The Eu-Ukraine Security Partnership: Status and Prospects

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Eu-Ukraine Security Partnership: Status and Prospects THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP: STATUS AND PROSPECTS The project was implemented with the support of Representative Office of the Hanns Seidel Foundation in Ukraine Kyiv 2021 CONTENTS 3 THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP: STATUS AND PROSPECTS 4 1. POTENTIAL OF THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP 7 1.1. The EU and Ukraine’s security policies 8 1.2. Formation and development of EU security formats 19 2. RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP 20 2.1. Ins titutional framework of the Association Agreement implementation 21 2.2. Assessments of the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in the field of the Common Security and Defence Policy 34 2.3. Assessments of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement implementation in the civilian security seсtor 41 3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47 Annex 1. PESCO’s projects 55 Annex 2. Ukraine's cooperations with EU members under CSDP in 2019-2021 58 Annex 3. The Ministry of Internal Affairs cooperation with EU agencies 61 Annex 4. Technical assistance projects (programmes) of EU and Member States implemented in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2019-2021 64 EXPERT ASSESSMENTS AND FORECASTS OF THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION AND PROSPECTS OF UKRAINE’S PARTNERSHIP WITH THE EU IN THE SECURITY SPHERE The Razumkov Centre would like to express its gratitude to all experts, who took part in the expert survey, for their contribution to one of the project goals, which is to establish and promote a competent dialogue between Europe and Ukraine, as well as between government and civil society at the national, regional and European level. The report was prepared by the Razumkov Centre team, including: Project Manager Oleksiy MELNYK, Co-Director of Foreign Relations and International Security Programmes, Coordinator of International Projects; Mykhailo PASHKOV, Co-Director of Foreign Relations and International Security Programmes; Leonid POLYAKOV, Visiting Senior Fellow; and Mykola SUNHUROVSKYI, Director of Military Programmes. 2 RAZUMKOV CENTRE THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP: STATUS AND PROSPECTS For Ukraine, European integration means a process of convergence with the European community, its principles and values, standards of protection of human rights and freedoms. The state’s course towards Europe is supported by most of Ukrainian society, while implementation of the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine looms large in Ukraine’s political agenda. Partnership with Ukraine becomes increasingly important for the EU. According to Josep Borrell, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, «the partnership with Ukraine is one of the most strategically important that we have in the world», and the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement is the most comprehensive among all EU agreements. There is an increasing understanding in the EU that rapprochement with Ukraine must occur not only for the sake of political association and economic integration, which are the main focuses of the Association Agreement, but also for creation of a common security space. Despite having a few serious questions for official Kyiv concerning implementation of some Agreement clauses, the EU understands Ukraine’s difficult situation and given the security interests of the entire European region, intends to continue broad financial, technical and expert support to Ukraine. Periodic assessments of the Association Agreement implementation consistently emphasise the document’s significant potential that is not being fully and effectively realised. European partners call the Ukrainian authorities’ attention to the importance of full implementation of the Agreement and remind about the close link between EU’s assistance and the need for Ukraine to show its commitment to reform and adherence to the Union’s principles. At the same time, they recall the necessity to take due account of the evolutionary changes that have taken place since the signing of the Agreement, to strengthen monitoring mechanisms and to examine the possibility of updating its individual provisions. The goals of this study include independent expert assessment of the situation in the field of Ukraine-EU security partnership in the context of the Association Agreement implementation, identification of success and failure factors, and analysis of how current formats, priorities and mechanisms of cooperation keep with reality and projected changes in the medium term. The analytical report consists of three sections: SECTION ONE reviews the evolution of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy and the development of the EU-Ukraine security partnership. SECTION TWO considers results of the realisation security commitments by Ukraine within Titles II and III of the Association Agreement. SECTION THREE assesses achieved results and offers conclusions and recommendations on further development of the EU-Ukraine security partnership. Annexes include background information about PESCO projects, Ukraine’s bilateral cooperation with individual EU Member States within the CSDP, cooperation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with EU agencies and missions, EU and Member States’ programmes and projects in Ukraine in the field of civilian security, as well as results of a survey of Ukrainian and foreign experts on the EU-Ukraine security partnership. RAZUMKOV CENTRE 3 1. POTENTIAL OF THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP Ukraine’s partnership with the European Union in the security sрhere is one of the key principles of Ukraine’s national security. Along with NATO partnership, the country’s partnership with the EU outlines the external s trategic security framework in which Ukraine expeсts to maintain and develop its s tatehood today and es pecially in the future. Current legislation sрecifies that «Ukraine’s integration in the European political, economic, security, legal s pace» meets the 1 fundamental national interes ts . Ukraine rightly expects that cooperation with (2) the occupation of Crimea and Russian the EU and NATO — within partnership today aggression on the territory of the Donetsk and within full membership in the future — will and Luhansk oblasts continue since 2014; make it much easier for the country to confront existing and potential security threats. Current (3) despite the constant tension along the threats to the national security of Ukraine, ways contact line with territories temporality to counter them, as well as necessary measures occupied by the Russian Federation, and resources have been fairly adequately there is a danger of scale-up of Russia’s reflected in the National Security Strategy of «hybrid war» against Ukraine, including Ukraine 2020. Consistent with the provisions of the escalation of armed aggression2. the Strategy, the most relevant issues of national security are as follows: (1) in view of recent years’ events, the 1 Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine «On the National Security of Russian Federation, as expected, has Ukraine». 2 been identified as a «source of long-term Article 39 of the National Security Strategy of Ukraine «Secu rity of an individual — security of the country», approved by systemic threats to the national security of the De cree of the President of Ukraine No. 392 of 14 September Ukraine»; 2020. 4 RAZUMKOV CENTRE POTENTIAL OF THE EU-UKRAINE SECURITY PARTNERSHIP Accordingly, the National Security Strategy party. There already exist several fundamental of Ukraine provides guidance for key areas of factors that comprise a real potential for further countering Russia’s aggressive policy. Article deepening of the security partnership. Such 40 of the Strategy states that priorities for factors include: preventing the escalation of conflict with Russia are «strengthening defence and security (a) proximity of the EU and Ukraine’s interests capabilities, strengthening international support in the security sphere; of Ukraine and effective use of international assistance, as well as maintaining consolidated (b) shared assessments of the security international political, economic and legal threats to Europe and Ukraine’s national pressure on the aggressor»3. security threats; Therefore, the overriding need to «strengthen (c) compatibility of values and readiness to defence and security capabilities» is directly defend them; linked to the need to «strengthen international support of Ukraine and effectively use the (d) gradual building of Ukraine’s capacity to international assistance». Given the country’s become not just a consumer but a real goal to become a member of the EU as en- contributor to European security. shrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, the potential of security partnership with the EU However, one must acknowledge some is viewed as one of the options for attracting substantial differences between Ukraine international support along with cooperation and individual EU Member States in specific with other key partners, namely NATO and security interests and threat assessments. This theUnited States (Box «“Weight” of the particularly concerns the vision of relevance partnership»). of the Russian threat and the perception of Ukraine as a contributor to European security. «WEIGHT» OF THE PARTNERSHIP In general, Ukraine’s partnership with the EU When assessing the «weight» of Ukraine’s partnership with in the security sphere today is not systemic the EU, NATO and the United States in specific security enough, focusing mainly on civilian security and defence areas, the national experts highly appreciated aspects,
Recommended publications
  • No Justice for Journalists in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia September 2011
    No Justice for Journalists in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia September 2011 ARTICLE 19 Free Word Centre 60 Farringdon Road London EC1R 3GA United Kingdom Tel: +44 20 7324 2500 Fax: +44 20 7490 0566 E-mail: [email protected] www.article19.org International Media Support (IMS) Nørregarde 18, 2nd floor 1165 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel: +45 88 32 7000 Fax: +45 33 12 0099 E-mail: [email protected] www.i-m-s.dk ISBN: 978-1-906586-27-0 © ARTICLE 19 and International Media Support (IMS), London and Copenhagen, August 2011 This work is provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 2.5 licence. You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you: 1) give credit to ARTICLE 19 and International Media Support (IMS); 2) do not use this work for commercial purposes; 3) distribute any works derived from this publication under a licence identical to this one. To access the full legal text of this licence, please visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ legalcode. ARTICLE 19 and International Media Support (IMS) would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which information from this report is used. This report was written and published within the framework of a project supported by the International Media Support (IMS) Media and Democracy Programme for Central and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. It was compiled and written by Nathalie Losekoot, Senior Programme Officer for Europe at ARTICLE 19 and reviewed by JUDr. Barbora Bukovskà, Senior Director for Law at ARTICLE 19 and Jane Møller Larsen, Programme Coordinator for the Media and Democracy Unit at International Media Support (IMS).
    [Show full text]
  • Minsk II a Fragile Ceasefire
    Briefing 16 July 2015 Ukraine: Follow-up of Minsk II A fragile ceasefire SUMMARY Four months after leaders from France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia reached a 13-point 'Package of measures for the implementation of the Minsk agreements' ('Minsk II') on 12 February 2015, the ceasefire is crumbling. The pressure on Kyiv to contribute to a de-escalation and comply with Minsk II continues to grow. While Moscow still denies accusations that there are Russian soldiers in eastern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin publicly admitted in March 2015 to having invaded Crimea. There is mounting evidence that Moscow continues to play an active military role in eastern Ukraine. The multidimensional conflict is eroding the country's stability on all fronts. While the situation on both the military and the economic front is acute, the country is under pressure to conduct wide-reaching reforms to meet its international obligations. In addition, Russia is challenging Ukraine's identity as a sovereign nation state with a wide range of disinformation tools. Against this backdrop, the international community and the EU are under increasing pressure to react. In the following pages, the current status of the Minsk II agreement is assessed and other recent key developments in Ukraine and beyond examined. This briefing brings up to date that of 16 March 2015, 'Ukraine after Minsk II: the next level – Hybrid responses to hybrid threats?'. In this briefing: • Minsk II – still standing on the ground? • Security-related implications of the crisis • Russian disinformation
    [Show full text]
  • EU Defence Cooperation Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)
    EU Defence Cooperation Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) Introduced by the Lisbon Treaty on European Union (article 42.6, 46 and Protocol 10), the PESCO is a framework and process to deepen defence cooperation between those EU Member States, who are capable and willing to do so. 25 EU Member States have joined PESCO and subscribed to more binding commitments to invest, plan, develop and operate defence capabilities more together, within the Union framework. The objective is to jointly arrive at a coherent full spectrum of defence capabilities available to Member States for national and multinational (EU, NATO, UN, ... ) missions and operations. This will enhance the EU’s capacity as an international security actor, contribute to the protection of the EU citizens and maximise the effectiveness of defence spending. The key difference between PESCO and other forms of cooperation is the legally binding nature of the commitments undertaken by the 25 Member States which participate in PESCO. The list of ambitious and more binding common commitments undertaken by each of the participating PESCO contains 20 individual commitments, split into the five key areas set out by art.2 of Protocol N°10 on PESCO annexed to the Lisbon Treaty. PESCO projects An initial list of 17 projects to be developed under PESCO was adopted by the Council on 6 March 2018. A second batch of 17 projects to be developed under PESCO was adopted by the Council on 19 November 2018. And finally, a third batch of 13 additional projects to be developed under PESCO was adopted by the Council on 12 November 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Kremlin-Linked Forces in Ukraine's 2019 Elections
    Études de l’Ifri Russie.Nei.Reports 25 KREMLIN-LINKED FORCES IN UKRAINE’S 2019 ELECTIONS On the Brink of Revenge? Vladislav INOZEMTSEV February 2019 Russia/NIS Center The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-36567-981-7 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2019 How to quote this document: Vladislav Inozemtsev, “Kremlin-Linked Forces in Ukraine’s 2019 Elections: On the Brink of Revenge?”, Russie.NEI.Reports, No. 25, Ifri, February 2019. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15—FRANCE Tel. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00—Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Dr Vladislav Inozemtsev (b. 1968) is a Russian economist and political researcher since 1999, with a PhD in Economics. In 1996 he founded the Moscow-based Center for Post-Industrial Studies and has been its Director ever since. In recent years, he served as Senior or Visiting Fellow with the Institut fur die Wissenschaften vom Menschen in Vienna, with the Polski Instytut Studiów Zaawansowanych in Warsaw, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik in Berlin, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and the Johns Hopkins University in Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesco: the Lithuanian Perspective / September 2018
    #29 PeSCo THE LITHUANIAN PERSPECTIVE By Margarita ŠEŠELGYTĖ Studies Director, Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Vilnius University September 2018 The views expressed here are solely those of the authors. They do not reflect the views of any organization. Policy Paper PeSCo: The Lithuanian Perspective / September 2018 ABSTRACT The Lithuanian position vis-à-vis Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) derives from a national security concept, which suggests a clear division of labour between NATO and the EU, where NATO is accorded security provider function and the EU is considered as a source of economic welfare or the provider of so-called “soft” security. Reinvigoration of the European security and defence policy as well as increasingly challenging security environment, Brexit and impulsiveness of the actions of the US President, however, might inflict a revision of the current priorities. The paper outlines current Lithuanian position on PESCO, the factors shaping this position and the opportunities as well the challenges for more active engagement in various PESCP initiatives and p rojects. Keywords: PeSCo, Common Security and Defence Policy, Framework Nations Concept, European Defence Fund, European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, Lithuania. or a number of years being a pro-Atlantist member of the European Union (EU), Lithuania has been quite sceptical regarding the Common Security and Defence F Policy (CSDP) and the necessity to develop European strategic autonomy. The Lithuanian position vis-à-vis CSDP was highly influenced by its security concept, which has evolved since 1991 when Lithuania has re-established its independence in the face of the imminent threat from Russian Federation and is defined by its size and threat assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • HQ Eurocorps
    26th Feb. 2015 Brussels Subcommittee on Security and Defence Lieutenant-general BUCHSENSCHMIDT Commander Eurocorps EUROCORPS, a tool for the European Union, NATO and UN Use it or lose it ! 1 EUROCORPS is an Army Corps Headquarters: Similar to its sister HRF HQs but also Unique in its kind Has reached a turning point in its existence. 2 CENTRAL LOCATION WITHIN HRF COMMUNITY 3 RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE OPERATIONAL NRF 7 NRF 15 A UNIQUE STATUS 1992, La Rochelle : a political will Directly subordinated to CHODs and POL DIR 2009, Treaty of Strasbourg : Financial and legal autonomy A UNIQUE SUBORDINATION Common Committee (CoCo) Auditing Air Committee Eurocorps Committee Committee (AUDITCOM) (ECC) (ACEC) Naval Budget & Coordination Financial Info Info Board Committee (NCB) (BFC) ANs ANs Security Info Committee ANs Expert Groups (ECSC) HQ EC ECSAB Resources Board EC HQ Board A UNIQUE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION European Parliament A European capital Council of Europe European Court of Human Rights Strasbourg Higher education center National School of Administration (ENA) University of Strasbourg Institute of Political Studies (IEP) Council of Europe 8 Force structure Total Eurocorps: Permanent XXX +/- 1100 HQ 400 X MN 700 MNCS MN II I I HQSPT Signal CIS MN DEU MN X DEU/FRA FGB Other TCN 5 000 Privileged Force generated Capabilities 9 A UNIQUE MULTINATIONAL STRUCTURE 5 6 Framework Nations Germany Belgium France Luxembourg Spain • Mastered multinationality • Responsibility and burden sharing • Lower cost for each nation 3 Associated Nations AN ENHANCED MULTINATIONALITY
    [Show full text]
  • Death of an Institution: the End for Western European Union, a Future
    DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? EGMONT PAPER 46 DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? ALYSON JK BAILES AND GRAHAM MESSERVY-WHITING May 2011 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1785 7 D/2011/4804/136 U 1612 NUR1 754 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace in Ukraine I: a European War
    Peace in Ukraine I: A European War Europe Report N°256 | 28 April 2020 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 235 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Think Globally, Act Locally: Russia, Ukraine and Western Powers ................................ 4 A. What is Russia Thinking? .......................................................................................... 4 B. Ukrainian Perspectives .............................................................................................. 7 C. Ukraine’s Western Saviours? ..................................................................................... 9 D. A Prolonged Paralysis ................................................................................................ 11 III. European Security: Necessary if Not Sufficient for Peace in Ukraine ............................. 13 IV. The Local Still Matters: Components of Ukraine’s Peace ............................................... 16 V. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 18 APPENDICES A. About the International Crisis Group .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuania: Defence Policy of Lithuania
    Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania :: Defence Policy »... http://www.kam.lt/en/defence_policy_1053/defence_policy_of_lithuania... Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania :: Defence Policy » Defence Policy of Lithuania Defence Policy of Lithuania 1. The goal and objectives of Lithuania’s Defence Policy Lithuania’s Defence Policy is an integral part of the National Security Policy aimed at the development (formation) of the international security environment at the same time contributing to the international stability and peace, and formation of the national defence capability to ensure both - deterrence from an armed attack, and reliable defence in case of armed aggression. Objectives of Lithuania’s Defence Policy are: To ensure effective fulfilment of functions of the National Defence System in peacetime; To ensure readiness to conduct reliable defence in case of armed aggression, including readiness to conduct mobilisation and instruction of citizens; To contribute to the strengthening of NATO defence capacity and to other international-security building initiatives, including participation in multinational operations; To maintain readiness to respond to non-military threats by deploying military assets to assist state and municipal agencies 2. Principles of State Defence Legislation of the Republic of Lithuania sets forth the principles of State Defence which are the basis for formulation and implementation of Lithuania’s Defence Policy. Defence of Lithuania is full-scale and unconditional, it is implemented in line with NATO‘s principles of collective defence. The full-scale character of defence means that Lithuania has armed protection of the national armed forces as well as those of NATO allies, that national resources are invoked for the national defence, and that every citizen of Lithuania and the entire nation shall resist in every way defined as legitimate by the international law.
    [Show full text]
  • Doubling NATO: Functional and Geographical Enlargement of the Alliance Ergodan Kurt Old Dominion University
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Graduate Program in International Studies Dissertations Spring 2010 Doubling NATO: Functional and Geographical Enlargement of the Alliance Ergodan Kurt Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Kurt, Ergodan. "Doubling NATO: Functional and Geographical Enlargement of the Alliance" (2010). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, International Studies, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/4bgn-h798 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds/75 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Program in International Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DOUBLING NATO: FUNCTIONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ENLARGEMENT OF THE ALLIANCE by Erdogan Kurt B.A. August 1996, Turkish Military Academy M.A. July 2001, Naval Postgraduate School A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May 2010 Approved by: ©2010 Erdogan Kurt. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT DOUBLING NATO: FUNCTIONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ENLARGEMENT OF THE ALLIANCE Erdogan Kurt Old Dominion University, 2010 Director: Dr. Regina Karp This dissertation studies NATO expansion as institutional adaptation. More specifically, it examines the interaction between NATO's functional and geographical enlargement. This study asserts that there is a close relationship between NATO's new functions and its enlargement.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Is in Ukrainian]
    [English translation. Original Summary is in Ukrainian] Enabling Transboundary Cooperation and Integrated Water Resources Management in the Dniester River Basin Research on the Current State of Tailings Storage Facilities in the Dniester River Basin SUMMARY ON TAILINGS STORAGE FACILITIES INVENTORY IN THE DNIESTER RIVER BASIN Kyiv – 2020 Authors: Dr. Iryna Nikolaieva – Team Leader of TSF Research, Environmental Safety Expert, Expert to OSCE projects, Lead Environmental Auditor Hanna Lenko – Environmental Engineering Expert, Expert to OSCE projects, Environmental Auditor Oleksandr Lobodzinskyi – Intern, Junior Staff Scientist, Hydrologist, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Acknowledgements for significant contribution at the first stage of the project: Dr. Hryhorii Shmatkov, Dr. Serhii Chumachenko, Dr. Kateryna Okhotnyk. The research on the current state of Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs) in the Dniester River Basin was carried out in the framework of the GEF/ UNDP/ OSCE/ UNECE project “Enabling Transboundary Cooperation and Integrated Water Resources Management in the Dniester River Basin” (hereinafter “the GEF Project”). The project beneficiary is the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine. The project expresses its sincere gratitude for support of the project activities and assistance in research to representatives of state authorities: Mykola Kuzio (Deputy Minister for European Integration, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine), Roman Mykhailiuk (Head of the Dniester Basin Water Administration), Liliia Hrychulevych (Head of the Basin Water Administration of the Black Sea Rivers and the Lower Danube), Volodymyr Bilokon (Project Manager for Sustainable Use of Water Resources, Reform Support Team, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine), and representatives of TSF operators.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Briefs
    Rethinking EU Crisis Management From Battlegroups to a European Legion? Niklas Nováky Summary June 2020 This paper discusses an idea to create a European Legion that has been put forward by Radoslaw Sikorski, MEP. This would be a new kind of EU military unit, made up of volunteers rather than national contingents contributed by the member states. The idea stems from Sikorski’s desire to reform the EU’s existing battlegroups, which have been operational for 15 years but have never been used, despite numerous opportunities. The paper argues that although the EU’s 2007 Lisbon Treaty imposes heavy restrictions on the Union’s ability to deploy military force, it does not rule out conducting operations with a volunteer force. At the same time, a volunteer-based European Legion force would have to be created initially by a group of member states outside the EU framework. These states could then make it available to the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy as, for example, a permanent battlegroup. An existing model would be the multinational Eurocorps. Keywords CSDP – Crisis management – Battlegroups – European Legion – European Council – Eurocorps 1 Introduction Since the EU’s Common (formerly European) Security and Defence Policy (ESDP/CSDP) became operational in 2003, the Union has launched a total of 13 military operations within its framework. Of these, eight have been executive in character, meaning that they were authorised to use force if this had been deemed necessary to fulfil their mandate. The most recent CSDP military operation is Operation IRINI in the Mediterranean, which the EU launched on 31 March 2020 to help enforce the UN’s arms embargo on Libya.
    [Show full text]