teacher, Cancerous ulcer of the leg is known as he gave the morbid state the name of Hodg- Marjolin’s ulcer, after Jean Nicolas Mar- kin’s disease. Hodgkin wrote an account of jolin, a Frenchman, born in 1780. He was a insufficiency of the aortic valves three years professor of pathology and an eminent before Corrigan. Hodgkin died in 1866. practitioner. He died in 1850. Skoda’s treatise on percussion and aus- A short time after the first steamboat cultation was published the same year as crossed the Atlantic, Bayle’s disease was Schoenlein’s disease, or purpura rheumatica. named. Antoine Bayle was born in France in Johann Lucas Schoenlein was born in 1799. He was a distinguished physician and Germany in 1793. He gave his lectures an extraordinary pathologist. He was in German instead of Latin. He disclosed responsible for a number of studies, and the Achorion schonleinii, and described his general paresis is named after him, Bayle’s discovery in a communication only twenty disease. He died in Paris in 1858. lines long.2 The Achorion was independently About the time of Laennec’s prime, we described by Gruby in 1841. Schoenlein find Rayer’s disease, or xanthoma. Pierre died in 1864. Francois Olive Ray er was born in 1793. In 1842, Long operated under ether anes- He was an advanced worker in pathology, thesia and Gruby contributed to the descrip- natural history, therapeutics, epidemiology tion of tinea tonsurans, hence, named and diseases of the kidney. He was the Gruby’s disease. David Gruby was born in first to differentiate acute from chronic Hungary in 1810. He studied in Vienna and eczema. He had a great influence on Eras- specialized in anatomy. Restrictions against mus Wilson. Rayer published studies of Jews operating turned Gruby to microscopy glanders, farcy, chilitis exfoliativa and ade- and he went to Paris in 1839. He published noma sebaceum. Rayer died in 1867. his observations on tinea and favus, and the A year after Bright described essential type of work he did was only recently nephritis, Biett’s disease, or lupus erythem- revived by Sabouraud. Although Schoen- atodes migrans, was named. Laurent lein first demonstrated the fungus which Theodore Biett was born in 1781. He was a Remak named after him, he did not recog- pupil of Alibert of Paris, and of Willan and nize its etiologic significance, which was first Bateman. The collar of Biett is the name demonstrated by Gruby. Gruby died in 1898. given to a manifestation of papular syphilis. The year Howe patented the sewing Biett died in 1840. machine, Eichstedt established the relation Cazenave, a pupil of Biett, was born in between pityriasis versicolor and the Micro- 1795. He has lupus erythematosus named sporon furfur, hence Eichstedt’s disease. after him, as Cazenave’s disease. Cazenave The parasite was christened by Charles gave the original description of pemphigus Robin. Eichstedt died in 1892. foliaceus, hence, Cazenave’s disease. 2 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, u. Wissensch. M., Berlin Cazenave died in 1877. and Leipz., 1839. About the time that Oliver Wendell 1795, and was an obstetrician and author. Holmes pointed out the contagious nature He died in 1871. of puerperal fever, Carl Wilhelm Boeck During the period that Darwin was pre- had scabies named after him, Boeck’s paring “The Origin of Species,” Rollet disease. Carl Wilhelm Boeck was born in made the distinct advance of recognizing Norway in 1808. His first published paper the possibility of mixed infection of one was on the Spedalsked Sygdom or elephantia- sore with syphilis and chancroid. This sis Graecorum. Carl Wilhelm Boeck died in established the dualist theory of venereal 1875. infection. Joseph Pierre Rollet was born in One year after the founding of the Ameri- France in 1824, and died on the day he was can Medical Association and the New York to preside at the meeting of the Congress of Academy of Medicine, Danielssen, with the French Society of Syphilology and Boeck, worked on leprosy, which has been Dermatology, 1894. The mixed chancre is named Danielssen’s disease, and Danielssen- named RoIIet’s disease. Boeck disease. Danielssen was born in Florence Nightingale had come into 1815. He was a pharmacist, who later prominence when Camille Melchior Gibert studied medicine. His interests other than described pityriasis rosea, which bears his medicine were many, including the theater, name. Gibert was born in 1797. He was an literature and biology. Danielssen died energetic representative of the Willan sys- in 1894. tem in France. Gibert recognized the im- The year 1855 saw Addison’s description portance of parasitic diseases among school of adrenal disease, and Claude Bernard’s children. He died in 1866. demonstration of the production of diabetes Samuel Wilks, born in England in 1824, by puncture of the fourth ventricle. Thomas described a disease produced by post- Addison was born in England in 1793. He mortem examination which we know as was a student of Bateman. His book on the Wilks’ disease, or verruca necrogenica. constitutional effects of disease of the Darier notes that the disease was described suprarenal capsules was published in by Laennec. Wilks died in 1911. London in 1855. Regarded as a scientific Hydrotherapy had been established and curiosity in Addison’s time, it is now known Pasteur had grown anaerobic bacteria when as an epoch-making contribution. Although Raynaud described the affection known as cases had been recorded as early as 1823, Raynaud’s disease, or symmetrical gangrene it was the sagacity of Addison which of the extremities. Raynaud died in 1881, detected the relation between well-marked at the age of forty-seven. constitutional symptoms of the affection, Lister had introduced antiseptic surgery, the peculiar pigmentation of the skin and and Abbe’s oil immersion lens was known the structural changes in the suprarenal when Volkmann’s disease, or cheilitis glandu- bodies. Trousseau was the first to propose laris was described. Richard von Volkmann calling the syndrome Addison’s disease. was born in 1830. He was a surgeon of the Vitiligoidea, now known as xanthoma, was highest attainments and accredited with described by Addison and Gull; the same the first description of tar and paraffin co-authors described adenoma sebaceum; cancer. He died in 1889. and morphea or circumscribed scleroderma Colloid milium was described by Ernest is also known as Addison’s keloid. Addison Wagner in 1866. The disease is hence died in i860. known as Wagner’s disease. Congenital syphilitic abscess of the We come now to a man who bridges two thymus was described by Paul Antoine periods in dermatology. Erasmus Wilson Dubois and named after him, Dubois’ was born in England in 1809. He made many disease. Dubois was born in France in advances in dermatology, and his work was a landmark in the history of the English thrasma gains its name by reason of his school of dermatology. His paper on lichen discovery of the Microsporon minutissimum planus brought the eponym Wilson’s in 1862. Baerensprung died of dementia disease. He was the first to describe derma- paralytica in 1864. titis exfoliativa, also known as Wilson’s In France, Bazin had a great influence on disease. Wilson estimated the number of dermatology. Antoine Pierre Ernest Bazin hairs on the human scalp as 100,000. He was born in 1807. He made many studies on described trichorrhexis nodosa as tricho- the causation of the tineas, and described clasis. Wilson classified the diseases of the the animal-to-man transference of these skin on a thorough anatomical basis. He organisms. Bazin’s disease, or erythema was recognized as a brilliant and versatile induratum, was first described in 1861. leader among the profession in London. Other diseases described by Bazin include He died in 1884. mycosis fungoides, acne varioliformis, acne keloid and hydroa vacciniforme, which The Birt h of Dermat op at ho lo gi c Anato my later became Hutchinson’s summer erup- On the Continent, we have the founder of tion. Reference to buccal psoriasis as the histologic school of dermatology coming Bazin’s disease has been found. Bazin died to the fore. Ferdinand von Hebra was born in 1878. in Austria in 1816. Skoda gave him charge Marie Guillaume Alphonse Devergie was of an insignificant skin clinic, which, under born in France in 1798. Pityriasis rubra Hebra, assumed world-wide fame. In his pilaris, named Devergie’s disease, had a day, Hebra was the greatest medical man remarkable history in that Hebra described in Vienna. He had the gift of observation, lichen ruber, and Kaposi described lichen and many descriptions of diseases were ruber acuminatus. At the Dermatological original with him. He distingushed the Congresses of 1889 and 1892, it was finally syndrome of erythema multiforme from the conceded that the three diseases were heterogenous group of the erythemas, hence identical. Devergie opened the field of eti- Hebra’s disease. He was the first to describe ology in dermatology; he discussed the impetigo herpetiformis, prurigo ferox (He- etiology as climatic, hereditary, tempera- bra’s disease) and lichen ruber, or pityriasis mental, according to age, and skin constitu- rubra, also known as Hebra’s pityriasis. tion. Devergie was the codescriber with Lupus disseminatus is another disease linked Baerensprung of eczema marginatum. He with Hebra’s name. Rhinoscleroma was died in 1879. first described by Hebra, as well as acne Pasteur was investigating silkworm cachecticorum follicularis, or lichen scrof- disease, and Mendel was at work in his ulosorum. Hebra, under the influence of monastery garden, when Tilbury Fox (1836- Rokitansky (1804-1878), founder of patho- 1879) proved that impetigo contagiosa logical anatomy, applied the general princi- could be experimentally inoculated, and the ples of pathology to skin diseases. Hebra name of impetigo of Tilbury Fox was given died in 1880. it. Tilbury Fox studied dermatology with Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von Baeren- his brother, Thomas Fox. He is accredited sprung was born in 1822 in Germany. He with the first descriptions of porrigo (the was one of the nineteenth century leaders present impetigo), of dermatitis herpeti- of dermatology. He made many original formis (Duhring’s disease), lymphangioma microscopic studies. He believed that mol- (with Colcott Fox), and the xanthelas- luscum was a contagious affection. He moidea type of urticaria pigmentosa. described eczema marginatum with studies Urticaria pigmentosa was described by on the parisitology, hence named Baeren- Nettleship in 1869 as “chronic urticaria sprung’s disease. Baerensprung’s ery- leaving stains.” The name was given by Sangster in 1879, but the disease is known a purpura with visceral symptoms. Henoch as Nettleship’s disease. died in 1900. Paxton’s disease, or Leptothrix, was Sir James Paget was born in England in described in 1869; the disease was named 1814. There are two diseases named after by Erasmus Wilson. him, that of the skin being a disease of the Icterus neonatorum is known as Buhl’s mammary areola preceding mammary can- disease, after Ludwig von Buhl, a distin- cer, which he described in 1874, and the guished German pathologist and physical second Paget’s disease being osteitis defor- diagnostician (1816-1880). mans. According to Paget’s own observa- The study of leprosy received a great tions, it is not within the concept of the impetus with Hansen’s discovery of the skin affection named after him to have so- causal relation of the bacillus of leprosy to called extra-mammary Paget’s disease. the disease. Gerhard Armauer Hansen was Paget died in 1899. born in Norway in 1841. He made his mark Baelz (1845-1913), a German, with a wide in microscopic anatomy, studied leprosy experience in the Orient, is accredited with under Danielssen and Boeck, established a cheilitis glandularis, or Baelz’s disease. system of isolation of lepers which The Bell telephone was introduced the materially reduced the number of cases year that Edward Headlam Greenhow of arising in Norway, and revolutionized the England (1814-1888) published his cases conception of the disease. Hansen was of the disease to which the name of Green- president of the International Leprosy Con- how’s disease has been given. The disease gress in 1910. He died suddenly in 1912. was vagabond’s disease simulating morbus We reach the first American eponym in Addisonii. It constituted the pityriasis dermatology with erythromelalgia, or Weir- niger of Willan. Mitchell’s disease. Silas Weir Mitchell was Robert William Taylor was born in born in Philadelphia in 1830. He was the England in 1842. He came to America as a son of a prominent physician, and professor boy, studied pharmacy and then medicine. of medicine at Jefferson Medical College. He was professor of dermatology at the Weir Mitchell’s life has been an inspiration College of Physicians and Surgeons and at to many, and in addition to his high attain- Vermont. He described a rare form of ments in the art of medicine, he was well localized or partial atrophy of the skin, known for his skill as a novelist, biographer which is known as Taylor’s disease, or and poet. The disease which bears his name idiopathic progressive atrophy of the skin. was described in 1872. It is said that Paget Exfoliative dermatitis is known as Rit- made an early note on this disease and that ter’s disease, after Gottfried Ritter von Graves gave an independent description. Rittersheim, a German pediatrician (1820- The disease has also become known as i883). Gerhardt’s disease. Breisky’s disease is kraurosis vulvae, and Ehrlich had introduced dried blood was described by August Breisky in 1875, smears and improved staining methods the year that Neisser discovered the gono- when Sir William Withey Gull (1816-1890) coccus. Breisky (1832-1889) was a gyne- described myxedema, or Gull’s disease. cologist. Weir and Tait had recorded cases Gull was preeminent as a clinician, and held of kraurosis vulvae prior to Breisky but the post of physician to Queen Victoria. they did not appreciate the nature of the Eduard Heinrich Henoch was born in disease. Germany in 1820. He contributed the Another American who has had a disease description of purpura fulminans, which is named after him is James Nevins Hyde, known as Henoch’s disease, in 1874. Accord- born in Connecticut in 1840. He was the ing to Osler, Robert Willan first described pioneer dermatologist of Chicago, having begun the practice of the specialty there Hydrocystoma, or Robinson’s disease, in 1873. The condition which has become was described by Andrew Rose Robinson, a Hyde’s disease was first described by dermatologist practicing in New York City. Hardaway, but Hyde gave the condition He was born in Canada in 1845 anc^ died its name of prurigo nodularis. Hyde died last year (1924). in 1910. Frambesia tropica is known as Charlouis’ The Mod er n Perio d of Dermat ol og y disease, after M. Charlouis, whose original paper on his experiences with the disease The master of histology and histo- appeared in 1881. pathology of the skin, Paul Gerson Unna, Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen, has a number of diseases named after him, born in Germany in 1833, has two diseases of which seborrhoic dermatitis was first named after him. The disease of the skin reported in 1887. Unna was born in 1850, called Recklinghausen’s disease is multiple the son of a physician, and entered the neurofibromatosis and associated skin con- specialty of dermatology when thirty-four ditions. The other condition called Reck- years of age. Unna’s studies are far too linghausen’s disease is neoplastic arthritis numerous to detail. His investigations in- deformans. Recklinghausen died in 1910. cluded specific staining reactions, bacteri- Epidermolysis bullosa is known as Gold- ologic studies, development of the nails, scheider’s disease, after Alfred Gold- division of the corneum layer of the skin, scheider, a German, born in 1858. Tilbury the balloon cells, vesicle formation, micro- Fox is accredited with having described two cocci of eczema, impetigo, alopecia areata, cases of the disease in 1879, three years piedra nostras, soft chancre, tinea and sebor- before Goldscheider. rhoic dermatitis. His clinical studies in- Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke, a German, cluded those on the Harlequin fetus, herpes described the disease which bears his name progenitalis in women, lichen ruber, derma- as angioneurotic edema in 1882. The disease titis herpetiformis, urticaria simplex, urti- was independently described by Bannister. caria pigmentosa (mast cells), keratoma Syringomyelia is known as Morvan’s plantaris et palmaris, ulerythema, pemphi- disease, after Augustin Marie Morvan (born gus vulgaris, hydroa puerorum and in France 1819, died 1897), whose extended eczema. He initiated the study of the skin memoir was published in 1883. by means of diascopy. Since retiring from We come next to what is perhaps the best active practice, Unna has devoted himself known eponym in dermatology based on an to microchemical research. His monument American. Louis Adolfus Duhring was born will be “Die Histopathologic der Haut- in the United States in 1845. He studied in krankheiten.”3 this country and abroad and was early Granuloma fungoides is known as Aus- identified with dermatology. Although it is pitz’s disease for Heinrich Auspitz (1835- said that Bazin foreshadowed it, and that 1886), who was a pupil of Briicke, Rokit- Tilbury Fox gave the first description of the ansky, Skoda, Oppalzer and Hebra. The disease which bears Duhring’s name, it is disease was described in 1806 by Alibert, generally conceded that the American der- and is also known as Alibert’s disease. matologist deserved the honor of its clear Kaposi described the same disease as elucidation and proper grouping. Duhring syphilis vegetans. Auspitz studied the path- wrote the first American textbook on ology of the skin, applied the term of par- dermatology. He reported the first case of akeratosis, named acanthoma, and contrib- granuloma fungoides in America, and uted to the study of formation of vesicles described dermatitis hiemalis. Duhring died and bullae of pemphigus. Auspitz described after an illness of two months in 1913. 3 Unna, P. G. Op. cit., Berlin, 1894. the bleeding points disclosed by removing sclerotium Beigelanum, and a new disease, the scale in psoriasis, which is known as papilloma area elevatum. Auspitz’s sign. Tabetic arthropathy, known as Charcot’s The field of dermatologic eponyms was joint, is named for Jean Martin Charcot enriched by the work of Moriz Kaposi, (1825-1893), a Frenchman. He was in- born in Hungary in 1837 as Moriz Kohn. clined to the study of art as a young man, He was an associate and later the successor but lack of funds determined him to study of his father-in-law, Hebra. There are at medicine. He was especially interested in least three diseases known as Kaposi’s diseases of old age and chronic diseases. disease: xeroderma pigmentosum, lichen He was an early exponent of the use of ruber acuminatus, admitted to be identical electricity in medicine. He made studies in with Devergie’s pityriasis rubra pilaris, and pathological anatomy, described gastric multiple idiopathic pigmented sarcoma, the crises in tabes, and wrote a paper on skin description of which is beyond all doubt diseases dependent on influence of the Kaposi’s best work. Kaposi is accredited nervous system. Charcot was made profes- with the original descriptions of other sor of nervous diseases, a chair being diseases, as impetigo herpetiformis, pemphi- especially founded for him. gus vegetans, which he misnamed syphilis The next eponym, Carrion’s disease, is vegetans, lupus erythematosus dissemina- for one of the martyrs of medicine, Daniel tus, dermatitis papillaris capillitii and lymph- A. Carrion, a medical student of Peru, who angioma tuberosum multiplex. Kaposi was experimentally inoculated with verruga published over 150 articles and was co- peruana and died as the result in 1886. author or author of a number of texts. He Bockhart’s impetigo is the name given to died in 1902. the follicular staphylococcic impetigo, sepa- Another of Hebra’s students has an rated from impetigo contagiosa by Max eponym, Neumann’s disease, given because Bockhart in 1887. Bockhart asserted that of Isidore Neumann’s (1832-1906) contri- the lesions were pustules from the first, bution to pemphigus vegetans, a disease pustule d’emblee. which was described in turn by Alibert, The disease known as erysipiloid of Kaposi and Neumann, and further by Unna, Rosenbach is named after Julius Frederick who regarded the disease as vegetating Rosenbach, a German pathologist and erythema bullosum. Neumann made special surgeon, who investigated the disease both studies on the histopathology of skin clinically and bacteriologically in 1887. diseases. He was the first to describe, The disease was probably first clearly although imperfectly, alopecia cicatrisata. described by Morrant Baker as erythema Heinrich Koebner has accredited to him serpens. as Koebner’s disease what we know as Charles Emil Quinquaud (1841-1894) is Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria (1886). accredited with the first report of acne Koebner also reported one of the first decalvans, so we have Quinquaud’s disease. recognized cases of xanthoma. Lailler and Robert independently described Trichorrhexis nodosa is named Beigel’s the affection a year later (1889). disease after Hermann Beigel (1830-1879), Charles Mauriac (1833-1905), a noted a German who lived in London, and gave syphilologist and genitourinary specialist, considerable attention to diseases of the hair described erythema nodosum syphilitica, or and its development, as well as being a Mauriac’s disease. general medical practitioner with especial Erythema elevatum diutinum is known, interest in gynecology. Wilson is said to in recognition of the work of Judson Sykes have first described the disease in 1849. Bury, as Bury’s disease. It was first Beigel described chignon fungus, caused by described by Middleton in 1887. The name was given by Crocker, although Graham Tuberculin had been introduced the year Little and Stelwagen considered that the that Sebastiano Giovannini reported the disease belonged to the domain of granu- rare nodular disease of the hair known as loma annulare. Giovannini’s disease. The next dermatologic eponym comes to The same year (1891), Thomas Dixon us from a neurologist. Francis Xavier Der- Savill published a monograph on dermatitis cum, of Philadelphia (1856- ), gave the exfoliativa epidemica, or Savill’s disease. original description of the disease known to Savill was a distinguished student in Eng- us as Dercum’s disease, or adiposis dolorosa. land and at Paris, Vienna and Hamburg. Although the theory of psorosperms has He was an executive of marked ability on not been sustained, the description given to many Poor Law Commissions. Savill, born keratosis follicularis by J. Darier, of Paris, in 1856, died at Algiers in 1910 following a (1856- ), entitles him to have the disease fracture at the base of the skull, caused by given his name. Others are said to have a fall from a horse. described the disease independently, as Often, as we have intimated before, the Morrow (1886) and White. Darier also name of a man is associated with a disease described pseudoxanthoma elasticum. With which he did not discover but only gave a Roussy, Darier described the hypodermic name to, as is the case of Barthelemy’s sarcoid. Several editions of Darier’s text disease, or acnitis. P. Toussaint Barthelemy on dermatology have appeared in French wrote a paper on acnitis, which was first and one each in German and English. Most described fifteen years earlier by Tilbury recently, Darier has written on the parasitic Fox as disseminated follicular lupus. Bar- nature of dysidrosis. thelemy reported the swelling of neighboring Ulerythema ophryogenes, named by glands in herpes zoster. Unna, was described by Paul R. Taenzer Lichen chronicus simplex of Vidal is (1858- ), for whom it is named named after Emile Vidal (1825-1893), who Taenzer’s disease. Taenzer was a coworker was an exceptional student of dermatology with Unna on staining reactions, and wrote accredited with numerous studies, including on blennorrhea and soaps. bacterial investigation of pityriasis rosea, Francois Henri Hallopeau, a pupil of eczema of adjoining surfaces, sections of Vulpian and Janoud, described dermatitis urticarial wheals, and the first description vegetans before the International Congress of keratosis blennorrhagica (1893). of Dermatology in 1889. The disease has A name to conjure with in our specialty since been known as Hallopeau’s disease. is that of Jonathan Hutchinson, who was He also described lichen planus sclerosus born in England in 1828 and who died in and acrodermatitis continu. 1913. His interests in medicine were widely The futility of eponyms is again illus- diversified. An ophthalmic surgeon, a pro- trated by two diseases, each known as fessor of clinical surgery, a dermatologist Jacquet’s disease, after Lucien Jacquet and syphilologist, he interpreted medicine (1860-1915). Reflex alopecia connected with and surgery on a broad basis. He described anomalies of teeth, and dermatitis simples the Hutchinson triad in congenital syphilis. infantiles are the two diseases. Jacquet ini- He described the first cases of infective tiated the dermatologic service at Hopitaux angioma, or infective nevus of Hutchinson. St. Antoine, and under his direction it He proposed the fish-eating theory of the became second only to the St. Louis at causation of leprosy, and was the first to Paris. Jacquet began the antialcohol cam- describe varicella gangrenosa. He indepen- paign in France. He was joint editor of the dently described dysidrosis, later ascribed to Precis elementaire de dermatologie and of the Tilbury Fox. Hutchinson, who was sole Annales de dermatologie et syphiligraphie. contributor to the Archives of Surgery which he published, also described Hillard’s was the first to seriously study under the lupus, or lupus marginatus, and Mortimer’s master Unna. PoIIitzer has contributed also malady, a type of sarcoma. The names were parakeratosis variegata, accredited to Unna, chosen from the names of the patients Santi and PoIIitzer. Acanthosis nigricans involved. We also know the notched upper was described by PoIIitzer, as well as by incisors of congenital syphilitics as Hutchin- Janowsky.4 PoIIitzer has become identified son’s teeth, and the hydroa vacciniforme of with the study of xanthoma, and is known Bazin was called Hutchinson’s disease, for his proposal of a variation of Scholtz’s despite the name he gave it of recurrent intensive method of treating syphilitics. summer eruption. Hutchinson was knighted He edited the American edition of Darier’s in recognition of his work. textbook on dermatology. Lupus vulgaris erythematoides is known Vittorio Mibelli also has at least two as Leloir’s disease, after Henri Camille diseases named after him, Mibelli’s disease. Leloir (1855—1896), of Lille and Paris. The These are angiokeratoma, which Mibelli representation of the disease which bears reported in 1889, although the first descrip- his name was made in 1891. Leloir had a tion was by Mr. Cottle in 1877, and por- special interest in tuberculosis, leprosy and keratosis, described by Mibelli in 1893. skin affections dependent on nerve injuries. Angioneurotic edema is known as Erythromelalgia is known as Gerhardt’s Bannister’s disease, after H. M. Bannister disease, after Carl Adolph Christian Ger- (1840-1920), who was the first to describe hardt, a German pediatrician (1833-1902), the condition in 1894. Bannister was gradu- whose paper on the disease with which his ated from the National Medical School, name is linked was published in 1892. participated in the geological survey of the Henry Ambrose Grundy Brooke (1854- territories, including Alaska, and was a 1919) has two diseases named after him. Epi- member of the editorial staff of the Journal thelioma adenoides cysticum was described of the American Medical Association. in 1892, and keratosis follicularis contagiosa Hodara’s disease, or Trichorrhexis no- in the same year. Brooke claimed as dosa, noted among the women of Con- previous examples of the latter rare disease, stantinople, is named after Menahem acne sebacee cornee (Cazenave), acne cornee Hodara, who described the bacillus multi- (Leloir and Viscal), ichthyosis follicularis formis of trichorrhexis. (Lesser) and keratosis follicularis (Morrow). Achille Breda reported the demonstra- Brooke wrote on many diseases of the skin tion of a bacillus in frambesia Braziliana, and had planned a book on dermatology, or boubas, in 1895, and the disease has but was disabled by hemiplegia in 1906. become known as Breda’s disease. Congenital edema of the legs is known as Nil Fiodorovich Filatoff, the Russian Milroy’s disease, after Prof. William F. pediatrician, who has often been acclaimed Milroy, of Omaha, Nebraska. as the first to describe the spots of the mouth The parasitic affection, Nocardiosis, to which the name of Koplik’s spots has which is somewhat like actinomycosis, has become attached, described the so-called taken its name practically intact from fourth exanthem, known as Filatoff’s Edmond Isidore Nocard (1850-1903). disease, and also as Dukes’ disease. Nocard was one of the collaborators of John Addison Fordyce, professor of Pasteur. He was professor of contagious dermatology and syphilology at Columbia diseases among animals, a member of the University Medical School, described the Legion of Honor, and an officer in 1892. peculiar affection of the mucous membrane PoIIitzer’s disease, or hydradenitis destru- of the lips and oral cavity in 1896, which ens suppurativa, is named after Sigmund has become known as Fordyce’s disease. PoIIitzer, an American dermatologist, who 4 International Atlas of Rare Skin Diseases, 1892. Fordyce was codescriber with George Henry rich bibliography showing much work done Fox of the disease known as Fox-Fordyce in dermatology and syphilis. disease. It is not necessary at this time to The disease which bears the names of the review the investigations of Fordyce in collaborators, Fox-Fordyce disease, indi- dermatology and syphilis, for they are cates George Henry Fox, the American already well known. dermatologist of that name, one of the Blastomycosis is known as Gilchrist’s earliest specialists in this country. Dr. Fox disease, after Thomas Casper Gilchrist, has held many honors and has done much of Johns Hopkins University. The name for the speciality, as well as adding a distin- Oidium Gilchristi has also been given to guished member to its ranks in his son, one form of the organism causing the Howard Fox, who, if we must believe the disease. Gilchrist has numerous dermato- story, began the study of dermatology bacterial studies to his credit. Born in when four years of age. England in 1862, Gilchrist came to this John Templeton Bowen, of Boston, country in 1890. described the new precancerous dermatosis Joseph Grindon of St. Louis described a with which his name has become associated. peculiar affection of the hair follicle which Darier has confirmed the peculiarity and he named ecbolic folliculitis, but which has rarity of the affection. Bowen has a long become known as Grindon’s disease. series of papers to his credit. Schenck’s disease, or sporotrichosis, is A few other names must be mentioned named after Benjamin R. Schenck, who before we close. Majocchi’s disease is named reported on the condition.5 after the Italian dermatologist, who first Some other American dermatologists of described the disease in 1896. He also was this period have described diseases which the first to describe actinomycosis occurring have later been named after them. James in the skin. Clarke White (1833-1916) was the pioneer Caesar P. M. Boeck (1845-1917) reported dermatologist of Boston and the first pro- on multipelt benignt hud sarcoid in 1899, fessor of dermatology in the United States. known as Boeck’s sarcoid. Caesar Boeck White and Darier independently described described the exanthems of tuberculosis, the affection which has been known by each acne necrotica, and published papers on of their names, but predominantly by that the nature of lupus erythematosus. of Darier. White made many advances in Meige’s disease is the name given to the study and teaching of dermatology and Milroy’s disease, or congenital edema ele- was the author of numerous monographs, phantiasis of the lower limbs. Henri of which that on dermatitis venenata Meige gave a description of the condition remains a classic. in 1899. Jay Frank Schamberg first described the Anetoderma erythematosum is known as disease to which his name has been given Jadassohn’s disease, after Josef Jadassohn, in 1901. Schamberg has become identified a pupil of Neisser, and himself a teacher of with research studies in psoriasis, and with high reputation. Jadassohn has made independent activities in the therapeutic numerous original investigations, including endeavors for the upkeep of the supply of studies on nevi, tuberculosis of the skin, arsphenamin during and after the World pityriasis rubra, verruca, favus and drug War. Schamberg also described grain itch, eruptions. He also was the first to describe a study of a new disease in this country. Cutis verticis gyrata and granuloma rubra Martin Engman described the disease, nasi. infectious eczematoid dermatitis, known as Erythromelia is known as Pick’s disease Engman’s disease, in 1902. Engman has a after Filipp Joseph Pick, first full-time 5 Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Balt., 1898. professor of dermatology in Austria. He was an early experimenter, proved by inocu- Parakeratosis psoriasiformis, or para- lation the identity of mouse and human psoriasis, is known as Brocq’s disease, after favus, demonstrated the contagious nature Anne Jean Louis Brocq. Brocq described of molluscum contagiosum, compelled pseudopclade, lupoid sycosis, pruritus with the recognition of the tuberculous nature lichenification and acne excoriee des jeunes- of lupus vulgaris, and independently filles. described Leptothrix. Buschwald (1883) is Lichen nitidus is known as Pinkus’ accredited with the first description of disease, after Felix Pinkus, who gave the erythromelia. original contribution on the disease. Pinkus White spot disease is known as West- has written numerous articles oiy*derma- berg’s disease, after Friedrich Westberg. tologic subjects and syphilis.